英美概况考试名词解释

名词解释：1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island onwhich England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands .2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom .3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom.ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District ofEngland and were inspired by it to create romantic works .5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of Englishlandowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 .6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century .7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houseof Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。

The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize.The industrial revolution A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The Industrial Revolution, was a period of unprecedented technological, economic and social change that completely transformed British culture from a largely rural, static society with limited production and division of labour into the world's first modern industrial society.the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.The Black Death----It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started in Central Asia. It came without warning, and without any cue.The Black Death is estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europe's population and had profound effects on the course of European history. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms. In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.)Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain werethe forces of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, but the first significant conquest did not begin until AD 43, under Claudius.House of commonsI.House of CommonsCompositions:The House of Commons: The House of Commons is the real center of British p(651 in num.) from England (524), Wales(38), Scotland(72) and N Ireland(17)Functions: a, law passageb, authorizing taxation and public expenditurec, examining government action d. debateFeatures: a. electoral system (general election)b. general election by secret ballotc. party member elected to form a majority partyd. PM out of the majority, cabinet and shadow cabinetolitical life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. Manifest destiny Manifest Destiny , which conveyed the idea that the rightful destiny of the United States was included to make an empire.Manifest Destiny:a. inevitability of the founding of USAb. legitimacy of the expansion of American Territoryc. spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’s workContainment policy Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China,Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback.Containment(1946); “ a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German DemocraticRepublic (GDR) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area ("death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches and other defences.The Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military force never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitionsCold War InfluencePoliticalWASP; military superpower from 1979Economic: economic recession; slow income risingSocial: new conservatism(middle class); rebuilding of American military strengthW The Cold War, often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in theWestern Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by theSoviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. This began after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. A neutral faction arose with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, and Yugoslavia; this faction rejected association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East.The Berlin Wall(German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR,East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding EastGermany and from East Berlin.[1] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[2] which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart"(German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) by GDR authorities, implying that neighbouring West Germany had not been fully de-Nazified.[3] The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the "Wall of Shame"—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement. Along with the separate and much longerInner German border (IGB) that demarcated the border between East and West Germany, both borders came to symbolize the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin, from where they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the wall prevented almost all such emigration.[4] During this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the wall, with an estimated death toll of over 600.In 1989, a series of radical political changes occurred in the Eastern Bloc, associated with the liberalizationof the Eastern Bloc's authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro-Soviet governments in nearby Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest. The physical Wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990.。

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinistswho wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the "Father of Our Country".4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived abroad and known as the lost generation.8.Hemingway :one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement: refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther King.Jr. : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality"representative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.17. The “Washminster” form policy in Australia : washington and westminster as britain andamerican political system.based on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country’s governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. "Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose works and“ stream of consciousness” had an important effect on the whole world.。

英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

37.the league of nations国际联盟38.the blitz闪电战39.the beatles甲克虫乐队40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义41.balance of payments收支平衡42.john Maynard Keynes43.visible trade and invisible trade44.European union欧盟45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法47.Agribusiness农业产业48.British disease英国病49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制50.Privy Council枢密院mon law公共法52.the state opening of parliament53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)54.the civil service公务员(考过)55.life peer终身贵族56.acquittal无罪裁决57.cross-examination58.The Crown Court刑事法庭59.probation缓刑60.capital punishment死刑61.the metropolitan police force62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度63.national insurance 社会保险64.general practitioner(GP)65.social worker66.the salvation armyprehensive schools68.Reuters 路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校70.eleven-plus(升学考试)71.BBC72.Rupert murdoch73.the british museum74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving DayIreland(爱尔兰)美国部分1.Amerigo Vespucci2.the Mississippi3.Hispanics4.W ASPS5.baby boom6.the great lakes7.Ellis island8."the great compromise"9.the Emancipation Proclamation10.no taxtation without representation11.the Chinese Exclution Act12.Indentured servants13.boston tea party(考过)14.continental divide15.federalists16.the gettysburg address17.the ku klux klan18.muckrakers黑幕揭发者19.intolerant nationalism20.the red scare21.the progressive movement22.overload23.The New Deal24.the truman doctrine25.the marshall plan26.the smith act27.the civil rights act of 196428.the poverty line29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32 checks and balances33.winner-take-all34. the free enterprise system35. the federal system36.separation of powers37. private school38.school district39. global education40. poor richard's almanac41.transcendentalism42. jazz43.knickerbockers era44. father's day45.mother's day46. congressional medal of honor47.UNICEF48. Great Canyon49. New England50.Hispanic Americans51. Chicanos52.Puerto Ricans53.Federalist Papers54.The First Continental Congress55.Manifest Destiny56.The Black Thursday57.New Frontier58.Port Huron Statement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.American Corn Belt62。

