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Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。
毕业论文英文怎么说毕业论文，英文怎么说？在我们的学术生涯中，毕业论文是一个非常重要的环节。
它是我们对所学知识的总结和应用的体现，也是我们在学术界展示自己能力的机会。
但是，对于许多学生来说，有一个问题一直困扰着他们：毕业论文，英文怎么说？首先，我们可以通过直译的方式来回答这个问题。
毕业论文在英语中被称为"graduation thesis"或者"graduation dissertation"。
这是一种直接翻译的方式，准确地表达了毕业论文的含义。
然而，这种方式可能有些呆板，缺乏一定的创意和灵活性。
除了直译，还有一种更常用的表达方式，那就是"final year project"。
这个表达方式更加简洁明了，更贴合英语的表达习惯。
"final year project"通常指的是在大学最后一年完成的研究项目，相当于毕业论文的概念。
它强调了项目的重要性和学生在其中的主动参与。
除了这两种常见的表达方式，还有一些其他的说法。
比如，有些人会用"senior thesis"来指代毕业论文。
这个表达方式更常见于美国的大学，特别是在本科阶段。
它强调了学生在大学最后一年所完成的研究项目的重要性和独立性。
除了这些表达方式，还有一些其他的说法，比如"capstone project"、"final project"等等。
这些表达方式都有其自己的特点和用法，可以根据具体的语境和需求来选择。
总之，毕业论文在英文中有很多种不同的表达方式。
我们可以通过直译、"final year project"、"senior thesis"等等来表达这个概念。
每种表达方式都有其自己的特点和用法，我们可以根据具体的语境和需求来选择最适合的表达方式。
无论我们选择哪种表达方式，重要的是能够准确地传达我们所要表达的意思，展示我们在学术研究中的成果和能力。
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
论文的英文翻译Translation of the paper:Title: [Title of the paper]Abstract:The abstract provides a summary of the paper's main points, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.1. Introduction:This section introduces the research topic, provides background information, and clearly states the research objectives. It also includes a brief literature review to highlight the relevance of the study and identify any research gaps.2. Methodology:The methodology section explains the research design, data collection methods, and analytical techniques used. It also discusses any limitations or assumptions made during the research process.3. Results:This section presents the findings of the study, including any quantitative or qualitative data collected. The results are organized in a logical and clear manner, with appropriate tables, figures, or graphs to support the findings.4. Discussion:The discussion section interprets the results, compares them toprevious research, and provides explanations for any unexpected findings. It also explores the implications and applications of the research, highlighting its contribution to the field.5. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study, restates the research objectives, and offers final thoughts on the topic. It may also suggest areas for future research or provide recommendations for practitioners.6. References:This section lists all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, etc.). The references should be organized alphabetically and provide all the necessary details for readers to locate the source.Appendix:If necessary, an appendix section can be included to provide additional information that supports the main text but is not essential to the understanding of the paper. This may include raw data, lengthy tables, questionnaires, or supplementary material.。
企业可持续发展战略研究论文中英文外文翻译文献文献1：Sustainable Development Strategies for Businesses该研究论文介绍了企业可持续发展战略的重要性以及相关的实施策略。
可持续发展不仅关注经济利益，还需兼顾社会和环境的利益。
本文提出了几种实施可持续发展战略的方法，包括资源管理、供应链管理和利益相关者合作。
企业应该采取综合性的战略，以确保其经营活动对社会和环境带来积极影响。
文献2：The Role of Corporate Governance in Sustainable Development该文献探讨了公司治理在可持续发展中的作用。
有效的公司治理可以确保企业在经济、社会和环境层面上实现可持续发展目标。
文章讨论了几个与公司治理相关的因素，包括股东权益保护、透明度和问责制。
作者强调了公司治理在促进可持续发展中的重要性，并提出了一些改善公司治理的建议。
文献3：Innovation Strategies for Sustainable Development该研究论文研究了创新战略在可持续发展中的作用。
创新可以推动经济发展，并帮助解决环境和社会问题。
本文提出了几种创新策略，包括技术创新、商业模式创新和社会创新。
作者认为，企业应该将创新作为实现可持续发展的关键策略，并呼吁政府和社会各界提供支持。
文献4：The Importance of Stakeholder Engagement in Sustainable Development该文献强调了利益相关者参与在可持续发展中的重要性。
利益相关者包括员工、股东、政府、社区和其他利益相关的组织。
作者认为，企业应该积极参与利益相关者，并尊重他们的权益和意见。
文章提出了一些有效的利益相关者参与策略，包括沟通、合作和共同决策。
该文献强调了利益相关者参与对企业可持续发展的重要性。
文献5：Measuring and Reporting Sustainability Performance of Businesses该研究论文研究了测量和报告企业可持续发展绩效的方法和指标。
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。
