83-He et al., 2003

[2]　Wang X L,Xian g D X,Zhao X Y.Effects of differ ent excip-ients and its compound on extract gran ulatin g m ade b y s pray drying[J].Chin T rad it Pat M ed(中成药),2002,2(24): 90-92.[3]　Chen Z J,Guo H Y.T he screening of binders for micro-pillsfr om extracts pow der s made by s pray dryin g[J].Res P ract Chin M ed(现代中药研究与实践),2003,17(2):33-35. [4]　Ge W B,An W X,Zhang Y P.Res earch on fillers forNingqing Capsules[J].J Chin M e d M ater(中药材),2003, 26(3):200-203.[5]　Zh ao J Y,Zhao Y.Scr eening of excipien ts of Gu ipiw anggranules[J].Yunnan J T rad it Chin M ed M ater M ed(云南中医中药杂志),1998,19(6):22-23.[6]　Xue Z Q,Qian M,Dai W L.Discu ss on th e cause of dis col-or ation of Chin ese medicine caps ules and the meth ods to pre-vent the dis coloration[J].L ishiz hen M ed M ate r M ed R es(时珍国医国药),2000,11(8):8.[7]　Zh ao C W,W u C J,Liu K H,et al.Discuss on th e hygr o-scopicity of solid Chinese drug preparations and the solving meth od s[J].W est China J P harm S ci(华西药学杂志), 2004,19(4):321-323.[8]　Xu X C,Di L Q,T an X H,et al.Studies on th e influen ce ofusin g bentonite clarifying agenton h yg roscopicity of A stra-galus ex tr actin g pow der[J].Chin J Inf T radit Chin M ed(中国中医药信息杂志),2006,2(13):42-44.[9]　Liu Y,Gong X Y.Study on Juanxiao film-coating tablet onw eight var iation and mois ture-resis tance[J].Chin Tr aditP at M ed(中成药),2002,24(1):69-70.[10]　Li Y P,T ao Y M,Feng H.Discuss on the m oisture-res is-tance of beta cyclodextrin for Xiaoyan gran ules[J].H ei-longj iang M ed J(黑龙江医药),1999,12(6):345-346.[11]　Li T L,Jia Y R.T he influence of different vehicles onh umectation in granules of Chines e medicine[J].W est ChinaJ Phar m S ci(华西药杂志),1993,8(2):80-83.[12]　Yan L H.T echnics s tu dy for grain in Kangfush eng capsule[J].Chin J Pr act Chin M od M ed(中华实用中西医杂志),2005,18(13):295-296.[13]　Liu X M,Zh ao C W,Li G R.Research on th e formuationproces s for Anle capsues[J].Chin P harm(中国药业),2004,13(12):52-53.[14]　Zhong H L.S tu dy on formulation p rogres s of Buxue capsule[J].Guang dong P harm J(广东药学),2005,15(1):18-19.[15]　Fu Z J,Zhou D X,S un Y.Research on form uation proces sof Fengs hilin Caps ule[J].Chin Tr adit P at M ed(中成药),2002,24(1):14-15.[16]　Liu Y,Feng Y.Influen ce factors of granulation by fluidizedbed[J].Ch in J P harm(中国医药工业杂志),2004,35(9):566-568.石菖蒲的药理作用和临床应用探讨陈新俊,程黎晖(温岭市第一人民医院,浙江温岭　317500) 石菖蒲始载于《神农本草经》,列为上品。

ALM模型（Autor, et al., 2003）全称为“劳动市场动态一般均衡模型”（Labor Market Dynamics with Heterogeneous Workers and Firms），该模型主要研究劳动力市场的动态变化，特别是劳动力市场中不同类型的工人和企业之间的互动。