英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。

英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。

2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。

美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。

3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。

英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。

4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。

英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。

5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。

英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。

6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。

英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。

7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。

英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。

8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。

由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。

以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。

这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。

《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.5.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.6.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy in England, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry II: In the year of 1154, Henry II built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only use the arms when they are called to fight for the King.13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can’t freely change the law, the king can’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government.14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament.15. model parliament :. In 1295, in order to collect more money on the war again Wales, King Edward opened the “all estates parliament”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament.17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year’s War stopped for some time because of the Black Death.18 the Lollards: It refers to John Wycliffe and his followers. They made some ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising.19. enclosure movement：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So more wool was needed, and more sheep were needed. So some landlords began to enclose some “common lands” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement.21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people.22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn’t deal with the Church problem.23. Charles I: The second king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismissed the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model Army” defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total electorates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name.45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46. Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into thelegislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army.mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fight against the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed thatthey wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How theUnited States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn’t stir up the hatred to the government. It wasopposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up acountry “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the Voting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus. Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.。

英美概况名词解释1. the Hardian 'sWall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by theAnglo-Saxons to advise the ki ng. It 'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncil which still exists today.3.William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on ChristmasDay the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudalsystem in England.4.the battle of Hastin gsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, theWitan chose Harold as king. William, Duke ofNormandy, invaded England. On October 14,the two armies met near Hasting.Afteraday 's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5.Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to theEnglish like the Book of doom on JudgementDay.6.the Great CharterKingJohn 'sreigncaused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the GreatCharter. It has 63 clauses. Though it haslong been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of theking ' spowers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal lawof the land.7.the HundredYears 'WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and Englandthat last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, thewar broke out. At first the English were successful, butin the end,they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions inFrance. Theexpelling of the English was a blessing for bothcountries.8. Joan ofArcWar.She was a national heroine of France during theHundredYearsShe successfully led the French to drive the English out of来源: France.(;a9d9e570100ats3.html)英美概况备考资-料!---名词解释部分1_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客9. the BlackDeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europein the14th century. It swept through England without warning and anycure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of thepopulation of England. Thus, much land was left untended andlabour wasshort. It caused far-reaching economicconsequences.10. the Wars ofRosesThey referred to the battles between theHouseof Lancaster and the House of Yorkbetween1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose,and thelatter by the white one. After the wars, feudalismreceiveditsdeathblowandtheking 'spowerbecame supreme. Thdor monarchs ruledEngland and Wales for over two hundredyears.11. BloodyMaryHenryVIII 'sdaughter and a devoutCatholic.When she became Queen, she persecuted andburnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname“Bloody Mary ”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French portof Calais.12.Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and ofgreat achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13.Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared Englanda Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of charles II in 1660.14.the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed theprinciple of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15.Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were thosewho opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16.James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17.Winston Church illPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18.AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, becauseit 'sequipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputsor products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum outputof crops and animals.19.the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the UnitedKingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determinescommon law and interpret statues.20.Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbolof the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21.the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largestnumber of seats becomes theshadow cabinet ”. The offcial Opposition, with its own leader andaims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy andlegislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and toput forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22.the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power.It gave the S overeign private( “ privy ”) adviceon the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.mon lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24.the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons inScotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25.the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Actsof Parliament. This Service provides for everyresident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designedto help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive school sState secondary schools which take pupils wit hout reference toability and provide a wide-ranging secondaryeducation for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 percent of the state secondary school population in GB attendcomprehensiveschool.27. public school sFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as theirexclusiveness and snobbery. Theboys 'publicschools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow,andgirls 'famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the Briti sh Establishmentwere educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the UnitedStates.They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in theworlLake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.d, Lake Michiganthe only one entirely in the U.S.29.New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They areMaine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.来源:(;a9d9e570100ats5.html) - 英美概况备考资料!--- 名词解释部分2_蝉蝉angie_新浪博客30.baby boombabyboom”refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946and 1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers31.the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.32.the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them wereratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to theConstitution the Bill of Rights.33.the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support forthe Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34.the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphiato consider what should be done to make theArticles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed torevise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.35.the Progressive Moveme ntThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.36.the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)37.the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government wouldsupport any country which said it was fightingagainst Communism.38.the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State GeorgeMarshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39.the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy 'sprogram whichpromised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches,the legislative, the executive and the judicial,each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check,or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches arethus in balance. This called checks and balances。

