The Regression-Discontinuity Design

关于（模糊）断点回归设计的100篇精选Articles专辑邮箱：***********************所有计量经济圈方法论丛的code程序, 宏微观数据库和各种软件都放在社群里.欢迎到计量经济圈社群交流访问.上图为“coronavirus”在世界范围内谷歌搜索趋势.前些日，咱们圈子引荐了①“实证研究中用到的200篇文章, 社科学者常备toolkit”、②实证文章写作常用到的50篇名家经验帖, 学者必读系列、③过去10年AER上关于中国主题的Articles专辑、④AEA 公布2017-19年度最受关注的十大研究话题, 给你的选题方向，受到各位学者欢迎和热议，很多博士生导师纷纷推荐给指导的学生参阅。

继上次，腾讯公司相关部门与因果推断研究小组开展了还算友好的交流后（“BATJ巨头急需大批经济学博士, 望奔走相告”），最近，阿里巴巴相关部门人员也希望在因果推断研究小组交流访问（因果推断研究小组惊动了阿里巴巴！）。

经济学博士在BATJ公司有啥用呢? 难不成比IT程序员还有能耐，正如上文所讲，因果推断在将来很长一段时间里都是科技公司和社科学者使用的主流方法。

我们会一如既往地在小组和社群探讨主流的因果推断方法，同时也欢迎大型科技公司与咱们学者保持更紧密的互动。

之前，咱们小组引荐了1.断点回归设计RDD分类与操作案例，2.RDD断点回归, Stata程序百科全书式的宝典，3.断点回归设计的前沿研究现状, RDD，4.断点回归设计什么鬼？且听哈佛客解析，5.断点回归和读者的提问解答，6.断点回归设计RDD全面讲解, 教育领域用者众多，7.没有工具变量、断点和随机冲击，也可以推断归因，8.找不到IV, RD和DID该怎么办? 这有一种备选方法，9.2卷RDD断点回归使用手册, 含Stata和R软件操作流程，10.DID, 合成控制, 匹配, RDD 四种方法比较, 适用范围和特征，11.安神+克拉克奖得主的RDD论文, 断点回归设计，12.伊斯兰政府到底对妇女友不友好？RDD经典文献，13.PSM,RDD,Heckman,Panel模型的操作程序，14.RDD经典文献, RDD模型有效性稳健性检验，15.2019年发表在JDE上的有趣文章, 计量方法最新趋势与合成控制法（关于合成控制法SCM的33篇精选Articles专辑！）和双重差分法一样（关于双重差分法DID的32篇精选Articles 专辑！），断点回归设计RDD也是当下非常流行的因果推断方法，在英文和中文顶刊中频繁出现。

准实验研究的英语IntroductionExperimental research is a type of research design that involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable. However, in some situations, experimental research may not be feasible or ethical. In such cases, researchers may opt for quasi-experimental research, which is a type of research design that lacks the random assignment of participants to groups. This article explores quasi-experimental research, its types, advantages, and disadvantages.Types of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Pre-Experimental DesignsPre-experimental designs are the simplest type of quasi-experimental designs, and they involve measuring the dependent variable before and after an intervention. There are three types of pre-experimental designs: one-shot design, one-group pretest-posttest design, and static group comparison design.a. One-shot design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it isdifficult to determine whether the observed change is dueto the intervention or other factors.b. One-group pretest-posttest design: In this design,the researcher measures the dependent variable before and after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it is difficult to determine whether theobserved change is due to the intervention or other factors.c. Static group comparison design: In this design, the researcher compares the dependent variable in a group that received the intervention and a group that did not receive the intervention. However, the groups are not randomly assigned, and hence, there may be differences between the groups that may affect the results.2. Quasi-Experimental DesignsQuasi-experimental designs involve the manipulation ofan independent variable, but the participants are not randomly assigned to groups. There are four types of quasi-experimental designs: nonequivalent control group design,time-series design, interrupted time-series design, and regression-discontinuity design.a. Nonequivalent control group design: In this design, the researcher compares the dependent variable in a group that received the intervention and a group that did not receive the intervention. However, the groups are not randomly assigned, and hence, there may be differences between the groups that may affect the results.b. Time-series design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable at multiple time points before and after the intervention. However, there is no control group, and hence, it is difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.c. Interrupted time-series design: In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable at multiple time points before and after the intervention. However, there is a control group, which allows the researcher to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.d. Regression-discontinuity design: In this design, the researcher selects participants based on a cutoff score on a continuous variable. Participants who score above the cutoff score receive the intervention, while those who score below the cutoff score do not receive the intervention. This design allows the researcher to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.Advantages of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Ethical ConsiderationsIn some situations, experimental research may not be ethical. For example, it may not be ethical to manipulate an independent variable that may harm participants. Quasi-experimental research provides an alternative to experimental research, which allows researchers to study the effect of an intervention without compromising the ethical considerations.2. Real-World SettingsQuasi-experimental research is often conducted in real-world settings, which enhances the ecological validity ofthe research findings. This means that the researchfindings are more likely to be applicable to real-world situations.3. Cost-EffectiveQuasi-experimental research is often less costly than experimental research. This is because it does not involve random assignment of participants to groups, which can be time-consuming and costly.Disadvantages of Quasi-Experimental Research1. Lack of ControlQuasi-experimental research lacks the control associated with experimental research. This means that there may be other factors that may affect the results, which may make it difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.2. Selection BiasQuasi-experimental research may suffer from selection bias. This is because participants are not randomly assigned to groups, which may result in differences between the groups that may affect the results.3. Internal ValidityQuasi-experimental research may suffer from internal validity issues. This is because there may be other factors that may affect the results, which may make it difficult to determine whether the observed change is due to the intervention or other factors.ConclusionQuasi-experimental research is a type of research design that lacks the random assignment of participants to groups. It is often used in situations where experimental research may not be feasible or ethical. Quasi-experimental research has advantages such as being ethical, conducted in real-world settings, and cost-effective. However, it also has disadvantages such as lack of control, selection bias, and internal validity issues. Researchers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experimental research before deciding on the research design to use.。

近在做一个需要利用断点回归设计的研究。

为了保证实践的规范性，并且避免未来审稿中可能面对的质疑，花了几天时间梳理了一下断点回归设计的标准操作，整理出来，供来人参考。

本文参考了三篇文献，先摆在这里，建议大家去读原文：第一篇：Lee, and Lemieux, 2010，" Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics "，Journal ofEconomic Literature, Vol. 48: 281–355.第二篇：Pinotti, Paolo. "Clicking on heaven's door: The effect of immigrant legalization oncrime." American Economic Review107.1 (2017): 138-68.第三篇：Thoemmes, Felix, Wang Liao, and Ze Jin. "The Analysis of the Regression-DiscontinuityDesign in R." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 42.3 (2017): 341-360.1.断点回归常规操作流程第1步检查配置变量（assignment variable，又叫running variable、forcing variable）是否被操纵。

这里的配置变量，其实就是RD中决定是否进入实验的分数（Score），是否被操纵的意思就是，是否存在某种跳跃性的变化。

在实际操作中有两种方式来检验，一是画出配置变量的分布图。

最直接的方法，是使用一定数量的箱体（bin），画出配置变量的历史直方图（histogrm）。

为了观察出分布的总体形状，箱体的宽度要尽量小。

“2+26”城市雾霾治理政策效果评估作者：张中祥曹欢来源：《中国人口·资源与环境》2022年第02期摘要文章将《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》和其后续“攻坚行动方案”的发布作为准自然实验，使用双重差分模型（DID）评估大气污染治理的政策效果。

回归结果发现：①“方案”的发布对于“2+26”城市的空气具有显著的改善作用，并通过了稳健性检验，构成雾霾的主要污染物PM2.5、PM10和AQI 的改善程度最明显，SO2、CO 和NO2的改善幅度次之，但O3浓度在政策处理期内不降反升，说明近年来O3污染程度加剧，亟须引起关注。

②长期视角下SO2和NO2的治理效果较短期情况下相比有所提升，说明有些大气污染物仍然具有进一步改善的潜力，印证了大气污染治理是一项长久的“攻坚战”。

③引入空间DID 分析，通过空间杜宾和双重差分的嵌套模型，放松个体相互独立的假设，从空间维度探讨“方案”的政策效果，对比空间视角下的直接效应与间接效应得出，区域联防联控大气治理手段相比单一地区空气质量改善政策而言能够使得治理效果事半功倍。

④使用中介效应模型，探讨了“方案”通过减少工业产值占GDP 的比重和减少能源消费总量达到空气质量改善的两种作用机制。

最后，文章为接下来进一步有效治理大气污染提出了相关的政策建议。

关键词“2+26”城市;双重差分模型;空间DID;机制分析中图分类号 X51;F061.5 文献标志码 A 文章编号1002-2104（2022）02-0026-11 DOI：10.12062/cpre20211126大气污染是中国经济不断快速发展的一项负外部公共品，在中国，受空气污染问题最多困扰的当属京津冀及周边地区[1-4]。

国务院发布的“十三五”生态环境保护规划中明确强调要“深化区域大气污染联防联控、显著削减京津冀及周边地区颗粒物浓度”，因此京津冀及周边地区成为大气污染防治的重点覆盖区域。