ALM模型主要关注以下几个关键因素：
1. 技能差异：模型中区分了不同技能水平的工人，不同技能水平的工人对应的劳动力市场需求和工资水平不同。

2. 企业异质性：模型考虑了不同类型的企业，不同类型的企业在生产率、工资支付能力和对劳动力需求方面存在差异。

3. 动态一般均衡：模型通过求解劳动力市场的动态一般均衡来描述劳动力市场的变化过程，包括工资、就业和产出等变量。

4. 政策分析：ALM模型可以用于分析不同政策对劳动力市场的影响，例如税收政策、福利政策等。

Autor, et al. (2003) 通过该模型研究了美国劳动力市场的一些重要现象，如工资不平等、就业波动等。

他们的研究结果表明，劳动力市场的动态变化与工人和企业之间的互动密切相关，而政策制定者应该关注这些互动关系，以更好地理解和解决劳动力市场中的问题。

山橙属植物化学成分与抗肿瘤活性研究进展田善鸣;王晓;方磊【摘要】结合国内外文献综述了山橙属植物化学成分的研究进展,并对该属药用植物的抗肿瘤活性进行了总结.山橙属植物含有多种化学成分,主要有生物碱类以及少量三萜类、甾体类、木脂素类等.该属植物中的生物碱类成分具有显著的抗肿瘤活性.【期刊名称】《天然产物研究与开发》【年(卷),期】2014(026)008【总页数】6页(P1332-1337)【关键词】山橙属;化学成分;抗肿瘤活性【作者】田善鸣;王晓;方磊【作者单位】山东中医药大学药学院,济南250355;山东省科学院中药过程控制研究中心,山东省分析测试中心,济南250014;山东省科学院中药过程控制研究中心,山东省分析测试中心,济南250014;山东省科学院中药过程控制研究中心,山东省分析测试中心,济南250014;天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药物研究所,北京100050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R284山橙属为夹竹桃科植物，全世界约有53 种，分布于亚洲热带地区至大洋洲，我国有11 种，产自西南、华南及台湾等省区［1］。

目前国内外对该属植物的研究还不是全面，自1965 年以来，有研究报道的仅有薄叶山橙［2］、思茅山橙［3-5］、山橙［6］、尖山橙［7-9］、龙州山橙［10，11］、腋花山橙［12］、川山橙［13，14］和景东山橙［15］。

该属植物含有结构新颖的吲哚型生物碱［16，17］，对肿瘤细胞具有显著的细胞毒活性，近年来受到人们广泛的关注，本文对近40 多年来国内外对山橙属植物的研究进展以及药理活性等内容进行了较系统的归纳总结，以期为该属植物的进一步研究提供参考。

1 化学成分山橙属植物发现的化学成分主要有生物碱，以及少量三萜、甾体、木脂素等化合物。

1.1 生物碱生物碱类是山橙属植物最主要的化学成分，主要为吲哚生物碱，此外还有少量的喹啉生物碱。

其中的吲哚生物碱又主要分为单萜吲哚生物碱和双吲哚生物碱，因其对肿瘤细胞具有显著的细胞毒活性，近年来受到研究者的广泛关注。

早产儿脑白质损伤的研究进展俞惠民浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院浙江大学儿科研究所概述⏹围产医学进展，新生儿存活率显著提高⏹美国每年约出生<500g的的早产57 000例，存活率90%。

⏹后遗症发生率增高，影响生存质量，增加社会负担（视，听，运动，智力）⏹早产儿脑损伤最为重要( 特殊性)⏹选择易损性(selective vulnerability）⏹发生率高选择易损性(selective vulnerability）⏹速度与程度⏹慢性、部分窒息常导致大脑弥漫性坏死，皮层为甚⏹急性、完全窒息主要累及脑干、丘脑及基底神经节⏹成熟度⏹早产儿的易损区位于脑室周围的白质区⏹足月儿的易损区在大脑矢状旁区早产儿脑损伤的发生率高⏹早产儿脑损伤的最主要类型PVL的发生率约为8~26%⏹在应用呼吸机的早产儿中，其发生率可高达38~60 %。

⏹NICU存活的早产儿中，约10 %遗留痉挛性运动缺陷即脑瘫，25~50%遗留认知或行为缺陷或轻度运动障碍。

早产儿脑损伤类型神经病理学分类⏹脑白质损伤（white matter damage, WMD）⏹脑非实质区(脑室内)出血⏹脑其他部位（小脑﹑基底神经节﹑脑干等）损伤早产儿WMD的定义及类型⏹1962年Banker等:⏹脑室周围白质软化（periventricular leukomalacia, PVL）⏹脑白质损伤（WMD）:⏹一组多相的、普遍的白质异常病变，多见于早产儿。

