Comparative Studies of the Languages

• Chapter 1: Introduction

1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.

3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching,

especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.

4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in

using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not

say).

5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,

it is said to be descriptive.(09C)

6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic

study. (06C/ 04)

7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of

1. Langue and Parole

Langue is the system of a language, the language as a system of forms,whereas

parole is actual speech, the speech acts that are made possible by the system of the

language. That`s is to say,langue is the social product whose existence permits the

individual to exercise his linguistic faculty; parole, on the other hand, is the

“executive side of language”.

2. Comparative Linguistics

A branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages in order to

compare their structures and to show whether they are similar or different.

Comparative linguistics is used in the study of languages types and in comparative

historical linguistics. It is also used by some applied linguists for establishing

differences between the learner’s native language and the target language in the

areas of syntax, vocabulary, and sound systems.

Unit3 Topic1 English is widely spoken throughout the world.

Section C

【学习目标】

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Words and phrases: speaker, foreign, European, tourist, base, tourism, conference, kingdom, native, mother tongue,

as well as, play an important part in.

Sentences: It is clear that the English language is becoming more important.

The English language plays an important part in our lives.

Grammar: the simple present passive voice

Difficult points：

能记住不规则动词的过去分词。

能熟练地运用一般现在时的主动语态和被动语态。

【预习导学】

必备单词、短语和句子

1 ________________ 母语

2 ________________ n.起源,根源;根;词根

3 ________________ n.商人,买卖人

4 ________________ adj.出生地的,当地的

5 ________________ n.讲某种语言的人;发言人

6 ________________ adj.欧洲的

7 ________________ n.王国;管辖范围;领域

8 ________________ n.路、旅游业;观光

9.mother tongue ____________________

现代语言学自考题-22

(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)

PART ONE

Ⅰ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice

that can **plete the statement.

1.

The term ______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to

the approach which studies language change over various periods of

time and at various historical stages.

• A. synchronic

• B. diachronic

• C. comparative

D. **parative

SSS_SIMPLE_SIN

A B C D

2.

A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as

______.

• A. unusual

• B. something to be feared

• C. abnormal

•

D. natural

SSS_SIMPLE_SIN

A B C D

3.

Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable

extent, ______.

• A. regular but not systematic