Unit 1 Water Conservation

Cochise CollegeCenter for Economic ResearchWater Conservation SurveyJune 20, 2006Prepared by:Robert CarreiraDirector, Center for Economic ResearchCochise College901 North Colombo AvenueSierra Vista, Arizona 85635Table of ContentsExecutive Summary (iii)Introduction (1)About the Sample (1)Stratification (1)Race (1)Age (2)Longevity of Residence (2)Narrative Results (3)Detailed Tabulated and Graphical Results (7)Executive SummaryThis report provides the results of a water conservation survey conducted by the Cochise College Center for Economic Research in May and June 2006. The survey included a stratified random sample of 400 Cochise County residents to ensure proportional representation of all areas of the county. The survey utilized a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of plus or minus 5%.The survey indicated that nearly three-quarters of Cochise County residents believed the preservation of the San Pedro River would impact whether Fort Huachuca remains open in the future. Nearly three-quarters of those polled indicated they would be more willing to protect the U.S. side of the San Pedro River if Mexico were to increase its protection of their side.Residents were opposed to property tax increases to provide incentives to homeowners and builders to install water-saving fixtures, with about 65% opposed and 35% in favor. Of 10 agree-disagree questions, above-average levels of strong disagreement were seen in proposals to pass ordinances that limit water use by targeting the washing of vehicles, the installation of evaporative coolers in new homes, the prohibition of residential lawns, and the limiting of new single-family residential development. Interestingly, limiting new single-family residential development, while it accounted for above average strong disagreement, also accounted for above average strong agreement, indicating the strong polarization of this issue. Although residents were generally opposed to raising taxes or passing ordinances to limit water use, they were overwhelmingly willing to pay 50% more for a new washing machine that uses 50% less water, if they were shopping for a new washing machine; 82.2% of respondents indicated such willingness.Residents were nearly split over whether their own personal water use impacts the future survivability of Fort Huachuca, with a slight majority (51.3%) believing their own water use would have such an impact. With regard to the preservation of the San Pedro River, a majority (56.2%) believed their own personal water use does not impact the survivability of the river.Residents were nearly split with regard to whether the federal government’s declaration of the San Pedro River as a critical habitat for endangered species would restrain population growth in the area; a slight majority of 51.1% believed the declaration would not curtail growth.An interesting characteristic of survey responses was the high level of uncertainty or noncommittal responses. On a series of 10 agree-disagree questions with topics ranging from the effectiveness of local officials in setting policy, the effectiveness of water conservation efforts, and policy proposals to help conserve water, an average of nearly one-third of respondents were uncertain or apathetic in their views, choosing to neither agree nor disagree with the series of statements posed. The highest levels of uncertainty or apathy were associated with the course of action local elected officials should takeiv with regard to new ordinances to conserve water and a more active role for the government in educating citizens about water conservation.In evaluating policies and progress in water conservation, Fort Huachuca received high marks. Of all 10 agree-disagree questions, the highest levels of strong agreement were that Fort Huachuca has set good water conservation policies and has made progress in conserving water. A majority of residents were also pleased with policies and progress made by Cochise County and Sierra Vista.Residents overwhelmingly viewed the survival of both Fort Huachuca and the San Pedro River as important. Nearly 90% of those polled believed it would be best if the number of personnel on Fort Huachuca stays the same or continues to grow. More than half of those surveyed thought it would be best if the fort continues to grow.While residents were generally noncommittal or opposed to having elected officials set up a public information office to educate citizens on water conservation, a majority were in favor of forming a lo cal agency to control and manage the San Pedro Valley’s water assets.INTRODUCTIONIn May and June 2006, the Cochise College Center for Economic Research conducted a telephone survey of 400 Cochise County residents to determine their views on various water conservation topics. The sample size produces a 95% confidence level, with a margin of error of plus or minus 5%. The surveys were administered at random days and times over a 3-week period, between the hours of 8am and 8pm. The survey was sponsored by the Sierra Vista Herald.About the SampleStratificationThe survey utilized a stratified random sample to ensure proportional representation from all areas of Cochise County. Stratification of the sample is shown in Table 1.TABLE 1: STRATIFICATION OF THE SAMPLEAreaPercent of Population/SampleBenson/St. David 12.1% Bisbee (including Miracle Valley, Naco, Palominas, and Warren) 9.8% Bonita 0.6% Bowie 0.6% Cascabel 0.6% Douglas (including Pirtleville and Sunnyside) 10.4% Elfrida 2.3% Pearce/Sunsites (including Richland Ranchettes) 2.9% Portal 1.2% San Simon 0.6% Sierra Vista (including Fry, Hereford, Fort Huachuca, HuachucaCity, and Whetstone)48.0% Sunizona 1.2% Tombstone 2.9% Willcox 6.9%RaceTable 2 shows a comparison of survey respondents to the overall racial distribution of Cochise County as of Census 2000.TABLE 2: COMPARISON OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS TO COCHISE COUNTY RESIDENTS BY RACESurvey Respondents Cochise CountyResidents*White 62.6% 76.7% Black or African American 13.5% 4.5% American Indian or Alaska Native 3.4% 1.1% Asian 2.3% 1.6% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1.0% 0.3% Other** 17.1% 15.8% * As of Census 2000** Includes two or more races combinedAgeThe median age of survey respondents was 39 years old. This compares to a countywide median age of 36.9 years as of Census 2000. The average age of survey respondents was 41.7 years.Longevity of ResidenceThe median length of residency in Cochise County for survey respondents was 12 years. The average length of residency was 15.1 years.Narrative ResultsSurvey respondents were asked whether they believed the preservation of the San Pedro River had an impact on whether Fort Huachuca will remain open in the future. A total of 74.6% of those polled responded that they believed the preservation of the San Pedro River had an impact on whether Fort Huachuca will remain open, while 25.4% responded they did not believe this to be true.Respondents were asked, “If Mexico were to increase its efforts to protect the San Pedro River south of the U.S. border, would this increase your willingness to protect the river on the U.S. side? A total of 73.7% of those polled responded that they would be more willing to protect the U.S. side of the river if Mexico were to increase its efforts to protect its side, while 26.3% responded that increased efforts by Mexico would not increase their own willingness to protect the U.S. side of the river.Those responding to the survey were asked whether they would support an increase in property taxes to provide incentives to homeowners to install water-saving devices in their homes. A total of 65.2% of those polled were opposed to a property tax increase for this purpose, with 34.8% in favor.Survey respondents were asked whether they would support an increase in property taxes to provide incentives to homebuilders to install water-saving devices in the homes they build. A total of 63.3% of those polled were opposed to a property tax increase for this purpose, with 36.7% in favor.Respondents were asked whether they believed their own personal water use impacts whether Fort Huachuca will remain open in the future. A total of 51.3% believed their own water use did impact whether Fort Huachuca would remain open, while 48.7% believed their own personal water use did not have an impact on whether the fort would remain open.Those responding to the survey were asked whether they believed the federal government’s declaration of parts of the San Pedro River as critical habitat for endangered species would eventually hold back population growth in the area. A narrow majority (51.1%) did not think the declaration would hold back growth, while 48.9% believed the declaration would curtail growth.Survey respondents were asked whether they would be willing to pay 50% more for a new washing machine that uses 50% less water, if they were looking to purchase a new washing machine. An overwhelming majority of respondents (82.2%) indicated they would be willing to pay the extra money, while 17.8% indicated they would not. Those polled were asked whether they believed their own personal water use impacts the preservation of the San Pedro River. A majority (56.2%) did not believe their own personal water use impacted the river, while 43.8% believed it did.Survey respondents were asked whether they agreed Cochise County elected officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues. A slight majority (50.5%) indicated they either agreed or strongly agreed that Cochise County elected officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues. A total of 22.6% disagreed or strongly disagreed that county elected officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues. A total of 26.9% neither agreed nor disagreed.Respondents were asked whether Sierra Vista has made progress in water conservation. Fifty-one percent indicated they either agreed or strongly agreed that Sierra Vista has made progress. A total of 22.1% disagreed or strongly disagreed that Sierra Vista has made progress. A total of 26.9% neither agreed nor disagreed.Respondents were asked whether they agreed that Fort Huachuca officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues. A total of 49.7% of those polled either agreed or strongly agreed the fort officials have set good policies, while 15.3% either disagreed or strongly disagreed. A total of 34.9% of survey respondents neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the second-highest level of strong agreement, with 19.8% of respondents indicating they strongly agreed the fort has set good policies in addressing water issues.Survey respondents were asked whether they agreed that Fort Huachuca has made progress in water conservation. A total of 50.9% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the fort has made progress, while 14.6% either disagreed or strongly disagreed. A total of 34.5% neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the highest level of strong agreement, with 20.7% of respondents indicating they strongly agreed the fort has made progress in water conservation.Those polled were asked whether they agreed that the business community is interested in protecting the San Pedro River. A total of 37.7% agreed or strongly agreed the business community was interested in protecting the river, while 22.4% disagreed or strongly disagreed. A total of 39.8% neither agreed nor disagreed.Residents were asked whether they agreed that elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit all grass in residential yards in order to conserve water. A total of 28.2% agreed or strongly agreed that such ordinances should be passed, while 24.2% disagreed or strongly disagreed. Nearly half of the total survey respondents (47.6%) neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the highest number of respondents who neither agreed nor disagreed, indicating a high level of uncertainty.Survey respondents were asked whether they agreed that, to conserve water, elected officials should pass ordinances that limit the number of single family homes that can be built each year. A total of 31.4% of those responding to the survey either agreed or strongly agreed that such ordinances should be passed, while 22.9% indicated they disagreed or strongly disagreed. A total of 45.7% of respondents neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the third-highestlevel of strong agreement, with 10.4% of those polled indicating they strongly agreed that officials should pass ordinances that limit the number of single family homes that can be built each year. However, this question also revealed the second-highest number of respondents who neither agreed nor disagreed, indicating a strong degree of uncertainty on this issue.Respondents were asked whether they agreed that, to conserve water, elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit evaporative coolers in all new construction. A total of 40.5% disagreed or strongly disagreed that such ordinances should be passed, while 21.4% agreed or strongly agreed with the need for such ordinances. A total of 38% indicated they neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the third-highest level of strong disagreement, with 12.3% of respondents indicating they strongly disagreed that elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit evaporative coolers in all new construction.Those polled were asked whether they agreed that, to conserve water, elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit the washing of all vehicles except at those facilities that recycle water. A total of 39.6% of respondents indicated they either disagreed or strongly disagreed that such ordinances should be passed, while 21.4% either agreed or strongly agreed that such ordinances should be passed. A total of 39% of those polled neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the second-highest level of strong disagreement, with 13.4% of respondents indicating they strongly disagreed that elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit the washing of all vehicles except at those facilities that recycle water.Residents were asked whether elected officials should establish a public information office to disseminate information and educate citizens about water conservation. A total of 32.4% of respondents indicated they disagreed or strongly disagreed that such an office should be established, while 23.8% agreed or strongly agreed with the establishment of a public information office. A total of 43.7% of respondents neither agreed nor disagreed. Of the 10 agree-disagree questions, this question revealed the highest level of strong disagreement, with 14.7% of respondents indicating they strongly disagreed that elected officials should establish a public information office to disseminate information and educate citizens about water conservation. However, this question also revealed the third-highest number of respondents who neither agreed nor disagreed. Survey respondents were asked how important it is to them that the San Pedro River continues to have water running in its banks year-round. A total of 79.4% of those polled indicated it was important or very important, while only 3.5% viewed it as either unimportant or of little importance. A total of 17.1% viewed it as moderately important. Survey respondents were asked how important it is to them that Fort Huachuca remains open. A total of 81.4% of respondents viewed Fort Huachuca remaining open as important or very important, while only 4.6% viewed it as unimportant or of little importance. A total of 14.1% viewed it as moderately important.Respondents were asked if it would be best if the number of personnel on Fort Huachuca continues to grow, stays the same, or decreases. Fifty-five percent of those polled thought it best that Fort Huachuca continues to grow, 34.9% indicated it would be best if the number of personnel remains the same, and 10.2% thought it best that the number of personnel on Fort Huachuca decreases.Residents were asked whether they would favor the formation of a local agency to control and manage the San Pedro V alley’s water assets. Fifty-one percent indicated they were in favor or strongly in favor of the establishment of such an agency, while 16.7% were opposed or strongly opposed. A total of 32.2% of respondents neither favored nor opposed the formation of such an agency.Detailed Tabulated and Graphical Results1. Do you think the preservation of the San Pedro River has an impact on whether Fort Huachuca will remain open in the future?2. If Mexico were to increase its efforts to protect the San Pedro River south of the U.S. border, would this increase your willingness to protect the river on the U.S. side?3. Would you support an increase in property taxes to provide incentives to home owners to install water-saving devices in their homes?4. Would you support an increase in property taxes to provide incentives to homebuilders to install water-saving devices in the homes they build?5. Do you believe your personal water use impacts whether Fort Huachuca will remain open in the future?6. The federal government has declared parts of the San Pedro River as critical habitat for endangered species. Do you think this will eventually hold back population growth in the area?7. If you were looking to purchase a new washing machine, would you be willing to pay 50% more for one that uses 50% less water?8. Do you believe your personal water use impacts the preservation of the San Pedro River?9. Cochise County elected officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues.10. Sierra Vista has made progress in water conservation.11. Fort Huachuca officials have set good public policy in addressing water issues.12. Fort Huachuca has made progress in water conservation.13. The business community is interested in protecting the San Pedro River.14. To conserve water, elected officials should pass ordinances that prohibit all grass in residential yards.single family homes that can be built each year.coolers in all new construction.of all vehicles except at those facilities that recycle water.18. Elected officials should establish a public information office to disseminate information and educate citizens about water conservation.19. How important is it to you that the San Pedro River continues to have water running in its banks year-round?20. How important is it to you that Fort Huachuca remains open?21. It would be best if the number of personnel on Fort Huachuca:22. How do you feel about the formation of a local agency to control and manage the San Pedro Valley’s water assets?23. What is your race?24. What is your age?25. How many years have you resided in Cochise County?。

Unit 1 Water Resources【学习内容】Text A Water Resources of ChinaText B Water Resources【学习目标】1. 了解有关的专业用语2. 掌握构词法中的名词后缀3. 学会现在分词和过去分词的使用【学习策略】1. 英语阅读种类2. 科技英语翻译3. 标书写作Text A Water Resources of China China is situated in the southeastern part of the Eurasian Continent.The distribution of precipitation and water resources in this country varies largely in both time and space due to the influence of the varied topographic features and monsoon climate. Thousands of years of struggle against drought and waterlogging has formed one important theme of the Chinese civilization. Since the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the government has attached great importance to water conservancy and has constructed a large number of water conservancy projects which contributed immensely to keeping 1 billion Chinese people away from famine: common floods thus effectively controlled, 47 million ha of cultivated land constantly irrigated and urban domestic and industrial demand of water, to some extent, roughly satisfiedThe total amount of water resources in China ranks sixth in the world. However, the amount of water resources per capita and per unit cultivated land is far less than the world average for the country's dense population and vast territory. Furthermore, the distribution of these spare water resources is uneven both temporally and spatially and does not coordinate with the distribution of population, cultivated land, and mineral resources. As a consequence, water is often found such an inharmonious factor with economic development that would hardly leave a balanced demand-and-supply to any regions. The situation of less supply than demand grows more and more serious in the places short of water, like in North China and the southern part of Northeast China. For the vast Northwest, the restraint of poor water resources will certainly enable a lagging economy after it has been somewhat developed. As for the Yangtze River Basin and its southern regions where water resources are relatively affluent, unsatisfied water supply also occurs in some areas owing to insufficiency of regulation and control projects.Not only water consumption but as well wastewater discharge have precipitation 降雨water resources 水资源drought 干旱waterlogging 涝famine 饥荒floods 洪水irrigate 灌溉inharmonious 不和谐basin 流域wastewater 污水，been increasing with the economic development. The crisis of water supply is aggravated by the decrease of clean water sources most of which have been polluted. It still remains as an arduous task to ensure the modernization process in China against the risks of floods and the shortage of clean water sources. The fundamental approaches to the problem of water resources are (1) strengthening and improving the existing water conservancy projects and erecting new projects to improve the ability of flood control and water supply; (2) tightening up on wastewater treatment to protect water sources; (3) enhancing water saving and multipurpose use of water resources to raise the use value of water; and (4) enforcing water resources management.The long term mean annual precipitation of the country is 648 mm, of which 44% forms the river runoff, 56% is lost in the evapotranspiration from surface water bodies, plants and soils and the phreatic water evaporation. The long term mean annual river runoff depth for the whole country is 284 mm, of which 25% is supplied by groundwater, equivalent to 71 mm of water depth. The long term mean annual volume of evaporation and transpiration for the country is 364 mm, of which only 3% is the phreatic water evaporation in the fresh water areas of the plains, is usable by means of groundwater withdrawal. The long term mean annual of water yield (i.e. the gross water resources) in the whole country is 2812.4 billion m3, equivalent to water depth of 295 mm, constituting 45% of the total precipitation of the country, of which the base flow and the phreatic water evaporation in the fresh water areas of the plains is comparatively easily exploited, its volume being about 780 billion m3, 28% of the gross water resources; the remaining 72% being the volume of surface runoff, varying widely within a year and from year to year, and being able to be controlled and utilized only when regulation facilities are provided.The values of the water budget elements and their relations are obviously different for different regions. For the 4 southern catchment regions, the mean annual precipitation is 1 204 mm, the mean annual runoff depth is 650 mm, being 1.9 and 2.3 times as large as the mean values for the whole country respectively; the mean depth of water yield is 654 mm, 2.2 times as large as the mean value for the country. For the 6 northern major regions (including the Ertix River), the mean annual precipitation is only 330 mm, the annual runoff depth, 74 mm, being 51% and 26% the mean values for the country; the mean depth of water yield is 88 mm, 30% the mean value for the country. But the storage capacity of the aquifers in the northern plains is larger than that in the southern plains. 废水discharge 排放pollute 污染arduous 艰辛的，费力的erect 建筑，建造water saving 节水runoff 径流evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾量phreatic 潜水evaporation 蒸发groundwater 地下水withdrawal 开采aquifer 含水层Text B Water ResourcesWater resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.97% of water on the Earth is salt water, leaving only 3% as fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air.Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh water is steadily decreasing. Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world and as the world population continues to rise, so too does the water demand. Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than marine or land ecosystems. The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framework exists) is known as water rights.Sources of fresh water：Surface water：Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and sub-surface seepage.Under river flow：Throughout the course of the river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and true ground-water receiving water from the ground water when aquifers are fully charged and contributing water to ground-water when ground waters are depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common.Ground water：Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").Desalination：Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf.Frozen water：Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water.。

Title: The Importance of Water ConservationWater, the essence of life, is a precious resource that we cannot afford to waste. Despite its abundance on our planet, only a fraction of it is fresh and suitable for human consumption. Therefore, water conservation becomes a crucial aspect of sustainable development, ensuring a secure future for generations.Firstly, water conservation helps mitigate the impact of water scarcity. In many parts of the world, access to clean drinking water is a major challenge. Droughts, climate change, and urbanization have exacerbated this issue, leading to water crises. By conserving water, we can reduce the demand on existing water resources, ensuring that there is enough water for everyone.Secondly, water conservation supports environmental sustainability. Excessive water usage can lead to environmental degradation, such as soil erosion, salinization, and loss of biodiversity. By conserving water, we can maintain the health of our ecosystems and protect vital habitats forwildlife.Moreover, water conservation also has economic benefits. Efficient water use can lead to cost savings for individuals and businesses. For example, fixing leaky faucets or installing water-saving appliances can significantly reduce water bills. At a larger scale, water conservation can support agricultural productivity, ensuring food security and economic stability.To achieve water conservation, we need to adopt water-saving practices in our daily lives. Simple actions like turning off the faucet while brushing our teeth or showering, fixing leaky pipes, and harvesting rainwater can make a significant difference. Additionally, we should promote water-efficient technologies and encourage water-saving measures in industries and agriculture.In conclusion, water conservation is crucial for sustainable development. It helps mitigate water scarcity, supports environmental sustainability, and has economic benefits. By adopting water-saving practices and promoting water-efficient technologies, we can ensure a secure future for ourselves andfuture generations. Let us cherish this precious resource and conserve water for a better tomorrow.。

water supply facilities 给水设备
water supply fittings 给水管零件
water supply network 给水管网
water supply reservoir 给水用贮水池
water supply scheme 给水系统
water supply system 给水系统
water filled steel framed structure 充水钢框架结构
water filter 滤水器
water filtration plant 水过滤场
water fittings 给排水管配件
water front construction 沿岸建筑物
watch room 警卫室
water 水
water air heating system 水 气供热系统
water basin 硫
water bearing ground 含水地层
water boiler 热水锅炉
water booster system 加压装置
building 修筑，建筑物
house 房子
skyscraper 摩天大楼
block of flats 公寓楼（美作：apartment block）
monument 纪念碑
palace 宫殿
temple 庙宇
basilica 皇宫，教堂
cathedral 大教堂
water putty 防水油灰
water reducing admixture 减水外加剂
water reducing agent 减水剂
water repellent facing 防水饰面