WMD类型80年代，Dambska 等认为NWMD包括两种类型：⏹多灶性坏死（即典型的多灶PVL）；⏹弥漫性损伤（以伴有肥大星形细胞增生的脑白质组织稀疏化表现为特点）。

Paneth认为NWMD 的病变组成如下：⏹囊状PVL；⏹孔洞脑；⏹缺血和出血性梗死；⏹脑室扩大。

Leviton 等认为WMD 可被分为4 种类型：⏹脑白质出血性梗死(局灶型)；⏹脑白质坏死，即PVL(多灶型)；⏹弥漫性星形胶质化；⏹弥漫的凋亡现象(胶质细胞).Pediatr Neurol 1996; 15 (2): 127-136WMD的组织学变化⏹和髓鞘损害(少突胶质细胞)⏹轴突病变(神经纤维)⏹反应性星形胶质化目前，WMD被认为是导致围产期死亡率的重要病因，同时也是导致脑瘫发生的最主要危险因素，存在脑白质损伤者发生脑瘫的危险性将增加15倍WMD病因⏹缺氧缺血(脑室周区分水岭梗塞)⏹孕母围产期宫内感染(细胞因子触发炎性反应)⏹羊膜腔感染⏹胎盘炎症⏹绒毛膜羊膜炎等⏹其他⏹低CO2, 应用皮质激素，双胎，高胆红素血症WMD发病机制⏹血管解剖学基础（不成熟）⏹脑血管自动调节功能损伤和被动压力脑循环⏹少突胶质细胞（OL）前体成熟依赖的易损性血管解剖和生理因素⏹早产儿脑白质的血流量极低（1.6~3ml/kg.min,灰质的1/4，成人下限10ml）⏹早产儿脑室周围系大脑前、中、后动脉的终末供血区域。

广东大宝山的重金属污染周建民，蔡梅芳，刘崇阳摘要中国广东省大宝山矿山四周的土壤污染，通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法等要领进行了研究铜、锌、镉、铅总浓度和有毒金属的化学形态。

结果表明，在已往的几十年，主要污染源是铜、锌、镉、铅、尾砂与酸性矿山废水，同时也影响土壤。

与水稻土、花圃土，和控制的土壤相比，尾矿库的土壤中铜、锌、镉、铅的水平显著较高（P≤0.05），平均为1 486， 2 516， 6.42，和429 mg/ kg。

尾矿库和废水中的重金属被运移到下游，因此水稻土中的浓度高达567，1140，2.48，1.91 mg/ kg，与花圃土相比，浓度显著增高（P≤0.05）。

从种种土壤中将重金属萃取出来，结果表明残差分数占绝大部分。

然而，大量的金属氧化物如Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物质相对高于碳酸盐或互换形式存在的的重金属元素。

金属可以由惰性状态转变到一个活泼的状态，由于随着时间的推移这些金属也会增加，潜在的情况风险也会增加。

要害词：化学形态，复合污染指数（CPI），土壤污染，重金属简介在已往的几十年中金属矿山的开采和冶炼也被认为是情况污染的罪魁罪魁，也经常作为重金属的来源，因此重金属污染问题成为首要的污染问题（Benvenuti et al 1995；Gray，1997；Liu et al，2003）。

从硫化物矿物质中提取金属元素通常会导致大量的废物、尾矿、矿山酸性排水（AMD），致使常含有潜在有毒金属(如铜、锌、镉、铅) 浓度升高，这都是周围情况中重金属重要的来源之一（Moore and Luoma，1990；Boulet and Larocque，1998；Shang et al，2000；Naicker et al，2003；Zhou et al，2004b；Chen et al，2005）。

除了对本地土壤结构有影响，有毒金属还可能引起更遍及地污染，如土壤、沉积物，和蔬菜的污染。

这最终将会对失生物多样性、舒适性、经济状况与矿区四周居民的康健造成威胁（Verner and Ramser，1996；Lee et al，2001；Zhang et al，2002；Gal´anet al，2003；Cui et al，2004）。