2017年2月17日，原环境保护部发布了《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》（以下简称《2017方案》），形成了以京津冀及周边地区为主导的大气污染防治协作组。

Regression DiscontinuityBasic Idea•Sometimes whether something happens to you or not depends on your …score‟ on a particular variable e.g–You get a scholarship if you get above a certain mark in an exam,–you get given remedial education if you get below acertain level,–a policy is implemented if it gets more than 50% ofthe vote in a ballot,–your sentence for a criminal offence is higher if youare above a certain age (an …adult‟)•All these are potential applications of the …regression discontinuity‟ designMore formally..•assignment to treatment depends in a discontinuous way on some observable variable W•simplest form has assignment to treatment being based on W being above some critical value w0-thediscontinuity•method of assignment to treatment is the very opposite to that in random assignment –it is a deterministicfunction of some observable variable.•But, assignment to treatment is as …good as random‟ in the neighbourhood of the discontinuity –this is hard to grasp but I hope to explain itBasics of RDD Estimator •Suppose average outcome in absence of treatment conditional on W is:•Suppose average outcome with treatment conditional on W is:•This is …full outcomes‟ approach.•Treatment effect conditional on W isg 1(W)-g(W):()(),0E y W X g W==()()1,1E y W X g W==How can we estimate this?•Basic idea is to compare outcomes just to the left and right of discontinuity i.e. to compare:•As δ→0 this comes to:•i.e. treatment effect at W=w 0()()0000E y w W w E y w W w δδ+≥>-≥≥-()()1000g w g w -Comments•the RDD estimator compares the outcome of people who are just on both sides of the discontinuity -difference in means between these two groups is an estimate of the treatment effect at the discontinuity•says nothing about the treatment effect away from the discontinuity -this is a limitation of the RDD effect.•An important assumption is that underlying effect on W on outcomes is continuous so only reason for discontinuity is treatment effectSome pictures –underlying relationship between y and W is linearE(y│W)w0WNow introduce treatment E(y│W)βw0WThe procedure in practice •If take process described above literally should choose a value of δthat is very small•This will result in a small number of observations•Estimate may be consistent but precision will be low•desire to increase the sample size leads one to choose a larger value of δDangers•If δis not very small then may not estimate just treatment effect –look at picture•As one increases δthe measure of the treatment effect will get larger. This is spurious so what should one do about it?•The basic idea is that one should control for the underlying outcome functions.If underlying relationship linear •If the linear relationship is the correct specification then one could estimate the ATE simply by estimating the regression:•But no good reason to assumerelationship is linear and this may cause problems01y X W γβγε=+++Suppose true relationship is:E(y│W)w 0Wg 0(W)g 1(W)Observed relationship between E(y)and WE(y│W)w0W g0(W) g1(W)•one would want to control for a different relationship between y and W for the treatment and control groups •Another problem is that the outcome functions might not be linear in W –it could be quadratic or something else.•The researcher then typically faces a trade-off:– a large value of δto get more precision from a larger sample size but run the risk of a misspecification of the underlying outcomefunction.–Choose a flexible underlying functional form at the cost of some precision (intuitively a flexible functional form can get closer toapproximating a discontinuity in the outcomes).In practice•it is usual for the researcher to summarize all the data in the graph of the outcome against W to get some idea of the appropriate functional forms and how wide a window should be chosen.•But its always a good idea to investigate the sensitivity of estimates to alternative specifications.An example•Lemieux and Milligan “Incentive Effects of Social Assistance: A regression discontinuity approach”, Journal of Econometrics, 2008•In Quebec before 1989 childless benefit recipients received higher benefits when they reached their 30th birthdayThe PictureThe EstimatesNote•Note that the more flexible is the underlying relationship between employment rate and age, the less precise is the estimate。

RD方法（regression discontinuity design）什么是regression discontinuity design下面将用一篇文章来介绍：如何理解「由于使用燃煤取暖，中国 5 亿北方居民预期寿命将缩短年」7月8日发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》（PNAS）的一篇论文，向已经逐渐意识到空气污染危害的中国民众再次展现了残酷的现实：以淮河为界，烧煤供暖的中国北方地区空气污染水平高于中国南方，北方5亿居民因严重的空气污染，平均每人失去5年寿命。

这篇文章由清华大学的李宏彬、北京大学的陈玉宇和另外两位作者共同完成。

前两位完成了这篇论文的主要部分。

这个回答首先介绍他们的研究方法，再谈一谈研究者和媒体对这篇文章的引申。

科学家如何得出「使用燃煤取暖中国5亿北方居民预期寿命将缩短年」这个结论的首先要说的是这篇文章使用的RD方法（regression discontinuity design），即断点回归方法。

断点回归方法是最近的政策评估中非常重要的一个方法，他可以在没有随机性的情况下识别出政策的效果。

在早期的研究中，要识别一个处理（Treatment）的效果，我们必须拥有随机性，比如两组随机分开的小白鼠，一组加上某种处理，一组没有处理，最后观察两者的区别。

为什么我们那么需要随机性呢因为研究的基础需要几组十分类似的群体，他们的任何特征都服从一个相同的分布，无论是性别、年龄、教育、健康程度……这样，我们才能确定几组对象之间出现的差别是来自于实验处理的差异，而非某些个人特征。

从一个大样本中严格随机抽取的样本，正好满足这样的同分布假设。

但对于政策研究来说，我们不可能找到这样随机分开的两组人，而且也无法用实验的方法来获得结果——你能将随机分开的100人放在干净空气中，将另外100人放在肮脏空气中并观察一段时间吗一些研究者面对这种缺乏随机性的情况，采用了增加控制变量的方式。

比如，把性别年龄教育健康程度全部放进回归式中，然后声称，两组人之间由于性别年龄教育健康的不同而造成的差别都已经去掉了，剩下的就是这个政策的效果了。

政治关联英文文献索引1.T he stock market implication of political connections: evidence from firms' dividend policy 政治关系的证券市场含义：来自公司股利政策的证据（Cao et al.2012）2.C orporate ownership, corporate governance reform and timeliness of earnings: Malaysian evidence公司所有权、公司治理改革与盈余及时性：马来西亚的证据3.P olitical connections, bank deposits, and formal deposit insurance: Evidence from an emerging economy政治关系、银行存款与正式的存款保险：来自新兴经济体的证据（June 18, 2013）4.P olitical connections and investment efficiency: Evidence from Chinese listed private firms 政治关系与投资效率：来自中国民营上市公司的证据（August 27, 2013）5.T he Political Determinants of the Cost of Equity: Evidence from Newly Privatized Firms权益资本成本的政治因素：来自刚刚私有化公司的证据（August 2008）6.C ronyism and Capital Controls: Evidence from Malaysia任人唯亲与资本管制：来自马来西亚的证据7.Capital Structure and Political Patronage: Evidence from China资本结构与政治庇护：来自中国的证据8.P olitical Connection and Government Patronage：Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms政治关联与政府赞助：来自中国制造业企业的证据9.P olitical Connections and Firm V alue: Evidence from the Regression Discontinuity Design of Close Gubernatorial Elections政治关联与公司价值：来自临近州长竞选的不连续回归设计的证据10.How does state ownership affect tax avoidance? Evidence from China国家所有权如何影响避税？来自中国的证据11.Do Strong Corporate Governance Firms Still Require Political Connection? And Vice V ersa公司治理强的企业仍然需要政治关系吗？反之亦然12.Political Connections and Preferential Access to Finance: The Role of Campaign Contributions政治关联与优先获得融资：竞选捐款的作用13.Political Connections and the Cost of Equity Capital政治关联与权益资本成本（Boubakri et al. January 2012）14.The Impact of Political Connections on Firms' Operation Performance and Financing Decisions政治关联对公司经营业绩及融资决策的影响（Boubakri et al. November 29, 2011）15.Political Connections and the Cost of Bank Loans政治关系与银行贷款成本（Houston et al. February 15, 2012）16.Politicians and the IPO Decision: The impact of impending political promotions on IPO activity in China政治家与IPO决策：即将来临的政治晋升对中国IPO活动的影响17.Accounting Conservatism and Bankruptcy Risk会计稳健性与破产风险（Biddle et al. October 7, 2013）18.Accounting Conservatism and its Effects on Financial Reporting Quality:A Review of the Literature会计稳健性及其对影响财务报告质量：文献综述（September 9, 2011）19.Conservatism, Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital稳健性、披露与权益资本成本（Artiach et al. January 2012）20.Does Access to Finance Lower Firms’ Cost of Capital? Empirical Evidence from International Manufacturing Data获得融资降低了企业的资本成本吗？来自国际制造业数据的实证证据21.Political connections, founding family ownership and leverage decision of privately owned firms政治关联、创始家族所有权与私有企业杠杆决策22.The Impact of Political Connectedness on Firm V alue and Corporate Policies: Evidence from Citizens United政治关系对公司价值及公司政策的影响：来自美国公民的证据23.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms政治关联企业的会计信息质量24.The political economy of corporate governance, cost of equity, and earnings quality: evidence from newly privatized firms公司治理的政治经济、权益资本成本与盈余质量：来自刚刚私有化公司的证据25.Do Political Connections Help Firms Gain Access to Bank Credit in Vietnam政治关系帮助越南企业获得银行信贷吗？26.Firm performance effects of nurturing political connections through campaign contributions通过竞选捐款培育政治关系的公司绩效效应27.The Chrysler Effect: The Impact of the Chrysler Bailout on Borrowing Cost克莱斯勒效应：克莱斯勒救助对借贷成本的影响28.Politically connected firms in Poland and their access to bank financing波兰的政治关联企业及他们获得银行融资29.Political Connections and Corporate Bailouts政治关系与企业救助30.The characteristics of politically connected firms政治关联企业的特征31.Rent Seeking Incentives, Political Connections and Organizational Structure: Empirical Evidence from Listed Family Firms in China寻租动机、政治关系与组织结构：来自中国上市家族企业的经验证据32.The V alue of Connections In Turbulent Times: Evidence from the United States在动荡的时代关系价值：来自美国的证据33.Malaysian Capital Controls: Macroeconomics and Institutions马来西亚的资本控制：宏观经济和制度34.Rent Seeking and Corporate Finance: Evidence from Corruption Cases寻租与公司融资：腐败案件的证据35.Political Motivation, Over-investment and Firm Performance政治动机、过度投资与公司绩效36.Political connections and earnings quality: evidence from malaysia政治关系与盈余质量——来自马来西亚的证据37.Political Connections and Minority-Shareholder Protection: Evidence from Securities-Market Regulation in China政治关系与少数股东保护：来自中国证券市场监管的经验证据38.Accounting Conservatism, Corporate Governance and Political Influence: Evidence from Malaysia会计稳健性、公司治理与政治影响：来自马来西亚的证据39.Internationalization and Capital Structure: Evidence from Malaysian Manufacturing Firm国际化和资本结构：来自马来西亚制造企业的证据40.Firm size and corporate financial leverage choice in a developing economy Evidence from Nigeria企业规模和企业财务杠杆的选择：来自尼日利亚发展中经济的证据41.Ownership and the V alue of Political Connections: Evidence from China所有权和政治关系的价值：来自中国的证据42.Ownership Types, CEO and Chairman Political Connections, and Long-run Post-IPO Performance: Evidence from China所有权类型、CEO和董事长的政治联系与IPO后长期绩效：来自中国的证据43.Theoretical Investigation on Determinants of Government-Linked Companies Capital Structure关于政府联系公司资本结构的影响因素的理论研究44.Auditor Choice in Privatized Firms: Empirical Evidence on the Role of State and Foreign Owners私有化企业的审计师选择：来自国家和外国所有者作用的经验证据45.The Political Economy of Residual State Ownership in Privatized Firms: Evidence from Emerging Markets私有化企业中剩余政府所有权的政治经济：从新兴市场的证据46.Political Connections and the Process of Going Public: Evidence from China政治关系和上市的过程：来自中国的证据47.Public policy, political connections,and effective tax rates: Longitudinal evidence from Malaysia公共政策、政治关系与有效税率：来自马来西亚的纵向证据48.Why do countries adopt International Financial Reporting Standards为什么各国采用国际财务报告准则49.Political Relationships, Global Financing and Corporate Transparency政治关系、全球融资与公司透明度50.Politically Connected CEOs and Corporate Outcomes: Evidence from France政治关系的首席执行官和公司的结果：来自法国的证据51.Corporate Lobbying, Political Connections, and the Bailout of Banks公司游说、政治关系与银行救助52.Corruption, Political Connections, and Municipal Finance腐败、政治关系与城市金融53.Political connections, corporate governance and preferential bank loans政治联系、公司治理与优惠的银行贷款54.Politically connected firms: an international event study政治关系的企业：一个国际事件研究55.Politicians at work：The private returns and social costs of political connections政客们在工作：私人收益与政治关系的社会成本56.Political Connection, Financing Frictions, and Corporate Investment: Evidence from Chinese Listed Family Firms政治联系、融资摩擦与企业投资——来自中国上市家族企业的证据57.The Role Political Connections Play in Access to Finance:Evidence from Cross-Listing 政治关系在获得融资中发挥的作用：来自交叉上市的证据58.Auditor Choice in Politically Connected Firms政治关联公司的审计师选择59.Financial liberalization, financing constraints and political connection: evidence from Chinese firms金融自由化、融资约束与政治联系：来自中国上市公司的经验证据60.Effects of Financial Liberalization and Political Connection on Listed Chinese Firms' Financing Constraints金融自由化与政治关系对中国上市公司融资约束的影响61.Auditor Tenure, Non-Audit Services and Earnings Conservatism: Evidence from Malaysia审计任期，非审计服务与盈余稳健性——来自马来西亚的证据62.Political Connections of Newly Privatized Firms新私有化企业的政治关系63.Social network, entertainment expenditures and bank lending decisions: Evidence from China’s nonSOE firms社会网络、娱乐支出和银行贷款决策：来自中国非国有企业的证据64.Bank connection, corruption and collateral in China银行联系、腐败和担保：来自中国的证据65.Red Capitalists: Political Connections and Firm Performance in China红色资本家：政治关系与中国公司的业绩66.Political connections, bank deposits, and formal deposit insurance: Evidence from an emerging economy政治关系、银行存款与正式存款保险：来自新兴经济体的证据67.Executive’s former banking experience, entertainment expenditures and bank lending decisions: Evidence from China’s non-SOE firms执行官以前的银行业经验、娱乐支出与银行信贷决策：来自中国的非国有企业的证据68.The effect of political connections on the level and value of cash holdings: International evidence政治关联对现金持有水平及其价值的影响：国际证据69.The Effect of Political Influence and Corporate Transparency on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence From Indonesian Listed Companies政治影响力与企业透明度对企业绩效的影响：来自印尼股票上市公司的经验证据70.Going Public Process and Political Connections: Evidence from an Emerging Market上市过程与政治联系：来自新兴市场的证据71.Do IPOs Reduce Firms’ Cost of Bank Loans? Evidence from ChinaIPO降低企业的银行贷款成本？来自中国的证据72.Public governance and corporate finance: Evidence from corruption cases公共治理与公司融资：腐败案件的证据73.Dividends, ownership structure and board governance on firm value: empirical evidence from malaysian listed firms股利、股权结构和董事会治理与公司价值：来自马来西亚上市公司的经验证据74.Management Quality and the Cost of Debt: Does Management Matter to Lenders管理质量和债务成本：管理对贷款人重要吗75.Do Educational Ties with Politicians Increase Agency Problems教育与政客联结增加代理问题吗76.Red Capitalists: Political Connections and the Growth and survival of Start-up Companies in China红色资本家：政治关系、成长和中国创业企业的生存77.The Impact of Legal and Political Institutions on Equity Trading Costs: A Cross-Country Analysis法律和政治制度对股票交易成本的影响：一个跨国家分析78.Expropriation of minority shareholders in politically connected firms政治关系企业中侵占小股东利益79.The Political Economy of Residual State Ownership in Privatized Firms: Evidence from Emerging Markets私有化企业中剩余政府所有权的政治经济：来自新兴市场的证据80.Does Financial Globalization Discipline Politically Connected Firms金融全球化约束政治关联的企业吗81.Audit fees in malaysia: does corporate governance matter马来西亚的审计费用：公司治理重要吗82.The Costs of Political Influence: Firm-Level Evidence from Developing Countries政治影响的成本：来自发展中国家的企业层面的证据83.Corporate social responsibility disclosure and its relation on institutional ownership企业社会责任披露及其与机构所有权的关系84.Political Connections and the Process of Going Public: Evidence from China政治关系和上市过程：来自中国的证据85.The Economic Benefits of Political Connections in Late Victorian Britain英国维多利亚时代后期政治关系的经济效益86.Corporate Cash Holdings, Board Structure, and Ownership Concentration: Evidence from Singapore企业现金持有量、董事会结构与股权集中度：来自新加坡的证据Political Uncertainty and Corporate Investment Cycles政治的不确定性与企业投资周期The Chinese Corporate Savings Puzzle: A Firm-Level Cross-Country Perspective中国公司储蓄的困惑：一个企业层面跨国家的视角Chinese firms’ political connection, ownership, and financing constraints中国企业的政治联系，、所有权与融资约束Political Relations and Overseas Stock Exchange Listing: Evidence from Chinese StateownedEnterprises政治关系和海外证券交易所上市：来自中国国有企业的证据Determinants and Effects of Corporate Lobbying企业游说的影响因素及影响Tunneling or Propping: Evidence from Connected Transactions in China隧道还是支持：来自中国关联交易的证据Sheltering Corporate Assets from Political Extraction保护公司资产从政治的提取Bank Power and Cash Holdings: Evidence from Japan银行权利与现金持有：来自日本的证据OLIGARCHIC FAMIL Y CONTROL, SOCIAL ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, AND THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT寡头的家族控制、社会的经济成果与政府质量Government Ownership and Corporate Governance: Evidence from the EU政府所有权与公司治理：来自欧盟的证据The Political Economy of Financial Systems金融体系的政治经济Escaping Political Extraction: Political Participation, Institutions, and Cash Holdings in China逃避政治的提取：政治参与、制度与中国的现金持有The value of local political connections in a low-corruption environment地方政治关系在低的腐败环境中的价值Retained State Shareholding in Chinese PLCs: Does Government Ownership Reduce Corporate Value中国上市公司保留的国有股：政府所有权降低企业价值吗Ownership Structure, Institutional Development, and Political Extraction: Evidence from China所有权结构、制度发展与政治提取：来自中国的证据How Do Agency Costs Affect Firm Value? Evidence from China代理成本如何影响公司价值吗？来自中国的证据Corporate Lobbying and Financial Performance公司游说与财务绩效Rights Issues in China as Evidence for the Existence of Two Types of Agency Problems中国人权问题作为两类代理问题存在的证据Auditor Choice in Politically Connected Firms政治关联公司的审计师选择（Journal of Accounting Research，V ol. 52 No. 1 March 2014）Transparency in Politically Connected Firms: Evidence from Private Sector Firms in China政治关联公司的透明度：来自中国私营公司的证据Capital Structure and Political Patronage: Evidence from China资本结构与政治赞助：来自中国的证据Competitive Pressure and Corporate Policies竞争压力与公司政策Political Capital and Moral Hazard1政治资本与道德风险The Effects of Government Quality on Corporate Cash Holdings政府质量对企业现金持有量的影响Corruption in Developing Countries腐败在发展中国家Large investors, capital expenditures, and firm value: Evidence from the Chinese stock market大投资者、资本支出与企业价值：来自中国证券市场的经验证据Firm Investment & Credit Constraints in India, 1997 – 2006: A stochastic frontier approach印度公司的投资与信贷约束，1997–2006：随机前沿方法State Ownership, Soft-Budget Constraint and Cash Holdings:Evidence from China’s Privatized Firms政府所有权、软预算约束与现金持有：来自中国私有化企业的证据Why Do Firms Hold Less Cash为什么公司持有更少的现金Directors’ Political Conn ections and Compliance with Board of Directors Regulations: The Case of S&P/Tsx 300 Companies董事会的政治关系和董事会遵守：标准普尔/ TSX 300公司为例Political Connection and Firm Value政治联系与企业价值The Impact of Political Connectedness on Firm Value and Corporate Policies: Evidence from Citizens United政治关系对公司价值和公司政策的影响：来自美国公民的证据The Impact of Political Connectedness on Cash Holdings: Evidence from Citizens United政治关系对现金持有的影响：来自美国公民的证据Political power and blood-related firm performance政治权力与有血缘关系的公司绩效Politically-Connecte d Boards and the Structure of Chief Executive Officer Compensation Packages in Taiwanese Firms政治关联董事会和台湾公司CEO薪酬结构Government Ownership and Agency Problems in Equity Offerings in China政府所有权与中国股票发行的代理问题Political Uncertainty and Accounting Conservatism: Evidence from the U.S. Presidential Election Cycle 政治不确定性与会计稳健性：来自美国总统选举周期的证据Effect of political uncertainty and corporate investment cycles in Nepal政治不确定性对尼泊尔企业投资周期的影响CEOs’ Connectedness, Social Capital, and Corporate InvestmentCEO关联、社会资本与企业投资Sovereign Wealth Funds and Politically Connected Firms主权财富基金与政治关联企业Political reforms and family-related firm performance政治改革与家族企业绩效Family connections in a low-corruption environment: Evidence from revised municipality borders在一个较低的腐败环境中家族联系：来自修订市边界的证据Does Political Uncertainty Affect Capital Structure Choices政治不确定性影响资本结构的选择吗Corporate Political Connections and Tax Aggressiveness企业政治关系与税收激进性Executive Compensation vis-à-vis Firm Performance: Identifying Future Research Agenda经理薪酬相对于公司绩效：识别未来的研究议程，Does Organizational-level Affiliation of Internal Audit Influence Corporate Risk-Taking? -Evidences from Chinese Listed Companies内部审计风险水平影响企业组织的联系吗？——来自中国股票上市公司的证据Principal-Principal Conflicts under Weak Institutions: A Study of Corporate Takeovers in China较弱制度下的委托代理冲突：中国公司并购的研究Earnings Management Practices Between Government Linked and Chinese Family Linked Companies 政府关联公司与中国家族关联企业之间的盈余管理实践Managerial Agency Costs of Socialistic Internal Capital Markets: Empirical Evidence from China社会主义内部资本市场的经理人代理成本：来自中国的经验证据Firm Size, Sovereign Governance, and Value Creation公司规模、主权治理与价值创造Bank firm relationship and firm performance under a state-owned bank system: evidence from China银企关系与企业国有银行制度下的绩效：来自中国的证据Excess control rights and corporate acquisitions超额控制权与公司并购Bank loan and the agency costs of debt in indonesia; free cash flows and managerial perks perspective 银行贷款和印度尼西亚债务的代理成本：自由现金流与管理津贴的视角CEO Compensation and Political ConnectednessCEO薪酬与政治关联Enterprises, Political Connections and Public Procurement at a Time of