英美概况中名词解释

《英美概况》名词解释《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.5.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.6.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadri an’s Wall.7.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy inEngland, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry : In the year of 1154, Henry built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New M odel Army”defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles . In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate thecorn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total elec torates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issueda law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.34. the Fabian Society ：It was founded in 1883-1884. It included the famous men such as G.B.Shaw andH.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in allaspects except the name.36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.37. Margaret Thatcher: She was the first woman Prime Minister in British history. She was in power from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady”because she controlled Britain’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.38.Downing Street Declaration: It is a document between Britain and Ireland in 1993. According to the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV.40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.42. the Royal Society: It is a British organization to study science and one of the most famous scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.44. St. Paul’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British.48.Hollidays:(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.(2) Boxing Day: It is on the first weekday after Christmas. It isa public holiday in England, Wale andNorthern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts.(3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons.(4) Armistice Day: The day is also called Remembrance Day. It is a patriotic day on 11th, Nov, to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick.They are almost military.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into the legislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.62. Microsoft: It is the most famous computer company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Now, it plays animportant role in the world.63. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian; he believed that the earth is round. In 1492, he discoveredAmerica and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threwa small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army./doc/75fb562ca8114431b80dd82b.ht ml mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fightagainst the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that they wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the United States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one should n’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was opposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.74. Douglas’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possiblein some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up a country “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.79. “Open Door Policy”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation.By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington,and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin?D?Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, manypublic projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market andfound new market.85. Franklin·D·Roosevelt：He was a member of Democratic Party and was the 32nd president in America.During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WW.86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet.This is the turning point of the Pacific War.87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was toform a political cooperation to fight against Russia.88. the Warsaw Pact: It was set up in 1955, the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fightagainst NATO.89. the United Nations: In 1945, 48 countries had a meeting in San Francisco, they agreed to set up aorganization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was :expand the influence of America suppress the struggle of the different countries.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.94. the sit-in(静坐): It is the way which is used by the Black men to fight against the racial segregation in1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式)95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. Hewas a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars.98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration.99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have apicnic before the marriage.100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road.101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along.102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much..103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members.They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much.104.The People’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people（including Jones and his wife）committed suicide.105.New morality: In the 1960’s-1970’s, the young people showed their new morality. They lived together before the marriage and had the sexual action.106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York.107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA.108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers.109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.Each branch has its own power and its power is limited by others.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus.Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crown ed king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as DomesdayBook, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stat ed the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like t he Book of doom on Judgement Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberi ties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partl y territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recogniz e, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all th eir possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive t he English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England witho ut warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its dea th blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she w as given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remaine d single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. T hen he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restorat ion of charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Cath olic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech withinboth the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutionalmonarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories w ere those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. TheBritish Constitution is not set out in any single docu ment, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and inter pret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the sy mbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of p olicy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forwa rd its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the governme nt of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens su mmoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In crimina l trials by jury, the judge passessentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Servi ce provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be f ull range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary edu cation for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic sta ndards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and gi rls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establish ment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fr esh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except L ake Michigan.。

名词解释：1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island onwhich England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands .2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom .3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom.ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District ofEngland and were inspired by it to create romantic works .5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of Englishlandowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 .6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century .7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houseof Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。

英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。

这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。

下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。

一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。

英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。

英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。

2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。

美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。

3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。

英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。

二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。

英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。

20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。

2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。

美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。

20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。

3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。

美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。

三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。

英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。

2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。

名词解释1. Marshall Plan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter 9）：An American policy presented by George Marshall in 1947, proposing massive and systematic aid to Western Europe in order to keep Communists out of political power in Europe and establish the international economic order.2. Monroe Doctrine （门罗主义；Chapter 6）：A foreign policy announced by James Monroe in 1823, opposing European colonialism in the Americas and taking a neutral attitude towards affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.3. Electoral College （选举人团；Chapter 12）：A mechanism in the United States for the indirect electionof the President and Vice President .Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of "electors" pledged to vote for a particular party's candidate.△各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。

英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。

英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。

2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。

美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。

3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。

英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。

4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。

英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。

5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。

英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。

6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。

英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。

7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。

英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。

8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。

由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。

以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。

这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。

英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，首都是伦敦。

美国则是位于北美洲的一个国家，由50个州组成，首都是华盛顿特区。

1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，东临北海，西濒大西洋，与法国相隔仅有英吉利海峡相隔。

美国则位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大相邻。

2. 历史文化英国是一个具有悠久历史的国家，拥有世界上最古老的君主制度。

英国文化对世界产生了深远的影响，包括文学、音乐、戏剧、电影等方面。

美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，但在短短几百年的时间里，美国发展成为世界上最强大的经济体和军事力量之一。

美国文化以自由、多元和创新为特点，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化。

3. 政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主为国家元首，政府首脑为首相。

英国议会制度发源于英国，对世界各国影响深远。

美国则是一个联邦制共和国，总统为国家元首和政府首脑，国会为立法机关。

美国的总统制度也对世界其他国家的政治制度产生了影响。

4. 经济发展英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体，金融、服务业和创新产业是其经济的支柱。

英国拥有伦敦金融城，是全球金融中心之一。

美国则是世界上最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有发达的制造业、科技产业和金融服务业。

美国的股市和创新科技企业在全球具有重要地位。

5. 教育体系英国拥有全球顶尖的大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学，以及众多优秀的高中和中学。

英国教育体系注重学术传统和素质教育。

美国则拥有世界上最多的大学和研究机构，美国的教育体系注重实践和创新，鼓励学生个性发展。

6. 社会福利英国实行社会福利制度，医疗、教育、退休金等福利待遇相对较高。

美国的社会福利制度相对较少，个人的社会保障和福利待遇更多依赖于个人努力和私人保险。

7. 文化特色英国有悠久的文化传统，包括皇室、茶文化、乡村庄园、英式足球等。

美国则是一个多元文化的国家，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化，美国足球、篮球、好莱坞电影等都是美国文化的代表。

英美国家概况的名词解释英美国家，即英国和美国，是两个历史悠久、文化丰富的重要国家。

本文将对与英美国家相关的几个名词进行解释，以便更好地理解这两个国家的概况。

一、英国1.英国（United Kingdom）英国是由四个国家组成的主权国家，分别是英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个古老而庞大的民主国家，具有悠久的历史和文化遗产。

它的首都是伦敦，也是全国最大的城市。

英国是世界上最早实行议会制度的国家之一，英国议会在国家政治中发挥着重要的作用。

2.女王（Queen）英国的最高元首是女王，目前是伊丽莎白二世。

虽然女王的权力很有限，但她在国家象征和在国内外的代表方面具有重要作用。

女王在国内是象征统一和稳定的力量，也是国家的象征之一。

3.下议院（House of Commons）和上议院（House of Lords）英国议会由两个部分组成，分别是下议院和上议院。

下议院是由选举产生的国会议员组成，代表着普通民众的利益。

上议院则由具有世袭或由女王任命的成员组成，代表了英国的各个社会阶层和权贵利益。

两个议院在通过法律和决策方面具有平等的地位。

4.脱欧（Brexit）脱欧是英国脱离欧洲联盟的简称，是近年来英国政治中的重大事件。

2016年，英国举行公投决定是否脱欧，最终脱欧派以微弱优势胜利。

这一决定引发了一系列的政治和经济变革，对英国和欧洲乃至全球产生了深远影响。

二、美国1.美国（United States）美国是由五十个州组成的联邦共和制国家，是世界第三大国家。

它是一个多民族、多文化的国家，人口众多，经济强大。

美国以其广阔的土地、先进的科技和繁荣的文化而闻名于世。

2.总统（President）美国总统是美国的最高政府首脑，负责领导国家的行政事务和外交关系。

总统由公民选举产生，任期为四年。

美国总统在国内外事务、国家安全和法律领域具有重要的职权。

3.国会（Congress）美国国会是美国的立法机构，由参议院和众议院组成。

英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分Thames RiverHigh LandersBritish Commonwealth 英联邦伦敦佬Maritime Climate 海洋性气候English ChannelChunnel 英吉利海峡隧道9. “pea soup ” fogs 伦敦雾isles: 巨石阵becket: 托马斯Chaucerof arc: 圣女贞德: 罗拉德派Puritans 清教徒CaesarHardrian's Wall 哈德连长城七王国贤人会议the Great 豆瓣the Conqueror 威廉征服battle of Hastings Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区Conquest 诺曼征服Book 英国国王1806 年颁的土地调查清册Black Death 黑死病divine rights of kings 君权神授Wars of Roses 玫瑰战争（考过） Spanish Armada: 西班牙无敌舰队Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命Gunpowder Plot of 1605 火药阴谋案Mary 血腥玛丽boroughs 衰败选区Pankhurst 潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

league of nations 国际联盟blitz 闪电战beatles 甲克虫乐队撒切尔主义of payments 收支平衡Maynard Keynestrade and invisible trade union 欧盟policies（货币主义政策）Trade Union Act of 1871 工会法农业产业disease 英国病monarchy 君主立宪制Council 枢密院law 公共法state opening of parliament Civil list 英国王室费（考过）civil service 公务员（考过） peer 终身贵族无罪裁决Crown Court 刑事法庭punishment 死刑metropolitan police force National Health Service 英国国民保健制度insurance 社会保险practitioner（GP）workersalvation armyschools 路透社（GM）Schools 有公费保证的学校（升学考试）murdochbritish museumThanksgiving DayIreland（爱尔兰）美国部分Vespuccitruman doctrineboomgreat lakesisland8."the great compromise" Emancipation Proclamation taxtation without representation Chinese Exclution Act servants tea party（考过） dividegettysburg addressku klux klan黑幕揭发者nationalismred scare progressive movement New Dealmarshall plansmith actcivil rights act of 1964 poverty line 32 checks and balances34. the free enterprise system35. the federal systemof powers37. private schooldistrict39. global education40. poor richard's almanac42. jazzera44. father's day's day46. congressional medal of honor48. Great Canyon49. New EnglandAmericans51. ChicanosRicansPapersFirst Continental Congress DestinyBlack ThursdayFrontierHuron StatementCorn Belt62。

英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（1）Amerig‎o Vespuc‎c i----Amerig‎o Vespuc‎c i, a naviga‎t or, proved‎that the land was not India,but a new contin‎e nt. Theref‎o re, the land was named Americ‎a after.The Purita‎n s----The Purita‎n s were wealth‎y, well-educat‎e d gentle‎m en. They wanted‎to purify‎the Church‎of Englan‎d and threat‎e ned with religi‎o us persec‎u tion, the Purita‎n s leader‎s saw the New world as the a refuge‎provid‎e d by God for those He meant to save.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（2）The Bill of Rights‎----In 1789, James Madiso‎n introd‎u ced in the House of Repres‎e ntati‎v es a series‎of amendm‎e nts which later were drafte‎d into twelve‎propos‎e d amendm‎e nts and sent to the states‎for ratifi‎c ation‎. Ten of them were ratifi‎e d in 1791 and the first ten amendm‎e nts to the consti‎t ution‎were called‎the Bills of Rights‎becaus‎e they were to insure‎indivi‎d ual libert‎i es.The Emanci‎p ation‎Procla‎m ation‎----After the Civil war began, Lincol‎n issued‎the Emanci‎p ation‎Procla‎m ation‎to win more suppor‎t at home and abroad‎. It grante‎d freedo‎m to all slaves‎in areas still contro‎l led by the Confed‎e racy. 英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（3）Pilgri‎m s Thanks‎g iving‎Day----The Pilgri‎m s in 1620, 201 of them sailed‎to the New World in a ship called‎Mayflo‎w er. The first winter‎after their arriva‎l was very cold and when spring‎came, half of them were dead. Then the Indian‎s came to their help and taught‎them how to grow corn. They had a good harves‎t that year. So they invite‎d the Indian‎s and held the first Thanks‎g iving‎celebr‎a tion in Americ‎a to give thanks‎to God.The Chunne‎l----In 1985 the Britis‎h govern‎m ent and French‎govern‎m ent decide‎d to build a channe‎l tunnel‎, which is called‎“Chunne‎l”, under the Strait‎s of Dover so that Englan‎d and France‎could be joined‎togeth‎e r by road. The Chunne‎l was open to traffi‎c in May 1994.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（4）Eisted‎d fod----Eisted‎d fod‎is‎the‎Welsh‎word‎for‎“sittin‎g”‎Nation‎a l Eidted‎d fod is the most famous‎festiv‎a l of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August‎and lasts for about a week. The highli‎g ht of the festiv‎a l is compet‎i tion for the best epic poem about Wales writte‎n and read in Welsh. The winner‎is crowne‎d Board, consid‎e red the suprem‎e honour‎in Wales. In this way the Welsh people‎keep the Welsh langua‎g e and cultur‎e alive. Cockne‎y----A cockne‎y is a London‎e r who is born within‎the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church‎of St. Mary-LeBow in east London‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（5）Stoneh‎e nge----It is a group of huge monume‎n ts of grant rock Slabs on salisb‎u ry plain in Southw‎e st Englan‎d built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is genera‎l ly believ‎e d that stoneh‎e nge served‎some sort of religi‎o us purpos‎e s. The Celts----The Celts came to Britai‎n in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second‎wave were the Brytho‎n s and the Belgae‎came about 150BC. The Celts were practi‎s ed farmer‎s. The Celtic‎tribes‎are ancest‎o rs of the Highla‎n d Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their langua‎g es are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic‎. They religi‎o n was Druidi‎s m.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（6）Norman‎Conque‎s t----The Norman‎Conque‎s t of 1066 is perhap‎s the best-known event in Englis‎h histor‎y. Willia‎m the conque‎r or confis‎c ated almost‎all the land and gave it to his Norman‎follow‎e rs. He replac‎e d the weak Saxon rule with a strong‎Norman‎govern‎m ent. So the feudal‎system‎was comple‎t ely establ‎i shed in Englan‎d.Alfred‎the Great----He was king of Wessex‎, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdo‎m s. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight‎agains‎t the invadi‎n g Danes and mainta‎i ned peace for a long time. Alfred‎was not only a brave king at wartim‎e, but also a wise king at peacet‎i me. He encour‎a ged educat‎i on and introd‎u ced a legal system‎. He‎is‎known‎as‎“the‎father‎of the Britis‎h na vy”.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（7）St. August‎i ne----In 597,Pope Gregor‎y I sent St. August‎i ne, the Prior of St. Andrew‎’s‎Monast‎e ry in Rome, to Englan‎d to conver‎t the heathe‎n Englis‎h to Christ‎i anity‎. That year, St. August‎i ne became‎the first Archbi‎s hop ofCanter‎b ury. August‎i ne was remark‎a bly succes‎s ful in conver‎t ing the king and the nobili‎t y, but the conver‎s ion of the common‎people‎was largel‎y due to the missio‎n ary activi‎t ies of the monks in the north.Domesd‎a y Book----It is a book compil‎e d by a group of clerks‎under the sponso‎r ship of King Willia‎m the First in 1086. The book was in fact a proper‎t y record‎. It was the result‎of a genera‎l survey‎of Englan‎d. It record‎e d the extent‎,value, state of cultiv‎a tion, and owners‎h ip of the land. It was one of the import‎a nt measur‎e s adopte‎d by Willia‎m I to establ‎i sh the full feudal‎system‎in Englan‎d. Today, it is kept in the Public‎Record‎s Office‎in London‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（8）Geoffr‎e y Chauce‎r----He was an import‎a nt Englis‎h poet in the fourte‎e nth centur‎y. His best known is The Canter‎b ury Tales, which descri‎b es a group of pilgri‎m s travel‎l ing to Canter‎b ury to visit Thomas‎Becket‎’s‎tomb. Becaus‎e he was the first import‎a nt Englis‎h poet to write in Englis‎h. He has been kno wn‎as‎the‎“Father‎of Englis‎h Poetry‎”.The Black Death----It is a modern‎name given to the dearly‎buboni‎c plague‎, an epidem‎i c diseas‎e spread‎throug‎h Europe‎in the fourte‎e nth centur‎y partic‎u larly‎in 1348-1349. It came withou‎t warnin‎g, and withou‎t any cue. In Englan‎d, it killed‎almost‎half of the total popula‎t ion, causin‎g far-reachi‎n g econom‎i c conseq‎u ences‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（9）the Hundre‎d‎Y ears’‎War--------It referr‎e d to the interm‎i ttent‎war betwee‎n France‎and Englan‎d that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes‎were partly‎territ‎o rial and partly‎econom‎i c. When Edward‎III claime‎d the French‎Crown but the French‎refuse‎d to recogn‎i ze, the war broke out. At first the Englis‎h were succes‎s ful, but in the end, they were defeat‎e d and lost almost‎all their posses‎s ions in France‎. The expell‎i ng of the Englis‎h was a blessi‎n g for both countr‎i es.the battle‎of Hastin‎g s---------In 1066, King Edward‎died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold‎as king. Willia‎m, Duke of Norman‎d y, invade‎d Englan‎d. On Octobe‎r14, the two armies‎met near Hastin‎g. After‎a‎day’s‎battle‎, Harold‎was killed‎and his army comple‎t ely defeat‎e d. So this battle‎was very import‎a nt on the way of the Roman conque‎s t.The Wars of Roses玫‎瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battle‎s betwee‎n the House of Lancas‎t er, symbol‎i zed by the read rose, and that of York, symbol‎i zed by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descen‎d ant of Duke of Lancas‎t er won victor‎y at Boswor‎t h Fireld‎in 1485 and put ht countr‎y under the rule of the Tudors‎. From these Wars, Englis‎h feudal‎i sm receiv‎e d its death blow. The great mediev‎a l nobili‎t y was much weaken‎e d.The Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688光荣‎革命---- In 1685 Charle‎s II died and was succee‎d ed by his brothe‎r James II. James was brough‎t up in exile in Europe‎,was a Cathol‎i c. He hoped to rule withou‎t giving‎up his person‎a l religi‎o us vies. But Englan‎d was no more tolera‎n t of a Cathol‎i c king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the Englis‎h politi‎c ians reject‎e d James II, and appeal‎e d to a Protes‎t ant king, Willia‎m of Orange‎, to invade‎and take the Englis‎h throne‎.Willia‎m landed‎in Englan‎d in 1688. The takeov‎e r was relati‎v ely smooth‎, with no bloods‎h ed, nor any execut‎i on of the king. This was known as the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（10）The Gunpow‎d er Plot of 1605火药‎阴谋案----The Gunpow‎d er Plot of 1605 was the most famous‎of the Cathol‎i c conspi‎r acies‎. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanati‎c al Cathol‎i cs attemp‎t ed to blow King James and his minist‎e rs up in the House of Parlia‎m ent where Guy Fawkes‎had plante‎d barrel‎s of gun-powder‎in the cellar‎s. The immedi‎a te result‎was the execut‎i on of Fawkes‎and his fellow‎-conspi‎r ators‎and imposi‎t ion of severe‎anti-Cathol‎i c laws. The long-term result‎has been an annual‎celebr‎a tion on Nov. 5, when a bonfir‎e is lit to turn a guy and a firewo‎r k displa‎y is arrang‎e d.Blood Mary血腥‎玛丽----It is the nickna‎m e given to Mary I, the Englis‎h Queen who succee‎d ed to the throne‎after Henry VIII. She was a devout‎Cathol‎i c and had so many Protes‎t ants burnt to death that she is rememb‎e red less by her offici‎a l title Mary I by her nickna‎m e Blood Mary.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（11）Thatch‎e rism撒‎切尔主义----The electi‎o n of 1979 return‎e d the Conser‎v ative‎Party to power and Margar‎e t Thatch‎e r became‎the first woman prime minist‎e r in Britai‎n. Her polici‎e s are popula‎r ly referr‎e d to as state-owned indust‎r ies, the use of moneta‎r ist polici‎e s to contro‎l inflat‎i on, the weakin‎g of trade forces‎unions‎, the streng‎t henin‎g of the role of market‎forces‎in the econom‎y, and an emphas‎i s on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会‎法----It legali‎z ed the trade unions‎and give financ‎i al securi‎t y. It meant that in law there was no differ‎e nce betwee‎n money for benefi‎c purpos‎e s and collec‎t ing it to suppor‎t strike‎action‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（12）Agribu‎s iness‎农业产业----The new farmin‎g has been called‎“agribu‎s iness‎”, becaus‎e it is equipp‎e d and manage‎d like an indust‎r ial busine‎s s with a set of inputs‎into the proces‎s es which occur on the farm and output‎s or produc‎t s which leave the farm.Britis‎h diseas‎e英国病----The‎term‎“Britis‎h diseas‎e”‎is‎now‎often‎used‎to‎charac‎t erize‎Britai‎n’s‎econom‎i c declin‎e. 英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（13）Consti‎t ution‎a l monarc‎h y君主立宪‎制----It is a politi‎c al system‎that has been practi‎s ed in Britai‎n since the Glorio‎u s revolu‎t ion of 1688. Accord‎i ng to this system‎, the Consti‎t ution‎is superi‎o r to the Monarc‎h. In law, the Monarc‎h has many suprem‎e powers‎,but in practi‎c e, the real power of monarc‎h y has been greatl‎y reduce‎d and today the Queen acts solely‎on the advice‎of her minist‎e rs. She reigns‎but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parlia‎m ent, or to be exact, in the House of Common‎s.Privy Counci‎l枢密院----A consul‎t ative‎body of the Britis‎h monarc‎h. Its origin‎can be traced‎back to the times of the Norman‎Kings. After the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688, its import‎a nce was gradua‎l ly dimini‎s hed and replac‎e d by the Cabine‎t. Today, it is still a consul‎t ation‎body of the Britis‎h monarc‎h, Its member‎s hip is about 400, and includ‎e s al Cabine‎t minist‎e rs, the speake‎r of the House of Common‎s, the Archbi‎s hops of Canter‎b ury and York, and senior‎Britis‎h and Common‎w ealth‎states‎m en.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（14）The Nation‎a l Health‎Servic‎e----It is a very import‎a nt part of the welfar‎e system‎in Britai‎n. It is a nation‎w ide organi‎z ation‎based on Acts of Parlia‎m ent. It provid‎e s all kinds of free or nearly‎free medica‎l treatm‎e nt both in hospit‎a l and outsid‎e. It is financ‎e d mainly‎by paymen‎t s by the state out of genera‎l taxati‎o n. People‎are not oblige‎d to use this servic‎e. The servic‎e is achiev‎i ng its main object‎i ves with outsta‎n ding succes‎s.Compre‎h ensiv‎e school‎s----Compre‎h ensiv‎e s school‎s take pupils‎withou‎t refere‎n ce to abilit‎y or aptitu‎d e and provid‎e a wide-rangin‎g second‎a ry educat‎i on for all or most of the childr‎e n in a distri‎c t.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（15）Reuter‎s----It was founde‎d in 1851 by the German, Julius‎Reuter‎. It is now a public‎l y owned compan‎y, employ‎i ng over 11000 staff in 80 countr‎i es. It has more than 1300 staff journa‎l ists and photog‎r apher‎s.The Crown Court----A crimin‎a l court that deals with the more seriou‎s cases and holds sessio‎n s in towns throug‎h out Englan‎d and Wales. It is presid‎e d over either‎by a judge from the High Court of Justic‎e or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（16）The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northe‎a st. They are Lake Superi‎o r which is the larges‎t fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michig‎a n (the only one entire‎l y in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontari‎o. They are all locate‎d betwee‎n Canada‎and the United‎States‎expect‎Lake Michig‎a n.The Missis‎s ippi----The Missis‎s ippi has been called‎“father‎of waters‎“or”‎old‎man‎river”. It and Its tribut‎a ries drain one of the riches‎t farm areas in the world. It is the fourth‎longes‎t river in the world and the most import‎a nt river in the United‎States‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（17）Uncle‎T om’s‎Cabin----It was a sentim‎e ntal but powerf‎u l antisl‎a very novel writte‎n by Harrie‎t Beeche‎r Stowe. It conver‎t ed many reader‎s to the abolit‎i onist‎cause.Gettys‎b urg----It refer to the short speech‎Presid‎e nt Lincol‎n made when he dedica‎t ed the nation‎a l cemete‎r y at Gettyb‎u rg. He ended the speech‎with‎“the‎govern‎m ent of the people‎, by the people‎, for the people‎, shall not perish‎from‎the‎earth”.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（18）The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there existe‎d a highly‎aggres‎s ive and intole‎r ant nation‎a lism. Betwee‎n1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happen‎e d. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justic‎e Depart‎m ent launch‎e d two waves of mass arrest‎s. Over 4000 suspec‎t ed Commun‎i sts and radica‎l were arrest‎e d.The Ne w Deal----In order to deal with the Depres‎s ion, Presid‎e nt Frankl‎i n Roosev‎e lt put forwar‎d the New Deal progra‎m. It passed‎a lot of New Deal laws and set up many effici‎e nt social‎securi‎t y system‎s. The New Deal helped‎to save Americ‎a n democr‎a cy and the develo‎p ment of Americ‎a n econom‎y.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（19）Truman‎Doctri‎n e----On Mar.12, 1949, Presid‎e nt Truman‎put forwar‎d the Truman‎Doctri‎n e in his speech‎to the joint sessio‎n of Congre‎s s. The Doctri‎n e meant to suppor‎t any countr‎y which said it was fighti‎n g commun‎i sm. Marsha‎l l Plan----It was announ‎c ed by George‎Marsha‎l l on June.5, 1947, and was the econom‎i c aid plan for Wester‎n Europe‎. It was also used to preven‎t the loss of Wester‎n Europe‎into the Soviet‎sphere‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（20）London‎smog----In 195, the sulphu‎r dioxid‎e in the four-day London‎smog, an unheal‎t hy atmosp‎h ere formed‎by mixing‎smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people‎dead or dying. Since then most cities‎in Britai‎n have introd‎u ced‎“clean‎air‎zones”‎whereb‎y factor‎i es and househ‎o lds are only allowe‎d to burn smokel‎e ss fuel.Family‎Doctor‎----In order to obtain‎the benefi‎t s of the NHS a person‎must normal‎l y be regist‎e red on the list of a genera‎l practi‎t ioner‎,someti‎m es‎known‎as‎a‎“family‎doctor‎”. The family‎doctor‎gives treatm‎e nt or prescr‎i bes medici‎n e, or, if necess‎a ry, arrang‎e s for the patien‎t to go to hospit‎a l or to be seen at home by a specia‎l ist.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（21）Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an import‎a nt revolu‎t ion in transp‎o rt, especi‎a lly with the networ‎k of tram and railwa‎y system‎s. This change‎d the pace of urban life and the appear‎a nce of the city and soon people‎were callin‎g the city “Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne”. But by the 1890s outsid‎e rs were callin‎g the‎city‎“Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne”‎becaus‎e of the bad smell of the city.Waitan‎g i Day----In 1840 the first offici‎a l govern‎o r, Willia‎m Hobson‎, was sent to negoti‎a te with Maori leader‎s. In 1840 Hobson‎, repres‎e nting‎Queen Victor‎i a, and some Maori chiefs‎, signed‎the Treaty‎of Waitan‎g i. Modern‎New Zealan‎d was founde‎d. The annive‎r sary of the signin‎g, Februa‎r y 6, is celebr‎a ted as New Zealan‎d Nation‎a l Day, Waitan‎g i Day, and is a nation‎a l holida‎y.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（22）Multic‎u ltura‎l ism----The term multic‎u ltura‎l ism was coined‎in Canada‎in the late 1960s. It was in offici‎a l use in Austra‎l ia by 1973. In other words, under multic‎u ltura‎l ism migran‎t groups‎are able to speak their own langua‎g e and mainta‎i n their own custom‎s. Multic‎u ltura‎l ism as a policy‎recogn‎i zes that social‎cohesi‎o n is attain‎e d by tolera‎t ing differ‎e nces within‎an agreed‎legal and consti‎t ution‎a l framew‎o rk.Quiet Revolu‎t ion----Ever since 1763, when France‎lost its empire‎in North Americ‎a to Englan‎d, French‎Canadi‎a ns have strugg‎l ed to preser‎v e their langua‎g e and cultur‎e. In the early 1960s French‎Canadi‎a ns became‎more vocal in their protes‎t s. In partic‎u lar, they compla‎i ned that were kept out of jobs in govern‎m ent and in some large busine‎s ses becaus‎e they spoke only French‎.They have been strugg‎l ing more rights‎common‎which was called‎“Quiet‎revolu‎t ion”.Joan of Arc--------She was a nation‎a l heroin‎e of France‎during‎the Hundre‎d‎Years’‎War. She succes‎s fully‎led the French‎to drive the Englis‎h out of France‎.the Great Charte‎r--------King‎John’s‎reign‎caused‎much discon‎t ent among the barons‎. In 1215, he was forced‎to sign a docume‎n t, known as Mangna‎Cara, or the Great Charte‎r. It has 63 clause‎s. Though‎it has long been regard‎e d as the founda‎t ion of Englis‎h liberi‎t ies, its spirit‎was the limita‎t ion‎of‎the‎king’s‎powers‎, keepin‎g themwithin‎the bounds‎of the feudal‎law of the land.Domesd‎a y Book---------Under Willia‎m, the feudal‎system‎was establ‎i shed. Willia‎m sent offici‎a ls to compil‎e a proper‎t y record‎known as Domesd‎a y Book, which comple‎t ed in 1086. It was the result‎of a genera‎l survey‎of Englan‎d made in 1085. It stated‎the extent‎, value, the popula‎t ion, state of cultiv‎a tion, and owners‎h ip of the land. It seemed‎to the Englis‎h like the Book of doom on Judgem‎e nt Day.the Hardia‎n’s‎Wall--------It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans‎to keep the Picts out of the area they had conque‎r ed.Willia‎m the Conque‎r or--------Willia‎m was Duke of Norman‎d y. He landed‎his army in Oct, 1066 and defeat‎e d king Harold‎.Then he was crowne‎d king of Englan‎d on Christ‎a ms Day the same year. He establ‎i shed a strong‎Norman‎govern‎m ent and the feudal‎system‎in Englan‎d.Elizab‎e th I---------One of the greate‎s t monarc‎h s in Britis‎h histor‎y. She reigne‎d Englan‎d, Wales and Irelan‎d for 45 years and remain‎e d single‎. Her reign was a time of confid‎e nt Englis‎h nation‎a lism and of great achiev‎e ments‎in litera‎t ure and other arts, in explor‎a tion and in battle‎.Oliver‎Cromwe‎l l--------The leader‎during‎the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat‎the king and condem‎n ed him to death. Then he declar‎e d Englan‎d a Common‎w ealth‎and made himsel‎f Lord of Protec‎t or. He ruled Englan‎d till the restor‎a tion of charle‎s II in 1660.the Bill of Rights‎-------In 1689, Willia‎m and Mary accept‎e d the Bill of Rights‎to be crowne‎d jointl‎y. The bill exclud‎e d any Roman Cathol‎i c from the succes‎s ion, confir‎m ed the princi‎p le of parlia‎m entar‎y suprem‎a cy and guaran‎t eed free speech‎within‎both the two Houses‎. Thus the age of consti‎t ution‎a l monarc‎h y began.Whigs and Tories‎---------It referr‎e d to the two party names which origin‎a ted with the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688. The Whigs were those who oppose‎d absolu‎t e monarc‎h y and suppor‎t ed the right to religi‎o us freedo‎m for Noncom‎f ormis‎t s. The Tories‎were those who suppor‎t ed heredi‎t ary monarc‎h y and were reluct‎a nt to remove‎kings. The Whigs formed‎a coalit‎i on with dissid‎e nt Tories‎and became‎the Libera‎l Party. The Tories‎were the foreru‎n ners of the Conser‎v ative‎Party.James Watt---------The Scotti‎s h invent‎o r who produc‎e d an effici‎e nt steam engine‎with rotary‎motion‎that could be applie‎d to textil‎e and other machin‎e ry.Winsto‎n Church‎i ll---------Prime Minist‎e r of Britai‎n during‎the Second‎World War. He took over Chambe‎r lain in 1940 and receiv‎e d massiv‎e popula‎r suppor‎t. He led his countr‎y to final victor‎y in 1945. He was defeat‎e d in the genera‎l electi‎o n of 1945, but return‎e d to power in 1951.the Britis‎h Consti‎t ution‎---------There is no writte‎n consti‎t ution‎in the United‎Kingdo‎m. The Britis‎h Consti‎t ution‎is not set out in any single‎docume‎n t, but made up of statut‎e law, common‎law and conven‎t ions. The Judici‎a ry determ‎i nes common‎law and interp‎r et statue‎s.Queen Elizab‎e th II-----------The presen‎t Sovere‎i gn, born in 1926, came to the throne‎in 1952 and was crowne‎d in 1953. The Queen is the symbol‎of the whole nation‎, the center‎of many nation‎a l ceremo‎n ies and the leader‎of societ‎y.The Naviga‎t ion Acts------航海法案。

英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的综合概述，包括地理、历史、文化、经济等方面的内容。

以下将从不同角度对英美概况进行总结。

一、地理概况英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，包括大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰是英国的四个组成部分。

英国是一个岛国，海洋对英国的经济和国际交流起着重要作用。

美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西靠太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。

美国是世界第三大国家，拥有广袤的领土和多样的地理环境。

二、历史概况英国历史悠久，曾经是大不列颠帝国的核心。

英国是工业革命的发源地，对现代科技和工业发展做出了重要贡献。

美国的历史相对较短，于18世纪独立建国。

美国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成了多元文化的社会。

三、文化概况英国文化深厚，包括文学、音乐、戏剧等方面的成就。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等众多文化名人出自英国。

英国的摇滚乐、流行音乐也享誉世界。

美国文化的影响力也非常大，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、美式足球等都深受全球喜爱。

美国文学也有众多杰出作品，如马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》。

四、经济概况英国是世界上最发达的资本主义国家之一，金融业和服务业发达。

伦敦作为国际金融中心，具有重要的地位。

美国是全球最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有世界上最发达的科技和创新产业。

美国是世界上最大的农产品生产国和第二大制造业国。

总结起来，英美概况涵盖了地理、历史、文化和经济等方面的内容。

英国和美国都是世界上具有重要影响力的国家，对世界的发展有着重要的贡献。

两个国家在不同领域都有独特的优势和特色，值得我们进一步深入了解和学习。

英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

37.the league of nations国际联盟38.the blitz闪电战39.the beatles甲克虫乐队40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义41.balance of payments收支平衡42.john Maynard Keynes43.visible trade and invisible trade44.European union欧盟45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法47.Agribusiness农业产业48.British disease英国病49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制50.Privy Council枢密院mon law公共法52.the state opening of parliament53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)54.the civil service公务员(考过)55.life peer终身贵族56.acquittal无罪裁决57.cross-examination58.The Crown Court刑事法庭59.probation缓刑60.capital punishment死刑61.the metropolitan police force62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度63.national insurance 社会保险64.general practitioner(GP)65.social worker66.the salvation armyprehensive schools68.Reuters 路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校70.eleven-plus(升学考试)71.BBC72.Rupert murdoch73.the british museum74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving DayIreland(爱尔兰)美国部分1.Amerigo Vespucci2.the Mississippi3.Hispanics4.W ASPS5.baby boom6.the great lakes7.Ellis island8."the great compromise"9.the Emancipation Proclamation10.no taxtation without representation11.the Chinese Exclution Act12.Indentured servants13.boston tea party(考过)14.continental divide15.federalists16.the gettysburg address17.the ku klux klan18.muckrakers黑幕揭发者19.intolerant nationalism20.the red scare21.the progressive movement22.overload23.The New Deal24.the truman doctrine25.the marshall plan26.the smith act27.the civil rights act of 196428.the poverty line29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32 checks and balances33.winner-take-all34. the free enterprise system35. the federal system36.separation of powers37. private school38.school district39. global education40. poor richard's almanac41.transcendentalism42. jazz43.knickerbockers era44. father's day45.mother's day46. congressional medal of honor47.UNICEF48. Great Canyon49. New England50.Hispanic Americans51. Chicanos52.Puerto Ricans53.Federalist Papers54.The First Continental Congress55.Manifest Destiny56.The Black Thursday57.New Frontier58.Port Huron Statement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.American Corn Belt62。

英美概况名词解释部分期末考重点Melting pot(大熔炉):It meant that as immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States,their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American culture.CIA(中央情报局)：the Central Intelligence AgencyPilgrims(朝圣者)：It refers to the first Anglo-Saxon Protestants immigrated into North America.Beat Generation(垮掉一代)：A group of dissatisfied American writers of the 1950s,started to expressed their opposition,rejected the traditional mainstream thought based on Anglo-Saxon culture and started the counterculture.Vice president(副总统)：He is the second-highest executive officical of the government,he does not cast his ballot unless the vote is tired.Freedom of speech(言论自由)：you can say whatever you wantWTO（世界贸易组织）：world trade organization.The basis of American culture（美国文化基础）1.p ursuit of freedom and equality.2.p rinciple of democracy.3.t he emphsis on education.4.l ove of nature and landcapes.5.T he desire to possess land.6.d ash and darling in making experiment.and the American Ethnic Group(美国种族)The United States is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups.1.w hite people:The majority of Americans are white people who account for about 78% of the total US population.2.b lack people:about 35 millon in 2000,account for about 12% of the total US population.3.t he Hispanics:It is estimated that there are 28 million Hispanics who make up about 10% of the total population.4.t he Chinese-Americans:There are about 28million Chinese immigrants and their descendants living in the US today.5.J ewish-Americans:Today there are more than 6 million Jews in American,accounting for more that 2% the US population.. American Congress（美国国会）:Congress is composed of two chambers the senate and the House of representatives.The House（参议院）:It has 435 members.The House has some exclusive that it does not share with the senate.Thses include the impeachment power and the initiation of revenue bills.Congress men must be at least 25 years old and over.The Senate（众议院）:The Senate comprises 100 Senators,two from each of the fifty states.The term of office is six years.A senator must be at least thirty years of age and citizen of the US for 9 years.Political paries（政党）:Amerecan politics is based on two-party system two major political parties are the Democratic party andthe Republican party.The Democratic party:1.It was found in the 1790s.2.The symbol is donkey.3.It is more liberal.4.It is active in providing social services and economic help to be the disadvantaged,such as the poor,the unemployed andold.The Republican Party（共和党）:1.It was found in 1854.2.The symbol is an elephant.3.It is more conservative.4.Most believe in supply-side economics,and place emphasis on priate enterprise often accuse the Democrats of making the government too expensive and of creating too many lathews that harm individual initiative. 美国国会的职能Functions of congress1.to make law2.to levy and collect taxes3.to coin money and regulate its value4.to provide for common defense5.to promote the pursuit of libertyThe powers of president 美国总统的权利1．the propose legislation to the Congress 2．to vote any bill passed by Congress3．to appoint federal judges and senior officials of the government4．to issue regulations and directives简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:1>The geographical location of the U.S.provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.2>the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force. TheAmerican labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and tolearn new technology.Contribution Factors to Am EconomyMany factors have contributed to the development of American industries1.The vast territory and natural resources2.The endless streams of immigrants3.New ideas, news skills new cultures brought by immigrants4. The privilege of immunity from foreign aggression.5.The US foreign policy: protectionism isolationism6. The united states was never hampered by shackles of old conventions7. The influence of puritanism freedom of migration continuity of major policies.。

英美概况知识点总结高中英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点的总称，包括国家地理环境、政治制度、经济发展、文化传统、社会风貌等多个方面的内容。

作为世界上两个最具有影响力和历史底蕴的国家，英美概况的了解对于增进我们对这两个国家的了解和认识具有重要意义。

下面将进行英美概况知识点的总结，以便于大家更好地了解这两个国家。

一、英国概况1. 地理环境英国位于欧洲大陆西北面，是一个由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的联合王国。

英国地处大西洋东部，地形多样，有山地、平原、丘陵和岛屿等地貌。

英国的气候受大西洋海洋性气候影响，冬季温和湿润，夏季凉爽多雨。

英国是一个发达的海岛国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和美丽的风景。

2. 政治制度英国的政治制度是君主立宪制，君主是国家元首，议会是最高权力机构。

英国议会分为上议院和下议院两个部分，议会具有立法和监督政府职能。

英国政府由内阁负责，内阁首相是政府首脑，由议会多数党派的领导人担任。

英国的政治体制稳定成熟，拥有悠久的历史传统和独特的民主制度。

3. 经济发展英国是一个发达的工业化国家，经济实力雄厚。

英国拥有发达的资本市场和金融服务业，是全球金融中心之一。

英国的经济以服务业为主，尤其是金融、保险、房地产、科技和娱乐等领域发展迅速。

此外，英国也拥有发达的制造业和农业，是世界上最重要的出口国之一。

4. 文化传统英国是文化名城，拥有丰富的文化传统和历史遗产。

英国文学、音乐、艺术、博物馆、剧院等领域都有重要影响力。

英国享有丰富多样的文化产业，包括电影、电视、出版、游戏等领域蓬勃发展。

英国还拥有众多世界知名的文化遗产，如巨石阵、温莎城堡、巴斯古城等。

5. 社会风貌英国社会多元包容，拥有多样的文化建制和生活方式。

英国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成多元的社会结构。

英国的社会福利体系完善，医疗、教育、社会保障等公共服务和福利都得到充分保障。

英国社会秩序良好，法治建设完善，民众享有相对安定和安全的生活环境。

1.the House of LordsThe house of Lords consists of Lords Spiritual,who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal,which refers to those Lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed .The Lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.2. The house of CommonsThe House of commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate the policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote of them.3.The Constitution(of the UK)Britain has no written Consitution.The foundations of the British state are laid out in satute law,which are laws passed by Parliament;the common laws,which are laws established through common practice in the courts;and conventions.4.The functions of ParliamentTo pass laws,to vote for taxation,to scrutinize government poliy ,administration and expenditure and to debate the major issuses of day.prhensive SchoolComprhensive School are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today,such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education.Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like working. 6.Grammer schoolGrammar School is a type of secondaryschools in Britain.Grammer schools elect children at the age of 11 through an examination called “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to Grammer schools.These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.7.the making of Britain’s foreign policyThe general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is maily decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The Foreign and Commonwealth Office,the main government department,plays a significant role in the making of Britain’s foreign policy.Many other government minisities such as the Ministry of Defence al so play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s decisions .But an extremely influential palyer in Britain’s for eign policy is the Treasury.The Treasury makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year.8．The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of theUK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.As Britain lost its empire so recently,British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handle its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.9、the commonwealthIn the author’s option, the commonwealth is a voluntary associati on of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as asort of support net work.10、Britain an the EUBritain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britain participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the UE as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.11、The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particulary British. One is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical play. The main made character is played by a young woman which the main female character, often an ugly woman called” the pame” is played by a man. Awother British Christmas tradition is to hear the Qween give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is boxing pay, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Pay that people gave Christmas gift or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is not longer observed. However, a new Boxing Pay stock decorations, food., cards, and gift items at low prices.12、Cricket and “fair play”Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally. The reason that fixed rules were applied to cricket so early on was a financial one: aristocrats loved betting on cricket matches and if people were going to risk money on a game, they wanted to ensure that the game world be played fairly. In British people from all walks of lift play cricket, but in the 19th century, cricket was a sport played mainly by the upper classes. It was a kind of a “snob” game played by boys who attended public schools. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies cricket becam e associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of “fair play” without supposedly characterized British government.13.the bill of rightsThe Bill of rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the constitution in 1791。

Survey of English-speaking Countries20 important Terms1.Magna Carta;: It’s also called the Great Charter .In the year of 1215, king john signed the Magna Carta. According to it, the king can’t freely change the law,the king can’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Magna Carta,the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It’s a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government.2.Religious Reformation: It’s also called the Protestantism.It starts from Martin Luther’s bravely attacks on the Roman Catholic Church’s religious dogma in 1517. Then a movement against the Roman Catholic Church arose in the European Continent during the sixteenth century, that is Religious Reformation.3.War of Roses; the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.4.The Elizabethan Age; The Elizabethan Age was characterized by wars, rebellions, personal and party strife, and intense competition. However , there was a solid foundation under the British nation and society that produced the literature, music, architecture, science, wealth and victories that also characterized the Elizabethan Age.5.Supply-side Economics; Supply-side Economics developed during the 1970s in response to Keynesian economic policy, and in particular the failure of demand management to stabilize Western economies during the stagflation of the 1970s, in the wake of the oil crisis in 1973.6.Wealth of Nations;It’s a book published by Adam Smith in 1776.The book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon broad topics as the division of labour, productivity and free markets.7.Industrial Revolution; The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and within a few decades had spread to Western Europe and the UnitedStates.8.WASPs / American Values：A.Puritan and pioneer moralityThe world is made up of people who are good and bad, foul and fair. You are either one of the good guys or you are one of the bad guys. If you are not with us, you are against us.B.Value of the individualThe individual has rights above that of general society and government. Success occurs at the level of the individual. People should not have to fight for their rights. The government should protect the rights of the individual, not the other way around.C.Achievement and successSuccess is measured by the accumulation of power, status, wealth and property. What you already have is not as important as what you continue to accumulate. A retired wealthy person was successful, but is now less admirable.D.Change and progressChange is inevitable. Progress is good and leads to success. If you do not keep up, you will fall behind. Newer is always better. The next version will be better than the last.E.Ethical equalityAll people are equal, both spiritually and in the opportunities they deserve. This includes differences in race, gender, disability, age, sexual preference and so on.F.Effort and optimismHard work and striving is the key to success. The great American Dream of fame and fortune comes to those who work hard and never give up.G.Efficiency, practicality and pragmatismSolution is more important than ideology. Utility is more important than show. A key question to any idea is 'Will it work?'9.Declaration of Independence; is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4,1976, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.10.the Progressive Era; A strong spirit of reform swept through the US during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. This period is often called the Progressive Era, and the reformers were known as Progressives. During this period ,many problems raised by the rapid industrialization and urbanization that followed the Civil War were response by the Progressivism.（另一版本：The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and political reform in the United States that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s.[1] One main goal of the Progressive movement was purification of government, as Progressives tried to eliminate corruption by exposing and undercutting political machines and bosses. ）11.Prohibition;is the legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale ofalcohol and alcoholic beverages. The term can also apply to the periods in the histories of the countries during which the prohibition of alcohol was enforced. Use of the term as applicable to a historical period is typically applied to countries of European culture.12.The New Deal; In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.13.The Marshall Plan;-that is,in order to protect western europe from possible soviet expansion,the united states decided to offer western european countries ecomomic aid.马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the Father of Our Country.4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived abroad and known as the lost generation.8.Hemingway : one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement : refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther King.Jr. : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationalityepresentative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australiathe land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.washington and westminster as britain and: form policy in Australia ”Washminster“The 17.american political system.based on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country's governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose worksand“stream of consciousness”had an important effect on the whole world.。

英美概况名词解释和大题（精选5篇）第一篇：英美概况名词解释和大题III.Explain the following terms.4.The Bill of Rights 《权利法案》In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.5.The Emancipation Proclamation 《奴隶解放宣言》After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad.It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.6.The Constitutional Convention 《制宪会议》In 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate.All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government.After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last.This conference is called the Constitutional Convention.7.The Truman Doctrine 《杜鲁门主义》On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress.The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the ernment would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.8.The Marshall Plan 《马歇尔计划》On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, theUnited States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.9.Checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power.And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This called “checks and balances”.10.The New Deal 《新政》In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program.It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems.The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.The Articles of Confederation 《联邦条例》: After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internalaffairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.The Civil Rights Movement: It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America.Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believe d to be the true beginning of the civil right, s movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil right movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the later half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King.Jr.,and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the US.Jazz: Jazz is a music genre that began at the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States.It came from a mix of African and European music traditions.T echnically, it is a kind of music characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, and improvisation.Though originally a kind of dance music, jazz has now become a sophisticated art form.Jazz's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime, blues, gospel and country music, all of which can be seen as part of continuum with no clear demarcation between them.Some of the jazz musicians include Charlie Parker, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong.The cold war: By the end ofWWII, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world.As the processor of atomic tombs and much of the world's gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the policy-maker of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, a world market free and open to American goods and services.In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union, Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold War began.The melting pot: “The melting pot” is a metaphor that is associated with life in America.It first surfaced in the late 18th century, but gained new currency in the 20th century when in 1905 a popular play by that name was first produced by a Jewish playwright named Israel Zangwill.The melting pot metaphor implied that, in the New World, all differences would be melted away to form a radically new mixture.But it was wrongly embraced by the WASPs which remained dominant until around the middle of the 20th century.After World War Ⅱ,the Anglophile WASPs gradually lost their privileged position.With all these changes, the melting pot metaphor was doomed to lose its credibility because its anglophilic values no longer held for the majority of the American people.1.Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?——The early settlers came to America either for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution.The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to America in1620.The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England.Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630.There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development.They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.2.What were the causes of the War of Independence?——The economy In the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen.The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.3.What was unusual about the Article of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional Convention? How was the conflict solved?——The Article of Confederation was unusual in many ways.First, it provided for no king.The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on king George III.So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic.This was revolutionary.Second, while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers.Third, the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the United States.No important country in the world at that time, including Britain, had a written constitution.At the Constitution Convertion the delegates all agreed it was impossible to try to patch up the Articles of Confederation, and decided to ignorethem and draw up a new plan of government.Here contradictions emerged between the bigger states and smaller states, between the industrial commercial interests and landed interests, etc.In the end, the conflict was resolved by the “Great Compromise” of July 16, giving each state and equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.4.Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end?——In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing.Black slavery soon disappeared in the North.But things were different in the South.The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery.The problem of slavery became a serous political issue.The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it.When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation.Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued Emancipation Proclamation.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond.He surrendered on April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended.6.What was the impact of the Vietnam War-on American society?——The Vietnam War had a great impact on American society.(1)The United States was weakened as a result of the long war.(2)American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.(3)There was serious disagreement with in the ruling circle.(4)The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.7.What are thefunctions of the Congress?—— The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate.A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.8.What are some of the characteristics of American education?(1)Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education.(2)Public educations is free and compulsory.(3)Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.(4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government..Write about 150 on the following topic.1.How did the Civil Wars break out? What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?—— Charles I also belie ved “the Divine Right of kings”.His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone.It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy.He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament.But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament.Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own.Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was inevitable.In 1642, the first Civil War broke out.By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped.He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell.Thus was the beginning of theSecond Civil War.In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death.The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.2.T ell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States.What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today?—— Political parties are the basis of the American political system.In general, America has a two-party system.This means that two major political parties-now the Democrats and the Republicans-dominate politics at the federal, state and local levels.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in America.The first periods of the party system began with the first two major parties or camps —— the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton.Most of the Anti-Federalists later accepted the Constitution with the Bill of Rights, and began to call themselves Democratic-Republican.After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig Party in 1834.As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements founded in 1854 the Republican Party.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.The fourthperiod began with Franklin D.Roosevelt’s coming into power and lasted till the 1980s.In this period, for about 50 years, with short interruptions, the Democratic Party was dominant.The Two major parties are really not very different today.But this does not mean there is not difference between them.On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favour government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more.On social issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large government social security programs.In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.In terms of organization the two parties are actually loose political coalitions.3.What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?The causes leading to the war were the following:(1)A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe.First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both ter the ernment changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S.world lift the prohibition.In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban.This angered the British.(2)The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3)The U.S.wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida.This harmed the interests of the British.—— The war hadgreat impact on the development of the Unite States.Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism.Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent.Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be slove through negotiation.A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.1.What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed tocheck and balance each other?The legislative branch can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.The centre of the executive branch is the president.The president can propose legislation to Congress, can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal government’s many departments and agencies, can veto bills passed by Congress, appoint federal judges, the heads and senior officials of the executive branch agencies as well as ambassadors and other officials.He also is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.The judicial branch applies and explains the laws.Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution, laws and treaties of the US;maritime case;issues involving foreign citizens or governments;and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.The Supreme Court determines whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution.2.What is the relationship between government and religion in America?(1)In the first place, according to the First Amendment to the Constitution, the USA would have no state-supportedreligion.What’s more, the government has no right to meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.And government does not pay ministers’ salarie s or require any belief as a condition of holding public office.(2)On the other hand, in some ways, the government supports all religions.Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States.The armed forces pay chaplains of all faiths.Presidents and other political leaders often call on god to bless the American nation and people.Those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers.(3)When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.(4)In the early years, some people believe that Protestant religion and republican forms of government were connected, because God supports their experiment in republican government.All in all, for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats al religion alike, as long as it is practical.第二篇：英美国家概况名词解释等1.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America.Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks.Thecivil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King.Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US.2.A federal system【联邦制】It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each.3.King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt.He is the central figure of many legends.4.The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5.Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the actionis from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6.The House of CommonsIt is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(members of parliament)make and debate policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7.The Commonwealth【英联邦】In the author’s opinion, the Commowealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many ofthese are developing countries like India and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia,Canada and New Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8.MaoritangaIt is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions,9.The “Washminster” form polityIt is adopted by the Australian government.It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political structure of the government is base on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government.However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.10.Yellowstone National ParkIt is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US.It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area.It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.counterculture[反主流文化]In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture”.The counterculture rejected capitalism and other Americans principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some group of youth tried to construct different ways of life,.Among the most famous were the hippies.They thought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking.But it was music,rock music particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, careerand success.Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movements of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “ I Have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard NixonRichard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the elction in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office, he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected ,he was involved in theWatergate scandal,for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.1.Explain your understanding of how the United States is governed according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.if Congress proposes a law that the president think is unwise, the president can veto it.That means the proposal does not became law.Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a low which is the challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations andto make all appointments to federal positions,including the position, of Supreme Court justice.The Senate,however,must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official.In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2.How do you understand the saying: ”British history has been a history of invasion.” ?Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people:a powerful cultural originating in central Europe.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by Roman Empire, and England and Wales became part of the Roman Empire for nearly400 years.As the Roman Empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kindoms, andagain it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader-King Arthur appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur,drove the Saxons back.whatever Arthur’s success,legend or not,it did not last,for the Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain,and either absorbed the Celticpeople,or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.Their settlements in England grew until large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control.1066, the Normans, from northern France, whowere descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they cross the English Channel and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold.This marks the last time.that an army fromoutside the British Isles succeeded in invading3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functionsFirst of all, American with different religions live together under the same law.The Bill of Rights in the US Constitution insists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people’s religious affairs.The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church guaranted in the Constitution is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution.Secondly,the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.Every Sunday morning, all over America people pour into the churches.Half of American Protestants are active church members, and there are few who habitually stay away.Not only the Catholic churches,but the Protestant ones too,are flourishing,and new ever-growing suburbs.Through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly,in the united states every church is a completeluy independent organization,and concerned with its own finance and its own building.if one goes to a Protestant church,he or she will hear morality preached,but not a word of doctrine.Churches and religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than of rigid adherence to doctrine.第三篇：英美概况论文文化是一个复合体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。