© 2003. All rights reserved.The instrument should be operated and serviced only by trained professionals. GANSHORN MEDIZIN ELECTRONIC GMBHIndustriestraße 6-897618 NiederlauerDeutschlandTelefon Zentrale: Telefon Service: Telefax: Email: Internet: +49 - (0) 9771/6222-0 +49 - (0) 9771/6222-14 +49 - (0) 9771/6222-55 info@ganshorn.de www.ganshorn.deTypical spirometric values in healthy and non healthy individualsHealthy Individuals Tidal volume Citation7.1 ± 1.3 (ml/kg) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp83-87, 2002 (Term infants)7.8 ± 1.2 (ml/kg) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)35.9 ± 3.9 (ml) Rabbette et al, J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(6.4 ± 1.1 weeks)112.3 ± 11.5 (ml) Rabbette et al, J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(54 ± 2.3 weeks)7.1 (ml/kg) Stocks et al, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156.pp1855-1862,1997 (19 days)6 (ml/kg) Obladen et al. 1984(Newborn)7.3 ± 2.2 (ml/kg) Pandit et al. J Appl Physiol. 88: 997-1005, 2000(2 – 49 days)Infants8.1 ± 1.8 (ml/kg) Wauer et al. ERS 2003(0.3 – 10 months)Dead space (ml/kg) Citation4.4 ± 0.8 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Term infants)5.1 ± 1.1 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)Infants2.2 Obladen et al. 1984(Newborn)FRC (ml/kg) CitationNeonates and Infants18 ± 2.0 Schibler et al. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 912 – 918(38 ± 9 days)17.34 ± 2.64 Schibler et al. 2000(36 ± 10 days)17.2 ± 2.4 Zanolari et al.(46 ± 1.3 weeks)22.4 ± 3.9 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Term infants)20.5 ± 3.8 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)0.0036H exp2.531 Morris et al, Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 529-536(Infants up to 90 cm , H in cm)20 Obladen et al. 1984(Newborn)18.4 (ml/kg)19.2 (ml/kg) Hülskamp et al. ERS 2003 (Preterm infants, 34.3 weeks) (Term infants, 39.8 weeks)Pre- school and children0.0031 H exp 2.56 x 1.18 Taussig et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1977Greenough et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986(pre-school children, H in cm)0.024H-1.64 Asher et al, Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(Polynesian girls, 5.5 – 13.8 years)0.021H-1.23 Asher et al, Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(Polynesian boys, 5.9 – 13.4 years)0.024H-1.73 Asher et al, Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(European girls, 5.4 – 13.2 years)0.023H-1.51 Asher et al, Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(European boys, 5.4 – 13.1 years)Infants / PediatricsChildren and Adults0.000125 H exp 3.298 0.000286 H exp 3.136 Cook CD, Hamann JF. J Pediatr 1961 MaleFemale (H in cm)Children and adults2.35 H + 0.01 A – 1.09 2.24 H + 0.001 A - 1 Quanjer PhH et al. Eur Respir J 1993 MaleFemale (H in meters, A in years)FEV1, FEV0.5 (ml) Citation98 ± 9 Gustafsson et al. 2000(Children, 12 ± 3 years)0.02959H+0.06588A-2.732 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 year) 0.03569H+0.0903A-3.683 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 year)-2.1595+1.7296 LN H+0.1974 LN BW+0.2406 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Female 7 – 18 years)-2.1156+1.6906 LN H+0.2227 LN BW+0.1891 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Male 7 – 18 years)Infants / PediatricsLN(FEV0.5)= -6.713+2.893 LN H Jones et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)FVC (ml) Citation0.0351H+0.06651A-3.223 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.04202H+0.09678A-4.322 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)LN(FVC)= -8.746+3.424 LN H Jones et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)136 Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp 2078-2084, 2001(Boys, mean age 6.5 weeks)138 Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp 2078-2084, 2001(Girls, mean age 5.9 weeks)21.5 / kg BW Haygen et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156. pp 1876-1883, 1997 (1.5 – 22 months, Pi=20 cmH2O)28.5 / kg BW Haygen et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156. pp 1876-1883, 1997 (1.5 – 22 months, Pi=30 cmH2O)-3749+43H Knudson et al. 1983(Female 6 – 12 years)-3376+40.9H Knudson et al. 1983(Male 6 – 12 years)LN FVC=-1.026+1.829 LN H+0.141 LN A+0.224 LN BW Neuberger et al. 1994 (Female 6 – 16 years)LN FVC=-0.883+1.918 LN H+0.112 LN A+0.231 LN BW Neuberger et al. 1994 (Male 6 – 16 years)-2.123+1.7225 LN H+0.2465 LN BW+0.2017 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Female 7 – 18)-2.417+1.6927 LN H+0.2875 LN BW+0.2484 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Male 7 – 18)0.04H-3.24 Asher et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(Polynesian girls, 5.5 – 13.8 years)0.038H-2.86 Asher et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(Polynesian boys, 5.9 – 13.4 years)0.041H-3.41 Asher et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(European girls, 5.4 – 13.2 years)Infants / Pediatrics0.045H-3.76 Asher et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1360-1365(European boys, 5.4 – 13.1 years)FEV1/FVC%, FEV0.5/FVC% Citation-0.0313H+0.184A+90.624 Golshan et al, Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.011935H-0.13572A+88.2983 Golshan et al, Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)-2.1595+1.7296 LN H+0.1974 LN BW+0.2406 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Female 7 – 18)-2.1156+1.6906 LN H+0.2227 LN BW+0.1891 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Male 7 – 18)Infants / PediatricsLN(FEF0.5/FVC)= 1.965 - 0.515 LN H Jones et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)PEF Citation0.0546H+0.16758A-4.86417 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.07238H+0.246A-7.72 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)-0.6928+1.072 LN H+0.135 LN BW+0.285 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Female 7 – 18 years)Pediatrics / Adults-0.4628+0.9589 LN H+0.1877 LN BW+0.364 LN A Luttmann et al. 1997 (Male 7 – 18 years)FEF25-75 CitationInfants / Pediatrics0.027507H+0.114723A-2.4084 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.0331H+0.15A-3.523 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)LN(FEF25-75)= -2.323+2.035 LN H Jones et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)FEF25 CitationPediatrics / Adults0.04249H+0.184A-3.746 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.04621H+0.287A-5.082 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)FEF50 Citation0.0315H+0.133505A-2.77412 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534Infants / Pediatrics(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.03646H+0.1799A-3.8492 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)LN(FEF50)= -1.548+1.878 LN H Jones et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)FEF75 CitationInfants / Pediatrics0.016593H+0.060354A-1.52323 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population female 5 – 20 years)0.02376H+0.0512A-2.3791 Golshan et al., Eur Respir J 2003; 22:529-534(Middle Eastern population male 5 - 20 years)LN(FEF75)= -4.938+2.505 LN H Jones et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 353-359(Infants, 3 – 149 weeks)177 (ml/s) Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp2078-2084, 2001(Boys, mean age 6.5 weeks)209 (ml/s) Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp2078-2084, 2001(Girls, mean age 5.9 weeks)Frequency (1/min) CitationInfants44.1 ± 8.5 Rabbette et al., J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(6.4 ± 1.1 weeks)30.1 ± 4.3 Rabbette et al., J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(54 ± 2.3 weeks)57 - 66 Stocks et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156.pp1855-1862,1997 (19 days)81 ± 22 Pandit et al., J Appl Physiol. 