英语作文议论文带翻译英文回答：1. The advent of the internet and the proliferation of social media have revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with each other. However, this digital revolution has also brought forth a plethora of challenges, one of which is the rampant spread of misinformation. Misinformation, defined as false or inaccurate information that is unintentionally spread, has become an insidious threat to our society, eroding trust, polarizing communities, and undermining informed decision-making.2. The spread of misinformation is facilitated by a number of factors. The anonymity of the internet allows individuals to disseminate false information without fear of retribution. Moreover, the algorithms used by social media platforms often prioritize engagement and virality over accuracy, leading to the amplification and spread of misinformation. Additionally, the confirmation bias that weall possess, which is the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, further contributes to the spread of misinformation.3. The consequences of misinformation are far-reaching and severe. Misinformation can have a detrimental impact on public health, as evidenced by the spread of false information about vaccines and the COVID-19 pandemic. It can also lead to political polarization, as individuals who are exposed to misinformation may become entrenched in their views and less likely to consider alternative perspectives. Furthermore, misinformation can undermine trust in institutions and experts, making it difficult to address complex societal challenges.4. Addressing the challenge of misinformation requires a multi-faceted approach. Media literacy initiatives are essential to equip individuals with the skills to critically evaluate information and identify misinformation. Social media platforms must also take responsibility for combating misinformation by implementing stricter fact-checking mechanisms and promoting credible sources. Additionally, governments can play a role by supporting research on misinformation and developing policies that encourage transparency and accountability.5. Combating misinformation is not just about protecting ourselves from false information; it is about protecting our democracy and preserving the integrity of our collective knowledge. In an era where information is more accessible than ever before, it is more important than ever to be discerning consumers of information and to promote a culture of critical thinking and evidence-based decision-making.中文回答：1. 互联网的兴起和社交媒体的普及彻底改变了我们交流和联系的方式。
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Temperature Dependence of Si-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells Fabricated on Amorphous to Microcrystalline Silicon Transition PhaseKobsak SRIPRAPHA Ihsanul Afdi YUNAZ Seung Yeop MYONG Akira YAMADA and Makoto KONAGAI Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S9-9, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Quantum Nanoelectronics Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S9-9, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan (Received June 5, 2007; accepted August 20, 2007; published online November 6, 2007) The temperature dependence of silicon (Si)-based thin-film single-junction solar cells, whose intrinsic absorbers were fabricated on the transition phase between hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) to hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si:H), was investigated. By varying the hydrogen dilution ratio, wide-band-gap protocrystalline silicon (pc-Si:H) and mc-Si:H absorber layers were obtained. Photo-current density –voltage (Photo-J–V) characteristics were measured under AM1.5 illumination at ambient temperatures in the range of 25 –75 C. We found that the solar cells with pc-Si:H, which exists just below the a-Si:H to mc-Si:H transition boundary, showed the lowest temperature coefficient (TC) for conversion efficiency and open-circuit voltage (Voc), while the solar cells fabricated at the onset of the a-Si:H to mc-Si:H phase transition exhibited a relatively high TC for and Voc. Experimental results indicated that pc-Si:H is a promising material for the absorber layer of the single junction or the top cell of tandem solar cells that operate in high temperature regions. KEYWORDS: temperature dependence, amorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon, Si thin-film solar cell, solar cells1.IntroductionIn general, the solar cell performance is measured under the standard test conditions (STC) of a cell temperature of 25 摄氏度and an irradiance of 100mWcm 2 with AM 1.5 spectral distributions. However, in an outdoor installation, the operating temperature of solar cells considerably changes depending on the environment, i.e., the climate in the installed area.In a tropical region, the operating temperature often reaches more than 70 摄氏度. The increase in the operating temperature leads to a decline in conversion efficiency mainly due to the drop in open-circuit voltage(Voc) Among Si-based solar cells, bulk crystalline Sisolar cells which include single-crystalline-Si (c-Si) and polycrystalline-Si (poly-Si) solar cells show higher than thin-film solar cells at room temperature. However, ηof c-Siand poly-Si solar cells seriously decreases with an increase in the operating temperature, while hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H)-based thin-film solar cells exhibit relatively small variation in.The main reason for the lowertemperature coefficient (TC) of a-Si:H-based solar cells is their wide-band-gap intrinsic absorber or high Voc compared with those of bulk crystalline Si-solar cells. Taking the real output power affected by the operating temperature and production cost into account, a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells have advantages over bulkcrystalline-Si solar cells for use in high temperature areas such as a tropical region. However, it is well known that a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells exhibit light-induced degradation after light exposure, the so-called Staebler–Wronski effect (SWE).The SWE in a-Si-based thin-film solar cells is also a veryim portant factor that must be considered for outdoor installation. During the past 30 years, extensive research has been conducted to suppress the SWE. As a result, two kinds of edge materials near the phase boundary have been developed as stable intrinsic absorbers: one is the wideband- gap protocrystalline silicon (pc-Si:H) existing just below the a-Si:H-to-microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si:H) transition transition and the other is the narrow-band-gap mc-Si:H with crystalline silicon volume fraction (Xc) of 30 –50% obtained near the onset of the phase transition. The pc-Si:H material nucleate from the deposition of the a-Si:H at just before the transition boundary of a-Si:H to a-Si:H t mc-Si:H mixedphase. Once, the a-Si:H t mc-Si:H transition is detected,which can be observed by a real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE), the growing material is no longer considered pc-Si:H.10) The unique properties of pc-Si:H are the optical band gaps (Eopt) and the Urbach tail. The Eopt of pc-Si:H is larger than conventional material and increases with increasing H2 dilution ratio. Besides, the narrower Urbach tail in pc-Si:H causes the higher hole drift mobility than conventional materials. The key feature of the pc-Si:Hmaterial is its relative stability to light induced degradation as observed in the electron-mobility lifetime product and similarly in the solar cell fill factor. These two kinds of materials are attractive for application to Si-based thin-filmsolar cells because of their low SWE.Although the pc-Si:H solar cell has shown a good temperature dependence among Si-based thin-film solar cells,the behavior of TC for pc-Si:H solar cells has not yet been clarified. In this work, we investigated the temperature dependence of a-Si:H-based solar cells fabricated in the pc-Si:H to mc-Si:H transition regime. The TC values after lightinduced degradation were also investigated in order to findthe optimal absorber layer for the use at high operating temperatures.2.Experimental ProcedureThe p–i–n single-junction solar cells were fabricated on Asahi U-type glass substrates in a multi chamber system with the structure of glass/SnO2:F/hydrogenated p-type amorphous silicon carbide (p-a-SiC:H)/buffer/intrinsic (i-)absorber/n-type amorphous silicon (n-a-Si:H)/boron-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B)/Ag/Al with the cell area of 0.086 cm2.The thicknesses of p, buffer, i-, and n-layers were kept constant at around 