名词解释1. Marshall Plan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter 9）：An American policy presented by George Marshall in 1947, proposing massive and systematic aid to Western Europe in order to keep Communists out of political power in Europe and establish the international economic order.2. Monroe Doctrine （门罗主义；Chapter 6）：A foreign policy announced by James Monroe in 1823, opposing European colonialism in the Americas and taking a neutral attitude towards affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.3. Electoral College （选举人团；Chapter 12）：A mechanism in the United States for the indirect electionof the President and Vice President .Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of "electors" pledged to vote for a particular party's candidate.△各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。

英美概况期末复习一、名词解释1、Prime Minister 首相The Prime Minister is the number-one minister of all the British ministers. After a general election, the leader of the party that has won the majority of the seats in the House of Commons will be appointed Prime Minister by the monarch. The Prime Minister is the head of the British Government and is rather powerful in making appointments. The Prime Minister not only controls the Cabinet but also the Parliament2、British Parliament 英国议会The British Parliament comprises 3 elements --------- the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In law, the Monarch is the official head of the Parliament; the two House are separate and equal. In reality, the Monarch is nothing but the symbolic part, the real power in passing laws is held mainly by the House of Commons. The British Parliament has the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom・3、The Speaker 议长The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, who is also known as the president of the Chambe匚The Speaker is elected by the House of Commons, but normally only after the party leaders have privately agreed beforehand on a particular person. Once elected, he can hold the position until his retirement when he will be made a pee匚Though he may belong to one of the political parties, the Speaker has to give up all party loyalties. He is next only to the Prime Minister in rank. The Speaker never votes except when the votes are equal. Then he gives the deciding vote.4、Question Time 质询时间Every day when the Commons meets, they begin their meeting with a "Question Time,M which is an hour of parliamentary time after prayers and some preliminaries. During the "Question Time"ministers, in rotation, answer questions put to them on matters for which they are responsible・ The questions are put forward by MPs and usually handed in beforehand・After the "Question Time”follows the main debate of the day.5、The "Three Readings"三独The process of passing it is similar in both of the Houses. According to a long-established practice, it must have three "readings^. In the Commons, it has the "first reading9' on introduction announcing its coming forward・ After a debate on its general principles and merits, it receives the "second reading^. At the end of the debate on the "second reading^, a vote is taken. Next the bill receives the "third reading^.6、Jury陪审团A Jury is a body of responsible, impartial citizens who are called to hear evidence in a law court andbound under oath to give an honest answer based on the evidence to question put before them. A Jury normally comprises 12 jurors, but in Scotland it consists of 15 people. In the United Kingdom all people between the ages of 18 and 65 or 70 whose names are on the electoral register can be chosen to serve on a jury except the ineligible・ Their names are chosen by lot. Those who are chosen cannot refuse jury service・ The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not in jury trials.7、By—elections 递补选举When an MP dies or resigns, or becomes a peer, his seat in the House of Commons is vacant・ Then a by一election is held to fill the vacancy・ A by一election is a local election. It is usually regarded asa test of national opinion in the period between general elections.8、Public Schools 公立大学"Public schools二the best—known of the independent schools in Great Britain, are secondary boarding schools preparing students academically for higher education, typically at Oxford or Cambridge University and ultimately for leadership in English life.9、The "Eleven Plus"Before 1965, after having finished their primary school education, pupils had to take a traditional selection test for entry to different types of secondary schools・It became known as the “Eleven Plus” for most children entered secondary schools shor什y after their 1 l lh birthday. Those who had got high marks went to grammar schools, and the rest, by far the majority, went to technical or secondary modern schools.10、The College System 学院制The administration of the university is the responsibility taken by their own governing councils・The universities decide the matters such as the prescription