88: 997-1005, 2000(2 – 49 days)42.8 ± 12.6 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp83-87, 2002 (Term infants)45.4 ± 10 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)40 Obladen et al. 1984(Newborn)V’maxFRC (ml/s) Citation85 ± 16 Gustafsson et al. 2000Infants(Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)94 ± 16 Henschen and Stocks, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 159. pp480-489, 1999 (30 – 38 weeks)108 Henschen et al., J Appl Physiol. 85(5): 1989-1997: 1998(26 – 35 weeks)186 ± 55 Taussig et al., J Appl. Physiol.: 53(5): 1220-1227, 1982(1 – 9 days)2.03 H Murray et al., Thorax 2002; 57: 388-392(24 - 55 days)(114±7.1)+(3.4±0.19)PNA Sly et al., Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 741-748(Male, up to 140 weeks)(136±7)+(2.9±0.19)PNA Sly et al., Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 741-748(Female, up to 140 weeks)-123+4.32H Tepper et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 513-519(8.5 – 25 months)-400+9.47H Hanrahan et al., Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1127-1135(2 – 18 months)51+1.09H Turner et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1441-1450(3 – 23 months)-397+9.36H Tepper and Reister, Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15: 357-361(Mean age 10.7 months)-301+7.16H P2C2 study, J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49: 1285-1294(Mean age 11.5 months)126Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp 2078-2084, 2001 (Boys, mean age 6.5 weeks) 164Lum et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, pp 2078-2084, 2001 (Girls, mean age 5.9 weeks) 4.22+0.0021 sqrHHoo et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165, pp 1084-1092, 2002 (Boys, up to 9 months) -1.23+0.242HHoo et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165, pp 1084-1092, 2002 (Girls, up to 9 months) 115 ± 55Stocks et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156.pp 1855-1862, 1997 (Female, 19 days) 94 ± 42Stocks et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 156.pp 1855-1862, 1997 (Male, 19 days)LCI Citation 6.32 ± 0.3 Gustafsson et al. 2000 (Children, 12 ± 3 years)6.58 ± 0.32 Gustafsson et al. 2000(Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)6.91 ± 1.66 Schibler et al. 2000(Infants, 36 ± 10 days)7.05 ± 0.15 Grönkvist et al., J Appl Physiol 92: 634-642, 2002(Adults 17 to 51 years)7.1 ± 1.3 Larsson et al., 1988 Am Physiol Society(Adults 61± 9 years)7.57 ± 1.49 (Helium) 7.86 ± 1.09 (SF6) Hall et al., ERS 2003 (Infants, 1 – 24 months)Infants / Pediatrics /Adults 6.5 Ljungberg et al., ERS 2003(Infants, 39 weeks)MR Citation1.17 ± 0.1 Gustafsson et al., 2000(Children, 12 ± 3 years)1.1 ± 0.06 Gustafsson et al., 2000(Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)1.38 ± 0.03 Grönkvist et al., J Appl Physiol 92: 634-642, 2002(Adults 17 to 51 years)2.02 ± 0.14 Larsson et al., 1988 Am Physiol Society(Adults 61± 9 years)Infants / Pediatrics / Adults 1.2 ± o.19 (Helium) 1.3 ± 0.12 (SF6) Hall et al., ERS 2003 (Infants, 1 – 24 months)Compliance Citation0.49(H+3.46)-20.92 (ml/cmH2O) Tepper et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 163. pp 91-94,2001(Male, 1 – 104 weeks)0.49H-20.92 (ml/cmH2O) Tepper et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 163. pp 91-94,2001(Female, 1 – 104 weeks)60.1 ± 8.9 (ml/kPa) Rabbette et al., J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(6.4 ± 1.1 weeks)149 ± 20.6 (ml/kPa) Rabbette et al., J Appl Physiol. 76(2): 650-656, 1994(54 ± 2.3 weeks)0.000395H exp 2.38 Sharp et al., J Appl. Physiol. 