Landmark企业、政治关系与公共采购：一次具有里程碑意义的The Political Determinants of the Cost of Equity: Evidence from Newly Privatized Firms股权成本的政治因素：来自刚刚私有化的公司的证据Managerial Attributes and Executive Compensation管理者特征与高管薪酬An Empirical Investigation into the Political Economy of the Firm in a Globalizing World Economy: How Domestic Political Connections Affect Cross-listing Choices实证研究在全球化的世界经济的坚定的政治经济：国内政治关系如何影响交叉上市的选择Capital Markets and Capital Allocation:Implications for Economies of Transition资本市场与资本配置：经济转型的影响Responding to Financial Crisis: The Rise of State Ownership and Implications for Firm Performance应对金融危机：国家所有权上升对企业绩效的影响Influential ownership and capital structure有影响力的所有权与资本结构The Strategic Role Firms’ Political Connections Play in Access to Finance: Coercion of Domestic Banks or Implicit Property Rights Protections企业政治关系在获得融资中的战略作用：国内银行或隐含产权保护的强制手段Corporate Bailouts: the Role of Costly External Finance and Operating Performance企业救助：昂贵的外部融资的作用与经营绩效Do Political Connections Matter? Empirical Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan政治联系重要吗？来自巴基斯坦上市公司的经验证据Tycoons Turned Leaders: Market Valuation of Political Connections富豪转身领导：政治联系的市场价值Political Contributions and CEO Pay政治捐款和首席执行官工资Valuing Changes in Political Networks: Evidence from Campaign Contributions to Close Congressional 重视政治网络的变化：从运动的贡献接近国会的证据Corruption in state asset sales – Evidence from China国有资产销售中的腐败–来自中国的证据Investor Protection and Interest Group Politics投资者保护与利益集团政治Privatization, Large Shareholders’ In centive to Expropriate, and Firm Performance私有化、大股东掠夺激励与公司绩效Advances in Measuring Corruption in the Field腐败测量领域的进展Macroeconomic Conditions and the Puzzles of Credit Spreads and Capital Structure宏观经济条件、信用利差的困惑与资本结构Family Ownership and the Cost of Under Diversification家族所有权与多元化的成本Political Geography and Corporate Political Strategy政治地理学与企业政治策略Evidence on the existence and impact of corruption in state asset sales in China中国国有资产出售中腐败现象的存在及影响的证据Stock versus cash dividends: signaling or catering股票与现金股利：信号或宴会The impact of corruption on state asset sales – Evidence from China腐败对国有资产出售的影响-来自中国的证据Executive Compensation and CEO Equity Incentives in China’s Listed Firms高管薪酬与中国上市公司首席执行官的股权激励Political Constraints, Organizational Forms, and Privatization Performance:Evidence from China政治约束、组织形式与民营化绩效：来自中国的证据State Ownership, Political Institutions, and Stock Price Informativeness: Evidence from Privatization政府所有权、政治制度与股价信息含量：来自私有化的证据Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets: A Survey新兴市场的公司治理：文献综述Politically Connected Boards and Top Executive Pay In Chinese Listed Firms1.Political connection and leverage: Some Malaysian evidence2.Do political connections affect the role of independent audit committees and CEO Duality? Someevidence from Malaysian audit pricing3.Board, audit committee and restatement-induced class action lawsuits4.The Political Determinants of the Cost of Equity: Evidence from Newly Privatized Firms5.The impact of political connections on firms’ operating performance and financing decisionsernment Connections and Financial Constraints：Evidence from a Large Representative Sampleof Chinese Firms7.Listing approach, political favours and earnings quality: Evidence from Chinese family firms8.Political connections and tax-induced earnings management: evidence from China9.Ownership Concentration, State Ownership, and Effective Tax Rates: Evidence from China's ListedContext: European Evidence10.Impact of financial reporting quality on the implied cost of equity capital: Evidence from theMalaysian listed firms公允价值会计准则在新兴市场实施的挑战：来自中国采用国际财务报告准则的证据制度环境、政治关系与融资约束——来自中国民营企业的证据（March 1, 2012）政治关联、终极控制人性质与权益资本成本政治关联、盈余质量与权益资本成本政治联系、市场化进程与权益资本成本——来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据政府干预、政治关联与权益资本成本民营企业的政治关联能降低权益资本成本吗。