of syllabi, the arrangement of lectures, the conduct of examinations, and the award of degrees but the colleges are fairly independent. They are controlled by their own governing bodies, and all the colleges are parallel and equal institutions.By this college system, all students live in college during at least part of their course・11、The Tutorial System 导师制The tutorial system is a system of individual tuition which is organized by the college・ It is a way of teaching in these two universities. By this tutorial system, each student gets personal tuition oncea week in his tutor's own room・ This, with a weekly programme of private study is considered soimportant that students are not even compelled to attend general lectures. Students are free to choose the lectures they like・ Any one from any college may attend the university lectures.12、The Redbrick Universities 红砖大学The redbrick universities refer to all universities founded between 1850and 1930. They were called "redbrick" because that was the favourite building material of the time・ The University of London and Durham University included in this group・13、The Open University 开放大学The Open University was founded in 1969. It is a major innovation in the academic world providinga second chance for those who missed the opportunity for higher education at the age of 18 orthereabouts. The Open University offers tuition to degree standard to anyone who chooses to register.Unlike students in the other universities, they pay no boarding fees for the live at home・ After the end of their studies they take an examination. The successful students are granted a university degree.14、The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)英国广播公司The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a state—owned corporation. As a public service body, the present BBC was incorporated by the Royal Charter inn 1927 replacing the then British Broadcasting Corporation, a consortium of receiving equipment manufacturers established in 1992 to provide radio broadcasting service on a regular basis. The BBC's regular television broadcasting service began in 1936・ From 1927 to 1955 the BBC remained a monopoly of radio broadcasting,and later television broadcasting in Great Britain. Now, the BBC controls five national radio services,37 local radio stations and 2 national television channels.15、U nion Jack/Union Flag 英国国旗Union Jack/Union Flag is the national banner of the United Kingdom. It contains three crosses: St.George\ Cross, standing for the English people; St. Andrew's Cross, representing the Scottish people;and St. Patrick's Cross, for the Irish people. The first design was created in the 13th century, the ultimate design was settled in 1801.16、J ohn Bull约翰牛(特指英国或者英国人)John Bull is the nickname of the United Kingdom・ It is a household word in Britain・ It represents English people・ The name came from a book The History of John Bull by a Scottish. Now John Bull is regarded as a jovial, honest, solid and foursquare^ farmer.17、B ritish Isles不列颠群岛British Isles is a geographical term- It refers to an area including the two big islands, Great Britain and Ireland and many small islands between them and around them・ Two countries are located there: Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland・18、O ld English 古英语Old English is also known as An gio—Saxon. It is the term given to the language in its earliest written stage dating from 700 to 1150.Old English is a blend of German dialects spoken by the An gios, the Saxo ns and the Jutes. It is different from Modern English in phonology, morphology, spelling conventions, and syntax・19、M iddle English 中世纪英语The time: Middle English covered the time span from 1150 to 1500.The importance: The Middle English era was the era in which Britain broke the firm control of the Normans and became independent from France.The features of Middle English: It underwent greater changes than both Old English and Modern English A). The long bilingual phase in English history had exerted a profound effect on the structure of English, indirectly in its morphology and syntactic practice; and directly in its vocabulary・B) The great changes in this era made English become an analytic language instead of a synthetic one. C) Standard Pronunciation took shape by the end of the 14th century・20、T he Established ChurchesThe Established Churches are the churches which are "legally recognized as official churches of the state：There are two established churches™the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. 