29(6): 775-779, 1970(1 – 18 years)5.4 ± 1.4 (ml/cmH2O) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165. pp 83-87, 2002 (Term infants)3.2 ± 0.5 (ml/cmH2O) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)Infants / Pediatrics 1.3 / kg BW (ml/cmH2O) Obladen et al., 1984(Newborn)Resistance, Rint Citation16.88 ± 1.25 Hall et al., Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 982-988(31 – 56 days)1.927-0.00992H Merkus et al., Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 907-911(3 – 13 years)1.993-0.0092H-0.0009A Van Altena, Respiration 1994; 61: 249-25470 ± 42 (cmH2O s/l) Pandit et al., J Appl Physiol. 88: 997-1005, 2000(2 – 49 days)70.4 ± 21.3 (cmH2O s/l) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Term infants)97.4 ± 30.4 (cmH2O s/l) Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)Infants / Pediatrics 68 (cmH2O s/l)Obladen et al., 1984(Newborn)Minute volume (ml/kg) CitationInfants318 Baden et al., 1999296 ± 66 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Term infants)355 ± 93 Hjalmarson and Sandberg, Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 165.pp 83-87, 2002 (Preterm infants)200 - 280 Obladen et al., 1984(Newborn)575 ± 243 Pandit et al., J Appl Physiol. 88: 997-1005, 2000(2 – 49 days)Non healthy individuals – spirometric valuesIndividuals Tidal volume CitationInfants 9.3 (ml/kg) Baden et al., 1999(after heart surgery, 1 to 18 month)FRC Citation27 (ml/kg) Baden et al., 1999(SF6, after heart surgery, 1 to 18 month)17.6 ± 2.6 (ml/kg) Zanolari et al, (CLD, 46± 1.3 weeks)25.5 (ml/kg) Morris, Thorax 1999; 54: 874-883(CF, 5 – 31 month)18.6 (ml/kg) Hülskamp et al., ERS 2003 (CLD infants, 27.7 weeks) Infants26 (ml/kg) Baden et al., ERS 2003 (CF Infants)FEV1, FEV0.5 (ml) Citation91 ± 17 Gustafsson et al., 2000(CF Children, 12 ± 3 years)201.09 ± 65.64168.62 ± 53.84 (FEV0.5) Modl et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 161.pp 763-768, 2000(Bronchiolitis, 3.3 – 18.3 month)Infants211.93 ± 67.6177.51 ± 52.19 (FEV0.5) Modl et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 161.pp 763-768, 2000(Bronchodilator/Bronchiolitis, 3.3 – 18.3 month)V’maxFRC Citation101 ± 34 (ml/s)) Gustafsson et al., 2000(CF Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)1.51 H (ml/s) Murray et al., Thorax 2002 ; 57 : 388-392(24 - 55 days, wheezers)91+8.01(H-60) (ml/s) P2C2 study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol 163. pp 865-873,2001 (Hispanic, HIV exposed)132+9.9(H-60) (ml/s) P2C2 study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol 163. pp 865-873,2001 (White, HIV exposed)144+6.4(H-60) (ml/s) P2C2 study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol 163. pp 865-873,2001 (Black, HIV exposed)83.12 ± 48.18 Modl et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 161.pp 763-768,2000(Bronchiolitis, 3.3 – 18.3 month)Infants74.35 ± 48.16 Modl et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 161.pp 763-768,2000(Bronchodilator/Bronchiolitis, 3.3 – 18.3 month)LCI Citation8.05 ± 2.71 Gustafsson et al., 2000 (CF Children, 12 ± 3 years)8.69 ± 2.15 Gustafsson et al., 2000 (CF Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)Infants8.0 Ljungberg et al., ERS 2003 (CF Infants, 35 weeks)MR (moment ratio) Citation1.61 ± 0.49 Gustafsson et al., 2000 (CF Children, 12 ± 3 years)Infants1.5 ± 0.42 Gustafsson et al., 2000 (CF Infants, 1.4 ± 0.2 years)Normative F E NO data in healthy and non healthy individualsHealthy individuals FE NO (ppb) CitationInfants, multiple breath test7.8 ± 2.7 Baraldi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 262–2667.5 Daniel et al., 20005.6 ± 0.5 Baraldi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1284-1288 Children, single breath test10.5 ± 1.1 Jöbsis et al., Thorax2001; 56: 285–914 ± 2 Lundberg et al., Eur Respir J 1994; 7, 1501-150412.5 ± 3.2 Pedroletti et al., 200010.1 ± 4.1 Scollo et al., Eur Respir J 2000, 16 (Suppl.31)11 ± 4 Bringolf-Isler et al., ERS 200315.6 ± 9.2 Kharitonov et al., Eur Respir J 2001; 18 (Suppl 33): 4s Adults, single breath test17.8 ± 6.8 Kharitonov et al., Eur Respir J 2001; 18 (Suppl 33): 4s20.4 Olin et al., Eur Respir J 2000, 16 (Suppl.31)9.3 ± 2.8 Malerba et al., 200115.5 ± 0.9 Olin et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med2001; 163: A4620.2 ± 2.4 Foresi et al., 2000Nasal221 ± 14 Lundberg et al., Eur Respir J 1994; 7, 1501-1504(children)236 ± 23 Lundberg et al., Eur Respir J 2002; 19, 100-103(adults at 2 l/min)223 ± 6 Arnal et al., Eur Respir J 1999; 13, 307-312234 ± 31 Bringolf-Isler et al., ERS 2003(children)Non healthy individuals FE NO (ppb) Citation17.1 ± 1.2 Kuehni et al., 2000 (infected)21.4 ± 7.6 Baraldi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 262–266 (grass pollen exposure)14.1 ± 1.8 Baraldi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1284–1288 (wheezing)Infants, multiple breath test21.3Bohnet et al., 200038.6 ± 25.6 Silkoff et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (Suppl): A858 (asthmatic)55.5 ± 14.3 Pedroletti et al., 2000 (asthmatic)76.2 ± 26.2 Scollo et al., Eur Respir J 2000, 16 (Suppl.31) (asthmatic)40.7 ± 4.6 Baraldi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1828–32 (asthmatic)30.6 Bohnet et al., 2000 (asthmatic)38 ± 15 Bringolf-Isler et al., ERS 2003 (mild asthma)Children, single breath test4 ± 1Bringolf-Isler et al., ERS 2003 (PCD)54.3 ± 1.3 Kanniess et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 164 (Suppl): A42952.4 Olin et al., Eur Respir J 2000, 16 (Suppl.31)61.7 ± 48.4 Kharitonov et al., Eur Respir J 2001; 18 (Suppl 33): 4sAdults, single breath test (asthmatic)55.5 ± 8.3Foresi et al.4 ± 1 Lundberg et al., Eur Respir J 1994; 7, 1501-1504 (Children, Karthagener syndrome)150 ± 20 Arnal et al., Eur Respir J 1999; 13, 307-312 (nonallergic polyposis)14 ± 2 Arnal et al., Eur Respir J 1999; 13, 307-312 (Karthagener syndrome) Nasal34 ± 10Bringolf-Isler et al., ERS 2003 (Children, PCD)Rejection after lung transplantationFE NO (ppb) CitationAdults, single breath test52.1 ± 6.3Silkoff et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157Notes:T i d a l V o l u m e [m l ]02040608010012014016018022.533.544.555.566.577.588.599.51011121314151617181920B o d y W e i g h t [k g ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t9F R C [m l ]01002003004005006007008009003035404550556065707580859095100105110115120125H e i g h t [c m ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t10D e a d S p a c e [m l ]010203040506070809010022.533.544.555.566.577.588.599.51011121314151617181920B o d y W e i g h t [k g ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t11V 'm a x F R C [m l /s ]0501001502002503003504004503035404550556065707580859095100105110115120125H e i g h t [c m ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t12R e s i s t a n c e [k P a s /l ]0123456789103035404550556065707580859095100105110115120125H e i g h t [c m ][k P a s /l ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t1314C o m p l i 05010015020025030035040045030354045505560657a n c e [m l /k P a ]07580859095100105110115120125H e i g h t [c m ]D i s c l a i m e r : T h e s e d a t a a r e p r o v i d e d a s a s e r v i c e t o o u r c u s t o m e r s .E C O M E D I C S c a n n o t b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u b l i c a t i o n . R e f e r e n c e : I n f a n t n o r m a t i v e v a l u e s ,, s e e a t t a c h m e n t .NO-MeterSingle breath Multiple breath test(at 50ml/s) test (full face mask, infant)of the individual publication.Reference: FENO Normative values, see attachmentAsthma diagnosis algorithmAdapted from: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma: Expert Panel Report .1991. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute。