Magnetic Mass in Hot Scalar Electrodynamics

第 54 卷第 2 期2023 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.2Feb. 2023高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究魏兴国1，廖成志1，侯文渊1, 2，段鹏1，李贺松1(1. 中南大学 能源科学与工程学院，湖南 长沙，410083；2. 中北大学 能源与动力工程学院，山西 太原，030051)摘要：在铝电解槽中，阳极炭块内存在的气孔会降低炭块的导电和导热性能，并且增加炭渣，降低电流效率，导致炭耗和直流电耗升高。

通过浸渍工艺得到的高密度阳极可以有效地降低炭块的气孔率。

为了探究高密度阳极铝电解槽的电−热场变化和影响，基于ANSYS 软件建立高密度阳极铝电解槽的电−热场耦合计算模型。

研究结果表明：铝电解槽高密度阳极炭块的平均温度上升8.73 ℃，热应力增加，但形变量减小；侧部槽壳的平均温度下降28.59 ℃，热应力和形变量均降低，有利于保持槽膛内形稳定；热场变化主要与阳极炭块物性改变有关；槽电压降低49.16 mV ，主要与炭块物性改变和电解质电阻率降低有关；高密度阳极电流全导通时间缩短3.39 h ，可有效减弱换极产生的负面影响，阳极使用寿命可延长4 d ，炭耗降低10.3 kg/t ；铝电解槽反应能耗占比增加0.62%，电流效率提高1.69%，直流电耗降低270 kW·h/t 。

关键词：铝电解槽；高密度阳极；电−热场；耦合仿真中图分类号：TF821 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）02-0744-10Simulation study of electric-thermal field coupling in high-densityanode aluminum electrolyzerWEI Xingguo 1, LIAO Chengzhi 1, HOU Wenyuan 1, 2, DUAN Peng 1, LI Hesong 1(1. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;2. School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China)Abstract: In aluminum electrolytic cells, porosity in anode carbon blocks can reduce the electrical and thermal conductivity of the blocks and increase carbon slag, reduce current efficiency and lead to higher carbon consumption and DC power consumption. High-density anodes obtained by impregnation process can effectively reduce the porosity of carbon blocks. In order to investigate the electric-thermal field variation and the causes of influence in the high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer, a coupled electric-thermal field calculation model of收稿日期： 2022 −07 −11； 修回日期： 2022 −08 −20基金项目(Foundation item)：国家高技术研究发展项目(2010AA065201)；中南大学研究生自主探索创新项目(2021zzts0668)(Project(2010AA065201) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Project (2021zzts0668) supported by the Independent Exploration and Innovation of Graduate Students in Central South University)通信作者：李贺松，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事铝电解研究；E-mail:****************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.02.032引用格式： 魏兴国, 廖成志, 侯文渊, 等. 高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(2): 744−753.Citation: WEI Xingguo, LIAO Chengzhi, HOU Wenyuan, et al. Simulation study of electric-thermal field coupling in high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(2): 744−753.第 2 期魏兴国，等：高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究the high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer was established based on ANSYS software. The results show that the average temperature of the anode carbon block increases by 8.73 ℃ when the high-density anode is put on the tank, and the thermal stress increases but the deformation variable decreases. The average temperature of the side shell decreases by 28.59 ℃, and the thermal stress and deformation variable both decrease,which helps to protect the inner shape of the tank chamber stable. The change of the thermal field is mainly related to the change of the physical properties of the anode carbon block. The cell voltage decreases by 49.16 mV which is mainly related to the change of carbon block physical ploperties and the decrease of electrolyte resistivity, respectively. The reduction of 3.39 h in the full conduction time of high-density anode current can effectively reduce the negative effects of electrode change, and the anode service life can be extended by 4 d. The carbon consumption is reduced by 10.3 kg/t. The reaction energy consumption of aluminum electrolyzer is increased by 0.62%, the current efficiency is increased by 1.69%, and the DC power consumption is reduced by 270 kW·h/t.Key words: aluminum electrolyzer; high-density anode; electric-thermal field; coupling simulation作为铝电解槽的核心部件，阳极炭块在反应过程中被不断消耗，其品质直接影响着各项经济技术指标[1]。

中科院力学所科技成果——高能脉冲磁控溅射（HiPIMS）技术及工程应用技术介绍及特点高能脉冲磁控溅射技术是利用较高的脉冲峰值功率和较低的脉冲占空比来产生高溅射金属离化率的一种磁控溅射技术。

力学所引进德国huttinger电源，与等离子体淹没离子注入沉积（PIII&D）方法相结合，形成一种新颖的成膜过程与质量调控技术，是可应用于大型矩形靶的离化率可控磁控溅射新技术，填补了国内在该方向的研究空白。

将高能冲击磁控溅射与高压脉冲偏压技术复合，利用其高离化率和淹没性的特点，通过成膜过程中入射粒子能量与分布的有效操控，实现高膜基结合力、高品质、高均匀性薄膜的制备。

同时结合全新的粒子能量与成膜过程反馈控制系统，开展高离化率等离子体发生、等离子体的时空演变及荷能粒子成膜物理过程控制等方面的研究与工程应用。

其核心技术具有自主知识产权，已申请相关发明专利两项。

该项技术对实现PVD沉积关键瓶颈问题的突破具有重大意义，有助于提升我国在表面工程加工领域的国际竞争力。

如在交通领域，该技术用于汽车发动机三部件，可降低摩擦25%，减少油耗3%；机械加工领域，沉积先进镀层可使刀具寿命提高2～10倍，加工速度提高30-70%；综上所述，该装备系统将在卫星通讯、等离子物理、新材料等领域具有重要的工业应用价值。

高能脉冲磁控溅射等离子体发生与成膜控制平台工作中的高能脉冲磁控溅射靶应用领域工模具高温涂层：汽车、航空航天、军事等先进制造行业应用稀土铝耐蚀薄膜：NdFeB磁铁行业环保涂层应用太阳能薄膜：光伏发电及新能源领域应用生物工程薄膜：生物医用领域应用技术成熟度及应用案例技术成熟度：中试阶段应用案例1：与长春一汽开展合作。

中科院力学所采用高能脉冲磁控溅射技术及多弧离子镀技术开发了TiCN、AlCrN、CrAlSiN、DLC 等系列三元、四元高硬高温涂层，应用于长春一汽的压铸模具、热锻模具，可使其加工寿命提高3-5倍以上，尤其是含钇高温涂层，在国内率先实现了800-1200℃环境下热锻模具的薄膜工程应用。

Thermo Scientific Magnetic StirrersThermo Scientific Stirrers Performin Extraordinary EnvironmentsSubmersible in 50°C BathPages 5 and 7Used in CO 2 IncubatorPage 10Used in Sterilizers at 121°C 2 bar PressurePage 11Stir Tiny CuvettesPage 2Stir 600 L CarboysPage 12Used in General Purpose IncubatorPages 5 and 7Built-in Controller ConveniencePage 6Stir 60 Positions SimultaneouslyPage 9Submersible in 95°C BathPage 3Thermo Scientific magnetic stirrers are designed to provide excellent reliability, safety and performance.Safe, Dependable OperationInductive-drive stirrers Inductive-drive stirrers operate without moving parts.•Hermetically-sealed drives for safe operation in demanding environments, easier cleaning and contamination prevention•Single-point and multi-point stirring configurations Heatless operation for valuablecell and tissue culturesStepper-drive stirrers offer heatless operationand slow mixing speeds to protect valuablecell and tissue cultures from damage.•Sealed stainless steel housings for safeoperation under high humidity conditionsand impermeability to microorganisms•Single-point and multi-point stirringconfigurationsPower for the largest volumesDisc motor-drive stirrers provide the powerto mix media volumes up to 600 L, or stirhighly viscous liquids.•Sealed stainless steel housings for safeoperation under high humidity conditions•Ideally suited for system integration withprocess equipmentCimarec i Inductive- drive stirrers Pages 2 to 9Disc motor-drive stirrersPages 11 to 13Stepper-drive stirrerPage 10Cimarec Series Biosystem 4Cimarec i Series Multipoint 15 Cimarec Series Mobil Direct1Thermo Scientific Cimarec i Mini StirrersMini stirrers are designed to work in the tiniest of places •No larger than a thumbnail, ideal for stirring cuvettes•Stir speeds up to 1400 rpm•Stir volumes up to 5 mL•Choose from two different control units (your choice included)Model PartNumberVoltage/PlugTypeSpeed(rpm)ProtectionClassPowerSettings (W)DimensionsWxDxH (mm)Weight(kg)Mini w/ Telemodul50088130230 V Euro130-1000IP68 (stirrer only)0.112 x 12 x 50.02 Mini w/ Telemodul50088132230 V UK130-1000IP68 (stirrer only)0.112 x 12 x 50.02 Mini w/ Telemodul50088126100 V Japan 130-1000IP68 (stirrer only)0.112 x 12 x 50.02 Mini w/ Telemodul50088118115 V USA 130-1000IP68 (stirrer only)0.112 x 12 x 50.02 Mini w/ Telemodul 20 C50088120100-240 V 130-1400IP68 (stirrer only)0.5/0.1/0.15/0.212 x 12 x 50.02 Operating conditions are -10 to +56°C at 95% rH100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsCimarec i Mini3Operating conditions are -10 to 120°C at 95% rH or 0-95°C submerged in water100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsHermetically sealed IP68 protection class stirrers can be submerged in waterOptional Accessories•Micro stirrer without controller 50134760• 4-place distributor 50091720• 8-place distributor 50091721Cimarec i MicroLINK & SYNCSee page 8.4Space saving, general purpose stirrers that are designed to resist wearCimarec i Mono Direct Stirrer•Easy-to-use rotary knob design• Rugged powder coated stainless steel housing • Stir speeds up to 1000 rpm • Stir volumes up to 3 LCimarec i Maxi Direct Digital Stirrer• IP64 protection rated; easily cleaned with running water • Precise microprocessor control with bright digital display• Easy to clean, chemical resistant, sealed stainless steel housing • Easily recall last used settings• Smooth and even stirring as low as 80 rpm • Stir speeds up to 2000 rpm •Stirring volumes up to 5 LOperating conditions are -10 to +40°C at 95% rH 100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsCimarec i Maxi DirectCimarec i Mono DirectHermetically sealed units designed for challenging stirring environmentsCimarec i Maxi Stirrer with External Control• IP68 protection rated• Stir speeds up to 2000 rpm • Stir volumes up to 5 L• Available with Telemodul 40 C for data transfer and PC control • Adjustable power settings available on the Telemodul 20 C and Telemodul 40 C– Decreases power consumption– Lowers heat outputCimarec i Compact Stirrer with External Control• IP68 protection rated• Stir speeds up to 1400 rpm • Stirring volumes up to 1.5 L•Adjustable power settings available on the Telemodul 20 C – Decreases power consumption– Lowers heat outputOptional Accessories•Compact stirrer without controller 50134759• Maxi stirrer without controllers 50134758• 4-place distributor 50091720•8-place distributor 50091721Operating conditions are -10 to +56°C in air; 0 to 50°C submerged in water 100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsStandard TelemodulCimarec i Maxi with Telemodul 20 CLINK & SYNCSee page 8.These Cimarec i inductive drive stirrers offer our renowned features in a fully synchronized multipoint platform.•Ideal for mass screening applications and other applications requiring multiple stirring points • Large, flat, easy to clean work surfaces• Gradual start acceleration is gentle and ensures good magnetic coupling • Inductive-drive ensures completely synchronized stirring at all positionsThermo Scientific Cimarec i Poly 15 and Multipoint Stirrers Available in platforms with up to 15 positionsCimarec i Poly 15 Multipoint Stirrer• Precise microprocessor control with bright digital display • Easily recall last used settings• Rugged powder coated stainless steel housing • Stir speeds up to 990 rpm•Suitable for 15 x 250 mL beakers or 6 x 1 L flasksCimarec i Advanced Multipoint 6/15 Stirrer• P64 protection rated; easily cleaned with running water • Precise microprocessor control with bright digital display• Easy to clean, chemical resistant, sealed stainless steel housing • Easily recall last used settings•Adjustable power settings are separate from the speed control – Decreases power consumption– Lowers heat output• Smooth and even stirring as low as 80 rpm Cimarec i Multipoint 15Designed for use with aggressive media, in high humidity environments, our Telesystems are perfect for integration with incubators and controlled climate chambersTelesystem Multipoint Stirrer with External Control•IP68 protection rated; easily cleaned with running water •Chemical resistant, sealed stainless steel housing •Easily recall last used settings•Adjustable power settings are separate from the speed control – Decreases power consumption– Lowers heat output •Smooth and even stirring as low as 100 rpm •Stir speeds up to 2000 rpm•Stirring volumes up to 2 L per multipoint Operating conditions are -10 to 56°C at 100% rH in air; 0-50°C submerged in water100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsCimarec i Telesystem 158Benchtop Distributors (Link & Sync)Benchtop distributors ensure identical operating conditions for multiple stirrer installations.•Simultaneous control of 2, 4, 6 or 8 Mini, Micro or Compact series stirrers using a single Telemodul 20 C or Telemodul 40 C external controller• Simultaneous control of 2 or 4 Maxi series stirrers using a single Telemodul 20 C or Telemodul 40 C external controller• Even power distribution for synchronized stirringFor Telesystem Series Stirrers Test Tube RacksStainless steel test tube racks ensure that test tubes are precisely centered over stirring points.ThermostatsOur thermostats are equipped with a circulation pump and digital temperature display.Bath MountsExtension CablesLINK & SYNC9Standard TelemodulThe space-saving Telemodul controller provides stirring power for small to medium volumes of low-viscosity fluids.Recommended for single point stirring up to 250 mL.Telemodul 20 CThe versatile Telemodul 20 C controller features user-friendly, menu-driven microprocessor controls.•Single handed operation with straightforward turn and press adjustment wheel• Three individual program store and recall keys for rapid start up• Last used settings stored in memory •Rocking/shake mode reverses stir bar direction for a gentle back and forth stirring motion•Four power settings to decrease power consumption and lower heat outputTelemodul 40 CThe Telemodul 40 C controller offers all the functionality of the Telemodul 20 C controller. Additional features include:•Power output booster to 40 W for more demanding stirring tasks• 10 power settings to decrease power consumption and lower heat output • RS-232 interface for data transfer and PC controlTelemodul External Control UnitsStirrers are included with the Micro, Mini (pages 2 to 3),Compact, Maxi (page 5) and Telesystems (page 7)10Gentle stirring and low heat output protect sensitive cell cultures. Stir microcarrier cultures, culture broths and cell suspensions inside your CO 2 incubator.2Can be used for gentle stirring outside of a CO 2 incubator Built-in controller Heatless operation– Protects heat sensitive cell culture• Stainless steel housing is easy to clean, and resists aggressive media • Gradual low-shear acceleration on start up • Smooth and even stirring as low as 5 rpm • Single position stirrers can stir up to 5 L• Four-position stirrers can stir up to 2 L per positionOperating conditions are -10 to +56°C at 100% rHOperating conditions are -10 to +40°C at 95% rH 100-240 V units contain a cord set with various plugsRequired: Biomodul 40 B control unitController has high visibility display, adjustable stirring and pause times with rotation sense inversion. Enables synchronized operation of two Biosystem stirrers.• 50118915 – 230 V Germany • 50118918 – 230 V UK • 50118921 – 230 V China • 50118916 – 230 V Italy• 50118919 – 230 V Switzerland • 50126086 – 115 V US• 50118917 – 230 V Denmark •50118920 – 230 V AustraliaCimarec Biosystem DirectThermo Scientific Cimarec Mobil 10 and Mobil 25 Large Volume StirrersThe power to stir up to 10 L and mix viscous liquids•“Quick Stop” function stops the drive within twoseconds minimizing after runs and reducing the riskof vessel breakage• For use in pilot plant or integrated with process equipment• “Quick Stop” function stops the drive within three seconds minimizing after runs and risk of vessel breakage • IP64/65 protection rated; easily cleaned with running water • Easy to clean, chemical resistant, sealed stainless steel housing • Stir speeds from 100-1000 rpm• Mobil direct can stir up to 150 L and features an integrated controller with adjustable power settings • Mobil 200 can stir up to 200 L • Mobil 600 can stir up to 600 L• The maximum shaft torque is 30 Ncm for the Mobil Direct and 50 Ncm for the Mobil 200 and Mobil 600• Mobil 200 and Mobil 600 require either the Telmodul 40 M or the Telemodul 80 M control unitModel Part Number Voltage/Plug Type Speed (rpm)Protection Class Power Settings (W)Dimensions WxDxH (mm)Mobil Direct 50088128230 V Euro 100-1000IP6440330 x 330 x 80Mobil Direct 50088131115 V USA 100-1000IP6440330 x 330 x 80Mobil Direct 50088129100 V Japan 100-1000IP6440330 x 330 x 80Mobil Direct50100547230 V UK100-1000IP6440330 x 330 x 80Operating conditions are -10 to +40°C at 95% rHPart Voltage/Plug Speed Protection Power Dimensions Operating conditions are -10 to +56°C at 100% rHThermo Scientific Cimarec Mobil Direct,Mobil 200 and Mobil 600 Large Volume Stirrers Excellent stirring power for high volume applicationsMobil DirectCimarec Mobil 200 with Telemodul 40 M12Telemodul 40 MThe powerful Telemodul 40 M controller equips Mobil 200 and Mobil 600 stirrers for the most demanding mixing tasks.• Adjustable speeds form 100 to 1000 rpm• Constant speeds, even during viscosity changes • High-visibility digital display • Adjustable start-up times•Thermal and electrical overload protection, with fault alertTelemodul 80 MThe Telemodul 80 M controller offers all the functionality of the Telemodul 40 M, with power output boosted to 80 Watts for more demanding stirring tasks.• Adjustable speeds from 100 to 1000 rpm• Constant speeds, even during viscosity changes • High-visibility digital display • Adjustable start-up times•Thermal and electrical overload protection, with fault alertModelPart Number Voltage/Plug Type Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118901230 V Germany Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118902230V Italy Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118903230 V Denmark Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118904230 V UK Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118905230 V Swiss Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118906230 V Australia Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50118907230 V China Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50119122110 V Japan Telemodul 40 M Control Unit 50119123115 V US ModelPart Number Voltage/Plug Type Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118908230 V Germany Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118909230 V Italy Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118910230 V Denmark Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118911230 V UK Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118912230 V Swiss Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118913230 V Australia Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50118914230 V China Telemodul 80 M Control Unit 50119124110 V Japan Telemodul 80 M Control Unit50119125115 V USCimarec Mobil 200 and 600 stirrers require a control unit; choose either the Telemodul 40 M or Telemodul 80 M. The Telemodul 80 M has all the features of the Telemodul 40 M but boosted power available to 80 W.13©2012 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries.Specifications, terms and pricing are subject to change. Not all products are available in all countries. Please consult your local sales representative for details.North America: USA/Canada +1 866 984 3766Europe: Australia +61 39757 4300, Austria +43 1 801 40 0, Belgium +32 53 73 42 41, France +33 2 2803 2180, Germany national toll free 0800 1 536 376, Germany international +49 6184 90 6000, Italy +39 02 95059 554, Netherlands +31 76 579 55 55,New Zealand +64 9 980 6700, Nordic/Baltic/CIS countries +358 9 329 10200, Russia +7 812 703 42 15, Spain/Portugal +34 93 223 09 18, Switzerland +41 44 454 12 22, UK/Ireland +44 870 609 9203 Asia: China +86 21 6865 4588 or +86 10 8419 3588, India toll free 1800 22 8374, India +91 22 6716 2200, Japan +81 45 453 9220, Other Asian countries +852 2885 4613 Countries not listed: +49 6184 90 6000BRGLECIMSTIR 0612Up to three times the torque of conventional stir bars!• Uniquely powerful• Available in four different sizes • Highest wear-resistance。

Magnetic Hyperthermia for CancerTherapy引言癌症治疗一直是医学领域里面的热门话题，随着科技进步，治疗方式不断更新换代。

其中，磁性热疗法（Magnetic Hyperthermia）作为一种新的癌症治疗方法，备受关注。

本文将对磁性热疗法的概念、原理、优劣进行介绍，重点探讨其在癌症治疗方面的应用。

磁性热疗法的概念磁性热疗法是利用具有磁性的物质作为载体，施加外部高频交变磁场，使载体内部产生磁热效应，从而对癌细胞进行治疗的一种方法。

磁性热疗法中最常用的金属载体是铁磁性纳米颗粒，这种颗粒在交变磁场的作用下，会形成热剂并在癌组织中释放局部热量，从而破坏癌细胞。

同时，通过控制磁场的频率和强度，可以有效地避免对周围正常细胞的损伤。

磁性热疗法的原理磁性热疗法的治疗原理基于磁性纳米颗粒的磁热效应。

磁性纳米颗粒在外加磁场的作用下，可以形成涡流和磁畴翻转，同时也会发生焦耳热效应。

这些过程共同作用，就会产生局部的热量，也就是磁热效应。

这些作用所产生的热量，可以在治疗部位进行局部加热，从而达到破坏癌细胞的目的。

同时，磁性热疗法的副作用极小，通过实验可以证明，对于非癌细胞，热源不太可能在非治疗部位产生影响。

这是因为纳米颗粒在非治疗部位的磁畴翻转和涡流不足以产生足够的能量来产生热效应。

磁性热疗法的特点和优劣磁性热疗法的特点在于局部加热、非侵入性以及可控性。

首先，磁性热疗法的加热是局部性的，通过控制磁场的大小和强度，可以实现仅在癌细胞部位进行加热，对于周围的正常细胞不会有影响。

因此，该疗法有望避免传统癌症治疗如放疗和化疗所带来的较大副作用，同时也能够保护周围的正常组织。

其次，磁性热疗法是非侵入性的，不需要手术或注射等非侵入性的操作，因此，该疗法操作简单、安全，可以减少患者体内废物的产生。

最后，磁性热疗法具有可控性。

通过调控磁场的频率和强度，可以达到不同程度的热效应，从而满足不同癌症病情的治疗需求，这是其他癌症治疗方法所不能比拟的。

magnetic field 磁场elementary magnetic dipole 基本磁偶极子Magnetically hard material 永磁/硬磁材料electrical steel 电工钢Magnetically soft material 软磁材料semi-processed 半力口工remanence 剩磁(卜.Br) maximum polarization 最大磁极化强度Remanent flux density 剩余磁通密度domain wall 畴壁coercivity 矫顽力(HcB) Coercive field strength-矫顽力intrinsic coercivity 内禀矫顽力(HcJ) field strength 磁场强度Magnetic induction 磁感应强度B electric potential 电位maximum energy product 最大磁能积BH(max) moment 磁矩1但)退磁曲线8(用磁滞回线polarisation磁极化强度magnetic flux density 磁通密度magnetic hysteresis 磁滞fluxmeter 磁通计manometer 压力计comunication interface 通讯接口gausser高斯计(磁强计)coercimeter矫顽磁力计vibrometer测振仪permeameter 磁导计feebly magnetic material 弱磁材料saturation magnetization饱和磁化强度fixture 固定装置saturation magnetic polarization 饱和磁极化强度Saturation magnetization (mass) density 饱和磁化(质量)密度Specificsaturation magnetization 比饱和磁化强度Magnetic dipole moment 磁偶极矩incremental loop 增量回线gnetic moment 磁矩magnetic potential 磁位eddy current loss 涡流损耗curve 曲线100P 回线commutation curve 换向曲线Magnetic anisotropy 磁各向异性magnetic texture 磁织构Induced magnetic anisotropy 感生磁各向异性Magnetic anisotropic substance 磁各向异性物质Grain-oriented material晶体取向材料drill钻头fuse保险丝Thermally neutralized state 热致磁中性状态virgin state 初始状态Technical Specification 技术协议Drift 漂移NIM National Institute of Metrology 中国计量科学研究院IEC International Electrotechnical Comission 国际电工技术委员会DIN Deutsch Industrial Norman 德国标准German Institute of Standardization GB 国标ASTM 标准:American Society for Testing Material 美国试验材料学会QMS: Quality Management System 质量管理系统housing 测量主机temperature pole caps 高温极头thermocouple 热电偶Thermal element 热敏原件surrounding coils 环绕线圈integrated heating elements 集成力□热元件Room Temperature measurement 常温测量Pole Measuring 极头测量Segment pole coils 瓦型极头线圈Internal calibration 内部校准field coil场线圈pole coil极头线圈(arc) segment 瓦形square shape 方形Cubic 立方体Cylindrical圆柱体cylinder n.汽缸；圆柱状物ellipsoid椭圆体ring measuring cable 环行测量线Reference Samples 标准样品Ferrite Reference Sample 铁氧体标准样品Measuring range 测量范围NdFeB Reference Sample铉铁硼标准样品Resolution分辨率Shrink fitting 冷缩配合/烧嵌radial compression 径向压缩Nickel Reference Sample 银标准样品Permanent Magnet 永磁体3D-Helmholtz Coil三维亥姆霍兹线圈Electro magnet 电磁铁changeable pole cap 可更换极头voltage generator 电压发生器voltage integrator 电压积分器voltage indicator 电压指示器Measuring desk with Container 测量桌带货柜Integrator with very low drift with 24 bit A/D-converter积分器低漂移带24bit A/D转换器Windows-program多窗口界面Input resistance 输入电阻Interfaces 接口Connectors:Thermovoltage miniconnectors 连接器：热电压微型连接器data bank数据库printer打印机curves测量曲线data storage in an EXCEL-compatible 数据存储Excel 兼容Heating module 力口热模块Pole cap diameter 极头直径Inner diameter 内径temperature poles 温度极头thermovoltage mini socket 热电压微型插座Homogeneous Dia 平均直径Pole Face Dia 极面直径with feeder clamp connection 与馈线夹连接Incl. BROCKHAUS-Certificate 带Brockhaus 计量证书Allocation of filenames 分配文件名称depending on air-gap and pole cap 取决于空气间隙与极头Electrical drawings 电气图Mechanical drawings 机械图Drawings of part lists 零部件图Hardware set up 硬件调试LDR abbr.光敏电阻(light dependentresistor) PLM 脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Length Modulation) PWM abbr.脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Width Modulation) carbon fiber碳化纤维，碳素纤维optical fiber光纤，光导纤维steel fiber钢纤维；金属纤维fiber laser纤维激光器AlNiCo铝银钻ferrite铁氧体SmCo钐Shan钻磁铁NdFeB 铉铁硼slitting 分条single notching 单冲槽Steel plate shearer 剪板机interlocking with orientation 定向铆接Design and manufacture of carbide dies硬质合金模具的设计和制造Annealing and steam bluing 退火和发蓝core welding 铁芯焊接Plastic overmoulding 注塑rotor die casting 转子压铸Shaft insertion with liquid nitrogen 液态氮轴压入ventilation 通风设备Shaft production and assembling 轴的生产和组装aerospace 航空/天Axial轴向的radial辐射的multipolar多极的skewed偏斜的Amorphous alloy 非晶态合金cemented carbides硬质合金Austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢solenoid 螺旋管Plasma cutting machine等离子切割机carbide stamping硬质合金冲压Blanking 落料notching 槽冲plastic overmoulding 注塑生产线Automatic press machine 自动压缩机high corrosion 高耐腐蚀性Low temperature coefficients 低温度系数scanner 扫描仪Parallelogram平行四边形diagonal对角线，斜的Generator stator and rotor parts 发电机定转子部件Pressure-riveting 压铆 laminations for automobile motor 汽车电机铁芯 EV Electron Volt 电子伏特 HEV Hybrid Electrical Vehicle 混合动力汽车Profilograph 轮廓曲线仪纵断面测绘仪表面光度仪Communication protocol （计算机）通讯协议 vacuum plate 真空板 Sucker 吸盘 torque force 扭力stamping 冲压 annealing 退火welding 焊接Actuator motor 执行器电机crane stator 起重机用电机定子Synergy 协同cocking-up 上翘Hydraulic pump 液压驱动 vibration free table 减震桌Electric cabinet 电控柜 barrier frequency 截至频率 Homogeneous primary windings 均匀的初级绕组Horizontal transmissibility 水平性传输resonance 协振 Elliptically rotation 椭圆旋转angular velocity 角速度 A real time acquisition system 实时采集系统phase control 相差 lead time 投产前准备阶段interlocking 咬合 gluing 粘合 Clamping 固定/夹紧burr 毛边/铁屑 anneal 退火/韧炼 Amortization 分期偿还 elongation 延展力 coax plug 共轴插头 Exciting current 励磁电流 software editor 软件编辑器 Hydraulic cylinder 液压缸log files 记录文件/日志文件Unloading problems 卸货问题trolly 货车/推车vacuum pumps 真空泵 Bending machine 折床 warranty guarantee 授权保证Meeting minutes 会议纪要 rectangular/sinusoidal wave 矩形波/正弦波 magnetizing current 励磁电流 amplitude stability 放大稳定性 The integral of the secondary voltage 次级电压的积分measuring gauge(n. 计量器；)测量仪 Function generator 信号发生器 Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method 用功率表/电流表/电压表 ARCNET interface-card ARCNET 网络接口卡等NO material 无取向试样 Magnetic displacement 磁位移 PO 是指采购订单生产计划是依据客户的采购订单（客户PO ） Ambit 范围/周围gauge 测量器 mechanical lifters 机械升起装置 connection screws 螺钉连接 solenoidn.［电］螺线管；螺线形电导管control loop 控制回路 Higher Harmonics 高次谐波Higher centrifugal force 高离心力Ceramic 陶瓷的Load cell 称重传感器/测力传感器G-clamp 螺旋夹钳 OD/ID(outside/inside diameter)外直径/内直径Sintered magnet 烧结磁铁slot ripple 线槽脉冲 thermal demagnetization 热退磁setup, commissioning (acceptance test)设定、命令(接收测试)operation of machine, Trouble shooting, calibration and adjustment and maintenance 机器操作、问题处理、校正与调试维护radium 半径 Magnetic moment 磁矩 helmholtz coil 亥姆霍兹线圈 DC Bias 直流偏磁 control algorithm 控制算法 strain gauge 变形测量器 sample clamp 样品夹。

3B SCIENTIFIC ® PHYSICSElectromagnet Accessory for Zeeman Effect 1021365Instruction manual11/17 TL/UD1 Axle pin2 Sliding foil3 Pole piece with PE terminal4 Pole piece with stepped hole 5Pair of clamps1. Safety instructionsAttraction by strong magnetic fields can cause the pole pieces to damage the cadmium lamp. ∙Make sure that the pair of screws (safety locks) for both pole pieces are externally flush against the arms of the U-shaped magnet core (Fig. 2).It is possible for the electromagnet to tip over due to its own weight when secured to optical bench D (1002628) by means of optical base D (1009733). ∙ Stabilise the optical bench with the help of a set of feet for optical bench D (1012399). ∙Before putting the cadmium lamp attached to the electromagnet into operation, always ensure first that the PE socket is connected to the ballast and the pole piece with the PE terminal by means of the yellow and green safety lead (protective earth conductor).2. DescriptionThe electromagnet accessory makes up a spe-cial kit intended for the experiment to demon-strate the normal Zeeman effect. It provides a low-friction rotating bearing between the U-shaped core D (1000979) and the optical base D (1009733) and allows pole pieces and the base plate for the cadmium lamp (1021366) to be attached to the U-shaped core D.3. Equipment supplied1 Pole piece with PE terminal 1 Pole piece with stepped hole2 Clamps 1 Axle pin 1 Sliding foilFig. 1: Fully assembled electromagnet with cadmium lamp attached.4. Technical dataPole piece with PE terminalDimensions: 40 x 40 x 70 mm3Pole piece with stepped hole:Dimensions: 40 x 40 x 70 mm3 Diameter ofstepped hole: 5 – 20 mmClamps:Dimensions: 95 x 52 x 16 mm3 approx. Axle pin:Dimensions: 8 x 80 mm2Thread: M8 x 14 mmWeight: 1.6 kg approx.5. Additionally required equipment1 U-shaped core D 10009792 Coils D, 900 turns 1012859 1 Optical base D 1009733 1 Optical bench D, 100 cm 1002628 1 Set of feet for optical bench D 1012399 1 Cadmium lamp with accessories 1021366 1 DC power supply, 1 – 32 V, 0 – 20 A@230 V 1012857 1 Set of 15 experiment leads, 1002840 75 cm, 1mm2In countries with 110-120 V mains voltage, a power supply unit corresponding to the power supply unit 1012857 is required.6. Set-up∙Screw the axle pin as far as possible into the optical base by hand.∙First slip the slide foil with hole and then the U-shaped core with hole onto the axle pin and place them all on the optical base.∙Put the coils onto the arms of the U-shaped core as shown in Fig. 1.∙Put the pole pieces onto the arms of the U-shaped core as shown in Fig. 1. Make sure that the conical poles themselves are direct-ly opposite one another and that the flat ends of the pole pieces are flush against the arms of theU-shaped coil (Fig. 2). Use the two pairs of screws to help with the position-ing.Fig. 2: Pole piece correctly attached to U-shaped core.3B Scientific GmbH ▪ Rudorffweg 8 ▪ 21031 Hamburg ▪ Germany ▪ As well as helping with positioning, the two pairs of screws also act as safety locks. This ensures that the pole pieces do not damage the cadmi-um lamp when attracted by strong magnetic fields.∙ Attach the cadmium lamp as described inthe instruction manual for the cadmium lamp and accessories (1021366).∙ Make sure that the PE socket is connectedto the ballast and pole pieces with the yellow and green safety experiment lead (protective earth conductor).∙ Connect the two coils to the DC power sup-ply with opposing pola rities (connect the “0” and “900” taps in each case) (Fig. 1).The magnetic flux density depends on the current flowing through the electromagnet and can be determined using the calibration curve in Fig. 3. Note:Use the output with the 4-mm safety sockets on the front of the DC power supply and for output currents of 0 – 5 A. For output currents of 0 – 20 A use the pole terminal outputs on the back of the DC power supply.7. Storage, cleaning and disposal∙ Keep the equipment in a clean, dry and dust-free place.∙ Before cleaning the equipment, disconnect it from its power supply.∙ Do not use any aggressive cleaning agents or solvents to clean the equipment. ∙ Use a soft, damp cloth for cleaning.∙The packaging should be disposed of at lo-cal recycling points.∙Should you need to dispose of the equip-ment itself, never throw it away in normal domestic waste. If be-ing used in private households it can be disposed of at the local public waste disposalauthority.∙Comply with the applicable regulations for the disposal of electrical equipment.1234567891011120100200300400500600700800B / mT I / AFig. 3 Calibration curve for electromagnets when coils are connected with opposing polarity. Width of air gap 10 mm.。

《外应力条件下磁性薄膜铁磁共振理论研究》篇一一、引言随着科技的发展，磁性薄膜在信息存储、传感器、电磁波吸收等领域得到了广泛的应用。

然而，在实际应用中，磁性薄膜往往需要承受外部应力的作用，如温度变化、振动等，这将对薄膜的磁学性能产生影响。

因此，研究外应力条件下磁性薄膜的铁磁共振行为具有重要意义。

本文旨在深入探讨外应力对磁性薄膜铁磁共振效应的影响及相应的理论研究。

二、铁磁共振理论概述铁磁共振是一种磁学现象，是指电磁波与自旋磁矩的相互作用过程。

其理论基础主要来源于磁共振的基本原理，具有能量与时间等方面的限制和条件。

当外界施加特定频率的磁场时，会引起自旋磁矩在某一段时间内的改变，从而导致一定的铁磁共振现象。

三、外应力对磁性薄膜的影响外应力对磁性薄膜的影响主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 改变薄膜的晶格结构：外应力可以引起薄膜晶格的变形和晶格常数的变化，从而影响薄膜的磁学性能。

2. 改变薄膜的磁化状态：外应力可以改变薄膜的磁化方向和磁畴结构，从而影响其铁磁共振行为。

3. 引入应力各向异性：外应力可以引入应力各向异性，使薄膜的磁学性能具有方向性，从而影响铁磁共振的行为和谱线特征。

四、外应力条件下磁性薄膜的铁磁共振理论分析针对外应力条件下的磁性薄膜，进行铁磁共振理论的深入分析具有重要价值。

具体分析如下：1. 理论模型建立：基于铁磁共振的基本原理和磁性薄膜的物理特性，建立理论模型，分析外应力对铁磁共振行为的影响。

2. 数值模拟与实验验证：通过数值模拟方法，研究外应力对磁性薄膜铁磁共振行为的影响规律，并通过实验进行验证。

3. 影响因素分析：分析外应力对磁性薄膜铁磁共振行为的影响因素，如应力大小、方向、频率等。

4. 结论总结：根据理论分析和实验结果，总结外应力条件下磁性薄膜的铁磁共振行为规律及影响因素。

五、结论与展望本文通过理论分析和实验研究，深入探讨了外应力条件下磁性薄膜的铁磁共振行为及影响因素。

结果表明，外应力对磁性薄膜的晶格结构、磁化状态和铁磁共振行为具有显著影响。

Designing Magnetic Stirrer Hot Plate Using Contactless Infrared MLX90614 Temperature SensorBased On PID ControllerAchmad Fiqhi Ibadillah1, Diana Rahmawati2, Elfa Elismawati3, Riza Alfita4, Kunto Aji Wibisono5, Miftachul Ulum6.Haryanto7, Achmad Ubaidillah8, Rosida Vivin Nahari9Faculty of EngineeringUniversity Of Trunojoyo MaduraBangkalan, Indonesia1**********************,2****************************.id,3*********************,4************************.id, 5***********************,6********************,7**********************, 8*******************,9*******************Abstract–Magnetic stirrer hotplate is a laboratory equipment which is used to heat and homogenize any chemical solvent. This equipment is usually used in chemical, microbiology and pharmacy laboratory. It is equipped with stirrer which is made up from magnetic stir bar. Our proposed magnetic stirrer hot plate controller uses ATMega16 microcontroller and equipped with temperature sensor MLX90614 to measure and monitor chemical solvent temperature and using DC (Direct Current) motor as a mover of stirrer. This tool is designed to have two type menus: automatic and manual. If using the automatic menu, the user only selects the mixing of the solution in the automatic menu.On the other hand when manual menu is selected temperature (30-60o celcius), stirring velocity (400-1600 rpm) and stirring time (1-30 minute) which can be seen at LCD display. The simulation result of PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller indicates stable condition when when Kp = 0,011, Ki = 0.000001, and Kd = 0.000012.Keywords—hot plate, magnetic stirrer, infrared MLX90614, PID controller.I.I NTRODUCTIONThe electronic technology development has take a role at industrial and medical technology. One of the positive impact in medical technology is the improvement of magnetic stirrer hot plate. It is used to heat chemical solvent or tissue which is usually used in microbiology, chemical and pharmacy laboratory. It is equipped with stirrer, made from magnetic stir bar, that homogenize and stabilize chemical solvent and keep the tissue temperature. It is equipped with temperature and stir velocity setting. To measure the temperature, it is still use analog thermometer.[1]In our proposed method, we use contactless temperature sensor MLX90614 based on infrared to measure the temperature at the chemical solvent. We use magnetic bar stirrer that moved by DC motor to mix the chemical solvent. PID controller is used to control the DC motor speed according to the desired velocity set point based on constant value Kp, Ki, and Kd. This device is equipped with manual and automatic mode. If automatic mode is selected then choose the desired solvent. If manual mode is selected then set the temperature (30-60o celcius), stirring velocity (400-1600 rpm) and stirring time (1-30 minute) which can be seen at LCD display.II.P REVIOUS R ESEARCHDesign hotplate is equipped with a heater driver to detect the temperature on the heater is placed on the plate.And it is equipped with ansensor infrared thermo that can measure the temperature of the heated solution without direct contact with the solution, making it easier for the laboratory to measure the temperature of the solution without using thermomether.Isti'ah ira (2017)[2] in a study on "Design of Magnetic Stirrer Hotplate Based on Atmega8 Microcontroller". In this study the hotplate is equipped with a temperature control and rotational speed which is set by pressing thebutton up or down but for this determination it is not equipped with an automatic thermometer that can measure the temperature changes directly in the solution.Irsyad Lalu Patria, Yudianingsih and Sri Lestari (2016)[3] in a study titled "Design Tools Magnetic Stirrer speed settings with the Sitter And the stirring time management". On the research for motor torque stirrer as sebaikknya using higher so that when the motor gets the load then the motor speed will be relatively stable.Jecson Steven Daniel Zebua, Mas Sarwoko Suraatmadja, Ahmad Qurthobi (2016)[4] in a study entitled "Design of Digital Thermometers without Touch" this tool uses the MLX90614 sensor to read the best insurance temperature when reading the temperature at a distance of 15 cm in an open space.In a “modul magnetic stirrer hotplate”that already exist must use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the heated solution. therefore surveyors laid out hotplate that isInternational Conference on Science and Technology (ICST 2018)capable of measuring the temperature of the heated solution by using sensor MLX90614 infrared without direct contact with the solution, another advantage on the Tools menu, there is an automatic and a manual for mixing the solution.III.D ESIGN O F T HE C ONTROL S YSTEMOur research method is consist of hardware design and software design using CVAVR (Code Vision AVR) IDEA.Mechanical DesignThe mechanical design of the magnetic stirrer hot plateconsists of several parts and the most important part is a heater. Heater is used to heat the chemical solvent. For more details, see Fig 1From Fig 1 the magnetic stirrer hot plate mechanical design is shown which consists of the following parts:1.Contactless infrared MLX90614 temperaturesensor is used to detect the solvent temperature.2.Temperature sensor holder.3.Hot plate is made from stainless steel.4.Heat reducer is made to maintain all of hot platecomponents from the heat.5.LCD display is attached to show the setting andcurrent value of parameters.6.LED as system indicator.7.Up button is used to increase the temperature,velocity and timer setting.8.Set button is used to enter the setting mode.9.Start button is used to start the device when allvalue has been set.10.Reset button is used to reset all the setting or restartif the failure occur11.On/Off button is used to activate and deactivate thedevice.Fig. 1.Mechanical Design Of Magnetic Stirrer Hot Plate Fig. 2.Mechanical Design Implementation of Magnetic Stirrer Hot PlateB.Electrical Block DiagramIn this research, a magnetic stirrer hot plate has been designed to heat and stirasolvent bothmanually andautomatically. Figure 3 shows the block process diagram of the system based on the magnetic stirrer hot plate;Fig. 3.Electrical Block Diagram Of Magnetic Stirrer Hot PlateC.Hardware ImplementationFig. 4.System FlowchartFrom the figure above our magnetic stirrer hot plate has been equipped with contactless infrared sensor MLX90614 to detect temperature at chemical solvent. The microcontroller software process will be described below:The first process is initialization that enables us to choose the mode both automatic and manual mode. If automatic mode is selected then choose the desired solvent, there are 10 samples of mixing solvent data, and push the start button then wait until finish. If manual mode is selected then set the temperature (30-60˚ Celsius), stirring velocity (400-1600 rpm) and stirring time. If the user has one of the listed mixing solvent data then user can choose it and wait until finish. Contactless infrared temperature sensor MLX90614 will always detect the solvent temperature. If the temperature has reached the desired value then heater will be turned off and DC motor and timer will be activated until the timer setting has been reached. Our proposed method use PID controller to stabilize the velocity of DC motor and solvent temperature as determined at set point value.Fig. 5. System ModeFig. 6. Manual ModeFig. 7.Automatic ModeIV. PID C ONTROL T HEORY A ND T UNNING A LGORITHMThe development of PID control theories has already 60 years ago, PID control has been one of the control system design method of thelongest history. However, this method is still extensively used now. The structure of PID controller is simple; it is the most extensive control method to be used in industry so far. The PID controller is mainly to adjust an appropriate proportional gain (Kp), integral gain (Ki), and differential gain (Kd) to achieve the optimal control performance. The PID controller system block diagram of this paper is shown in Figure1.Fig. 8. PID Controller System Block Diagram.The relationship between the input e(t) and output u(t) can be formulated in the following,system block diagram is shown in Figure 2Fig. 9. Close Loop PID DC Motor Speed Control System Block DiagramZiegler Nichols Method (Closed-loop) is a type ofcontinuous cycling method for controller tuning. The termcontinuous cycling refers to a continuous oscillation withconstant amplitude and is based on the trial-and-error procedureof changing the proportional gain (Kp). (Kp) is reduced fromlarger value till the point at which the system goes to unstablestate i.e. the point at which the continuous oscillations occurs.Thus the gain at which system starts oscillating is noted asultimate gain (Ku) and period of oscillations is ultimate timeperiod (Ku). It allows us to use the ultimate gain value, (Ku),and the ultimate period of oscillation (Pu) to calculate (Kc).These two parameters,(Ku) and (Pu) are used to find the loop-tuning constants of the controller (P, PI, or PID) using theformula tabulated in Table 2.[5]method and includes dynamics of whole process, which gives amore accurate picture of how the system is behaving. Thedisadvantage is that it up sets the process, uses trial and errormethod and has a very aggressive tuning. This closed-looptuning method is limited to tuning processes that cannot run inan open-loop environment.V.S IMULATION A ND A NALYSIS OF T HES YSTEMThe experiment was carried out to determine the conditionsand results of the magnetic stirrer hot plate. Testing was alsoconducted to determine the speed precisionD.PID Tuning ExperimentOne of the motor speed controller method is by using PWM(Pulse Width Modulation), by changing duty cycle value so themotor speed will be changed as well [6]. This experimentpurpose is to implement PID method in order to minimize theerror of desired speed. In this experiment, the velocity is 400rpm and the PID constants are tuned manually by using Zeigerand Nichols rule. In this rule, there are the value of Kp is setfrom 0 to a specific value until Ku = 461.0 and Pu = 3 as shownin the table below:TABLE III.PID PARAMETERS VALUE WITH ZEIGER-NICHOLSMETHODFig. 10.PID Tuning with Zeiger-Nichols MethodE.DC Motor Speed MeasurementIn this measurement, we use tachometer DT-2234C tomeasure the velocity of DC motor. The result is shown in thetable below:TABLE IV.VELOCITY EXPERIMENTStatistical analysis is shown below:1.Mean(X)=XnnX=407,7+402+403,8+400,2+408,05X=404,342. Deviation= setting data − X̅ Deviation =400−404,34 Deviation =4,34 3. % error =setting data −X ̅setting data× 100%%error =4,34400×100% %error =1,085%From the experiment, we got error = 1.085% for 400 rpm, error = 0.195% for 800 rpm, error = 0.28% for 1200 rpm, and error = 0.25% for 1600 rpm. The highest error is at 400 rpm and the lowest one is 800 rpmF. Temperature MeasurementIn this measurement, we use digital thermometer TP101 and put temperature sensor MLX90614 at 3 cm above the glass. The result is shown in the table below:TABLE V. TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTStatistical analysis is shown below:1. Mean (X )=XnnX =30,1+29,8+29,9+30,0+30,65X =29,402. Deviation= Setting data − X̅ Deviation =30−29.40 Deviation =0,6 3. % error =setting data −X ̅setting data× 100%%error =0,630×100% %error =2%In this experiment, we got error = 2% for 30o C, error = 0.1% for 40 o C, error = 0.44% for 50 o C, and error = 1% for 60 oC. The highest error is at 30o C and the lowest one is 40o CVI. C ONCLUSIONBased on the results of the design, implementation and testing of the system that has been made, the following conclusions can be drawn:1. From trial, the value Kp= 0,03, Ki= 0.000001, and Kd= 0.000012 and motor rpm is more stable even though there is still error 1,085%.2. Error tolerance testing ranges between 2%-5%, from the results of the rpm test,it is obtained the highest error 1,085% that is still categorized as good because it is still in the range of tolerance.3. During temperature testing, it is obtained the highest errorat a temperature 30 with the error 2% which is in good categories.R EFERENCES[1]. Riki, “pengertian dan fungsi dari hotplate ,” [online], Available:/article/detail/221/pengertian-dan-fungsi-dari-hotplate. [Accessed at 5-Sept-2018].[2]. I. Isti’ana h, Rancang Bangun Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrer BerbasisMikrokontroler Atmega8, Yogyakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 2017.[3]. S. Jecson, D. Zebua, M. S. Suraatmadja, A. Qurthobi, PerancanganTermometer Digital Tanpa Sentuhan, Jakarta: Universitas Telkom, 2016. [4]. L. P. Irsyad, S. L. Yudianingsih, Perancangan Alat Magnetic StirrerDengan Pengaturan Kecepatan Pengaduk Dan Pengaturan Waktu Pengadukan, Yogyakarta: Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, 2016.[5]. C. Arguta, S. Rubiyanti, E. Sulistyo, Kontrol Kecepatan Motor DcDengan Kontrol Pid Berbasis Mikrokontroller Atmega 8535, Bangka: Politeknik Manufaktur Negeri Bangka Belitung, 2017.[6]. R. C. Brian, The Design of PID Controllers using Ziegler Nichols Tuning,2008.[7]. F. Astari, dkk, Laporan Resmi Praktikum Kimia Dasar 1, Samarinda:Universitas Mulawarman, 2014.。

摘要电磁超声（Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer，EMAT）是无损检测领域出现的新技术，以其精度高、不需要耦合剂、非接触、适合于高温检测、移动检测和相控阵操作，以及容易激发各种超声波型等优点，正越来越受到人们的关注和重视。

其缺点为换能效率低，信号微弱，需要在检测中克服。

论文首先在论述多年来电磁超声技术发展和应用，总结前人研究成果的基础上，对EMAT的电-声换能机理进行了探讨，分析了洛仑兹力、磁性力和磁致伸缩力产生电磁超声的理论基础，并与压电超声进行了比较，设计电磁超声检测系统的方案，并对其关键的阻抗匹配进行了研究，指出了阻抗匹配的重要性，给出了一种有效的阻抗匹配方法。

其次通过设计电磁超声接收实验，对多种条件下实验结果的比较与分析，实验中电磁超声信号出现位置与理论计算值差别较小，表明接收到的信号是电磁超声信号。

最后在电磁超声激励实验中，设计电磁超声线圈，通过对电磁超声线圈、偏置磁场、被测体和阻抗匹配网络进行合理的组合，利用回折线圈在铝中激励出表面波、板波、垂直偏振横波，在不锈钢铝板中激励出板波，利用平面螺旋线圈在铝块中激励出体波，从而实现了电磁超声的激励和接收，为下一步实验和仪器开发奠定了基础。

如果选择合适的超声波模式，将产生电磁超声诸因素进行合理组合，并进行合理的阻抗匹配，精度达到了检测实际应用要求，电磁超声便能应用于实际检测中。

由于电磁超声固有的优点，电磁超声检测具有广泛的应用前景。

关键词：电磁超声阻抗匹配超声波无损检测AbstractElectromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) is a global leading technology in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT). The features of EMATs, such as high accuracy, contactlessness, need-no-couplant, make them particularly suitable for the nondestructive inspection under high temperature, moving objects and phased-array-controlled operation. They also can easily generate ultrasonic waves at different modes. All these merits make them attract more and more attention from researchers. However, EMATs also have their blemishes, such as low transduction efficiency resulting in weak signal, which should be overcome during inspection.Firstly，based on the review of EMAT technology development history and its application actuality, this thesis discusses the mechanism of electro-acoustic transduction phenomenon of an EMAT, analyses theoretical basis of ultrasonic generation with EMAT due to Lorentz force, magnetization force and magnetostriction force. EMAT has been compared with piezoelectric acoustic transducer in this thesis. This thesis discusses the impedance matching technology which has an important effect for EMAT and introduces a method of designing EMAT testing system. Secondly，an EMAT receiving experiment is designed in the dissertation and it is showed that experimental data approximated to the calculation are assuredly generated by EMAT. Lastly，EMAT ultrasonic generation in different specimens have also been experimentized, after EMAT coil designed, impedance networking matched and bias magnetic field chosen. Rayleigh wave, Lamb wave and shear vertical wave can be generated in aluminum specimens and Lamb wave can be generated in stainless steel specimen with meander-line coil EMAT. It is also showed that the spiral pancake EMAT can generate bulk wave in aluminum specimens. Ultrasonic generation and reception with EMAT has been achieved by experiments in this dissertation and it can be referenced to next experiments and instrument development.If the appropriate mode of ultrasonic is chosen, the proper elements of EMAT are assembled, the impedance networking is well matched, the precision of EMAT is suitable, the EMAT technology will be applied to the actual inspection. Because of the inherent advantages of EMAT, EMAT testing technology has a bright application future.Keywords: EMAT, Impedance Matching, Ultrasonic, Non-Destructive Testing独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。