21、T he Church of EnglandThe Church of England is also called the Anglican Church. It is the national church of England.The Church of England has two provinces・Each province comprises some dioceses. A diocese is composed of many deaneries. A deanery is subdivided into many parishes.Though the Church of England is a national church, it is not financed by the state. The Church supports itself financially・It has its own properties, stocks and shares, and it receives endowment.The Church of England is Protestant in nature・22、T he Church of ScotlandIn Scotland, the established church is the Church of Scotland・ Il derived its status as the nationalchurch from The Treaty of Union 17O7.The government and nature of the Church. It is Presbyterian in church government and Calvinist (a branch of Protestantism) in nature.The central governing body is the General Assembly, in which the monarch is represented by the Lord High commissioner.Below the General Assembly is the Court of the Synod, then comes the Court of presbytery, and fin ally the Kirk Session.23、T he Free Churches 自由教会Generally, The Free Churches refer to the non—onformist churches in England・ The members of the Free churches are the "dissenters" as they are originally called. After the reformation in the 16th century, many Protestants separated from the Church of England (because they thought that the Church of England had not completely ridded of itself of the rules and practices of the Church of Rome.) and threw away all the Roman rules and formed the free churches of their own. Now in the Free Churches there are no archbishops and bishops and the churches are bare, and services are simple・24、B ritish Cabinet 英国公民British Cabinet is a committee of important ministers, departmental or non-departmental. It came into being in the late 17th and early 18th centuries・ And it emerged out of the Privy Council when the body grew to large for effective discussion. The Cabinet today is composed of about 20 ministers headed by the Prime Ministe匚But the number of the members is not fixed. In time of emergency or in the war time, the Cabinet is usually small in order to make decisions effectively.二、填空I、 The official name of Great Britain is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .2> The Union Flag is composed of 3 (St. Geonge's Cross. St. Andrew's Cross- St. Patrick's Cross)crosses,3s The national song in Britain is God Save the Oueen(Kin2)・4^ Of all four parts in Britain, Engkind is largest in area.5、The Republic of Ireland is the only land neighbour to Great Britain.6、The British Isles is composed of two big islands: Great Britain and Ireland •7^ In topography, traditionally, Great Britain is divided into two parts: a Highland Zone and a Lowland Zone ・8、The Pennines is called Backbone of England ・9、There live g peoples in Britain.10、T he pre-Celts were the Iberians and Beaker Folk •II、A part from English, Welsh and Gaelic are spoken in Britain.12、The English language belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo—European language family.13、English is one of the even smaller divisions of Low West Germanic and it is descended from OldEnglish14^ Modern English is mainly the marriage of Anglo—Sax on and Norma n・ French ・15、Old English is also known as An21o・Saxon ・16> It is in the stage of Middle English that English became an analytic language instead of a syntheticone.17^ Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Lan^ua^c is taken as the first English dictionary.18、T oday, English is the closest thing to a “lingua franca”, an in ternational language ・19、I n the year 597 , St. Augustine was sent by Pope Gregory I to spread Christianity inEng land ・20、T here are two established churches in Britain ■一the Church of England and the Church ofScotland .21、T he Church of England is Protestant in nature・22> The Church of Scotland is Presbyterian in church government and Calvinist in doctrine.23、T he British government is usually called Her Majesty's Government ・24、T he British Prime Minister lives and works in Number 10 Downing Street .25、T he tenure of office for the British Prime Minister is 5 years ・26 > The British Cabinet emerged out of the Priv# Council .27、T he present monarch in Britain is Oucen Elizabeth II •28、T he official birthday of the Queen Elizabeth is celebrated on Thursday of the second week inJune .29、T he British Parliament I composed of 3 elements.30、T he life of British Parliament lasts 5 years,31、T he life of the British Parliament is divided into sessions •32^ The British parliament is the “Mother of Parliaments”and it is the oldest Parliament・33、The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal.34> The House of Lords is presides over by the Lord Speaker .35、T he head of Lower House in Britain is the Speaker •36、T he head of the British central government is The Prime Minister .37^ The head of state in Britain is the monarch ・38、The two major political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.39> The Conservative Party developed from the Independent Labour Party .40、T he Labour Party is the successor of the Tories •41、T he general election in Britain is held every 5 years.42、I n each constituency a suitable person is appointed as a Returning officer , an official in charge ofa parliamentary election.43 > After general election in Britain the party in opposition forms a Shadow Cabinet .三、问答题1、Whaf the official name of Britain?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2> How many popular names do you know about the country?3・ England> Great Britain > BritainHow much do you know about the British Isles?It is a geographical term. It refers to an area including the two big islands, Great Britain and Ireland and many small islands between them and around them. Two countries are located there: GreatBritain and the Republic of Ireland.4. What is the national song of Britain? God Save the Queen/God Save the King5x How many parts does Britain contain? 4. Engla nd、Scotia nd、Wales Northern Ireland6> What is the only land neighbour of Britain? The Republic of Ireland7> Name the surrounding waters of Britain?the east: the North Sea; the south: the English Channel;the north: the Atlantic Ocean; the west: the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean8、What kind of climate does Britain have?the prevailing south-westerly wind, the numerous inlets in the western coasts9> What are the features of English weather? changeable> rainy > foggy > windy10> Where is the population in Britain concentrated? England11> Why do we say Britain is a highly urbanized nation?96 percent of the total population in Britain live in cities and towns. Only 4 percent live in ruralareas. That makes Britain an urbanized nation.12> How many peoples are there in Britain? What are they? Who are the majorities and who arethe minorities?4 peoples. The English> The Scots、The WelshThe IrishThe English is the majority； The Scots, The Welsh and The Irish are the minorities.13N Who are the ancestors of the Welsh? Who are the ancestors of the Scots? Who are the ancestors of the Irish? And who are the ancestors of the English?the Brythons> the Gaels> the Gaels、Anglo一Saxons, the Normans and other races.14.What's the official language spoken in Britain? English15> What other languages are spoken in Britain besides English? Welsh and Gaelic 16N What is the origin of English language?The English language belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.English is one of the even smaller division of Low West Germanic and is descended from Old English.17> Who and when for the first time came to Britain and spread Christianity?In 597, St. Augustine・18. Where did he choose to spread Christianity? Canterbury19> What are established churches?The Established Churches are the churches which are "legally recognized as official churches of the state”.20N H OW many established churches are there in Britain? And what are they?2 The Church of England and the Church of Scotland21> Who are the spiritual leaders of the Church of England?the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York22> What is the relation between the Monarch and the Church of England?By law, the Monarch (Sovereign) is the supreme head of the Church of England・ He is the temporal leader of the Church.23、W hat is the nature of the Church of England?The Church of Engla nd is Protesta nt in nature. Its doctrine, services and prayers are set in the Thirty—Nine Articles and The Books of Common Praye匚In addition, there are differencesbetween the High Church and the Low Church・24、W hat is the nature of the Church of Scotland?It is Calvinist (a branch of Protestantism) in nature・25> What are major Free Churches in Britain?the Methodist Church> the United Reformed Church >the Baptist Church > the Quakers and the Salvation Army.26> By whom is the Roman Catholic Church headed in Britain? The Roman Pope27.Who is the head of state in Britain? The monarch28.Who is the head of the British central government? The Prime Minister29.Where does the British Prime Minister live and work? Number 10 Downing Street30.How long is the tenure of office for the British Prime Minister? 5 years3K Who is the present monarch in Britain? Queen Elizabeth II32* When is the national day in Britain? Thursday of the second week in June・33.What elements is the British Parliament composed of ?The Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons・34.What is the major function of a jury in Britain?The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not in jury trials.35> What are the two major political parties now in Britain ?The Conservative Party and the Labour Party・36、What is the electoral method in Britain ?The electoral method is the first-past-post method or simply the majority method・37> How many British national dailies do you know?The Times> The Guardian、Financial Times、The Daily TelegraphThe IndependentDaily Express> Daily Mail. Daily Star> Morning Star> Daily Mirror> The Sun* Today38.How many British national Sundays do you know?The observer> Sunday Telegraphs The Sunday Times> The Independent on Sunday>The Mail on Sunday > News of the World> Sunday Express> Sunday Mirror> The People> Sun day Sport39.How many famous British magazines do you know?Classification> The Economists The Spectator40^ Of all news agencies in Britain, which one is the most influential? Reuters。

Major TermsThe United States of America1.The Mississippi -----It is the most important and longest reiver in the US. It flows about 6400km from its northwestern source in the Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi and its tributariies drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.2.The melting pot-----It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations allover the world.3.W ASPs-----It stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. They are the mainstream ofAmericans who are the descentdents of the early English settlers.4.Jamestown-----The first permanent colony established by the English in 1607.5.Declaration of Independence-----The United States Declaration of Independence is astatement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies should be free and independent states. It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.6.Bill of Rights-----The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments tothe United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the United States federal government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms. In federal criminal cases, it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime", guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state or judicial district in which the crime occurred, and prohibits double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States.7.The Louisiana Purchase-----The acquisition by the United States of America of 2,147,000km2France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. The U.S. paid $11,250,000 plus cancellation of debts worth $3,750,000, for a total sum of 15 million dollars for the Louisiana territory ($219 million in 2010 dollars).8.Gettysburg Address-----A speech by Lincoln on Nov. 19,1863 after the northern victory atGettysburg. The speech was considered unimportant at the time, but has come to be viewed by the Americans as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy.9.Emancipation Proclamation-----An executive order issued by United States PresidentAbraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War under his war powers.It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.10.Ku Klux Klan-----Racist terrorist organization in the U.S. organized by veterans of theConfederate army, first as a social club and then as a secret means of resisting Reconstruction and restoring white domination over newly enfranchised blacks.11.The Gilded Age-----A term refering to substantial growth in population in the United Statesand extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-CivilWar and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). Modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated by industrial corporations.12.Open door policy-----It is a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S.secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all imperialist powers should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.13.Big Stick Policy-----A form of hegemony and was the slogan describing U.S. PresidentTheodore Roosevelt’s corollary推论to the Monroe Doctrine. The term originated from the African proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military.14.V eto power-----The power of the US President to unilaterally stop an official action,especially enactment of a piece of legislation.15.Party platform-----A party platform, also known as a manifesto, is a list of the actions whicha political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose of havingsaid party's candidates voted into office. This often takes the form of a list of support for, or opposition to, controversial topics. Individual topics are often called planks of the platform. 16.Federalism-----Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state.Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.17.The black death-----It was a disease or plague spread by rat fleas in 14th century. It spreadthrough Europe in the middle of the 14th century and reached England in the summer of 1348.Many people died and the population of England shrank. It caused labor shortage and other social problems.18.The Hundred Years’ War-----It refers to the war between France and England that lasted formore than 100 years (1337-1467). The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.After three stages of the war, the English were driven out of France with only Calais in hand.The ending of war is regarded as a blessing for both countries.19.Thanksgiving Day-----it is an annul one-day holiday to give thanks at the conclusion of theharvest season. The United States celebrates Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November.20.Townshend Acts of 1767-----The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed beginning in1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named for Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland21.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle-----The first official history of England started by Alfred theGreat.22.The Domesday Book-----A detailed record (1086) of all the wealth of England including allland and property, every mill and cottage, every cow and pig. It also records the rights and duties of every landowner and every court.23.The Westminster Abby-----An abby built by Edward the Confessor and later most of theBritish kings and queens have been crown here and many of them have been buries here.There is also a poets’ corner where many British men of letters are buried.mon Law-----(also known as case law or precedent), is law developed by judgesthrough decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action. A "common law system" is a legal system that gives great precedential weight to common law, on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions.25.Magna Carta-----A feudal charter of liberties issued at Runnymede by King John underthe coercion of the barons and a group of church men under Langton. The charter attempted to protect the rights of the barony against encroachment by the royal prerogative.26.Utopia-----A political and philosophical treatise by Sir Thomas More, in the form of anaccount of an imaginary, newly discovered country.27.Renaissance-----The word was first used by Italian scholars in mid-16th C to express therediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, which was now studied for its own sake and not used merely to enhance the authority of the Church.28.Puritan-----A member of a Protestant Movement in England in 16th and 17thCenturies, which sought to purify worship in the Church of England by excluding everything for which authority could not be found in the Bible.29.Glorious Revolution------also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of KingJames II of England by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England. The resultant Bill of Right (1689) marked the ascendancy of parliamentary authority over the divine right that had been claimed by the Stuarts. This marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.30.Renaissance-----cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed asa bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.。