12, 4, 320 – 340, and 2 nm, respectively.All solar cells were fabricated at the substrate temperature of around 200 C with deposition pressures of 50 – 70 Pa. Thevery high frequency (60 MHz) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF-PECVD) was used to deposit the i-layer. The i-layers were deposited at different silane concentrations, SC ? SiH4=e SiH4 t H2T, by varying SC from 6.0 to 2.4% in order to obtain material with the phase transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon.With a decrease in SC, the deposition rate of the i-layerdeclined from 1.6 to 0.9. The doped (p- and n-layers) and buffer layers were deposited by a radio-frequency(13.56MHz) PECVD technique. ZnO was deposited by metal organicchemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) as a back reflector, while Ag and Al were evaporated as back electrodes for all samples.The Raman spectroscopy was performed using a JASCONRS-1000 system with a semiconductor laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. Ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE)measurements (J. A. Wollam) were used with a variableangle spectroscopic ellipsometer. The temperature dependence of the solar cell parameters were measured using a solar simulator in a chamber at ambient temperatures (T) in the range of 25 –75 C with a step increment of 10 C under 1-sun (AM1.5, 100mW cm2) irradiation. The temperature of the sample was regulated by a temperature-controlled airflow. The temperature dependence of solar cells was obtained from photo-current density–voltage (photo-J–V) measurements. The value of TC can be expressed aswhere Z denotes the solar cell parameters, i.e.,η, Voc, shortcircuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF). The normalized temperature Tn is chosen to be 25 C because it corresponds to the standard reference condition for solar cell measurement. The 1-sun standard light-soaking test was performed in a climate chamber at the temperature of 50 C for 100 h.3.Results and Discussion3.1 Characterization of intrinsic absorbersIn the first series of experiments, we inspected the Raman spectra for the solar cells fabricated in the phase transition regime. Figure 1 shows the Raman spectra for solar cells prepared with different SCs which are measured from the nside(rear-side of the solar cells). The Raman spectra were deconvoluted to four Gaussian peaks centered at the Raman shift areas at around 430, 480, 510, and 520 cm1, which correspond to the longtitude optical (LO) mode of a-Si:H, the transverse optical (TO) mode of a-Si:H, the defective crystalline phase and the TO mode of c-Si, respectively. The defective part of the crystalline phase is included in thecrystalline fraction.15) The Xc calculated from the Raman spectrum is expressed aswhere Ii is the area under the Gaussian peak centered at the Raman shift of i cm 1 and I480 t I510 t I520 is the total integrated area. By decreasing SC from 6.0 to 4.0%, the peak position of Raman spectra of a-Si:H in the TO mode increased from the Raman shift of 475 to 480 cm1, as shown by the solid line in the figure, which means that the a-Si:Hmicrostructure improved when SC decreased, leading to further improvement of stability against illumination.16) For SC ?3:2%, the Raman spectra exhibited two peaks at 480 and 517 cm1, which correspond to the onset of mc-Si:H growth. With further decrease of SC, SC < 3:2%, the peak position of Raman spectra became that of c-Si inthe TO mode at 520 cm 1. The Xc of the films deposited with SC at4.0, 3.2, 2.8, and 2.4% were 0, 18, 43 and 52%, respectively.In order to measure Eopt, i-layers were deposited on p-a-SiC:H films. The p-a-SiC:H and i-layers were deposited under the same conditions as those for solar cells on Corning glass 7059. Unfortunately, we could not measure Eopt of the films deposited at SC 3:2%, because they had a tendency to peel off, despite the underlying p-a-SiC:H. An ellipsometric spectrum e ;T was measured by SE over the range of 1.2 to 4.1 eV. The three-layer model of p-a-SiC:H,i-absorber and surface roughness layers was used to fit the experiment data. The Tauc–Lorentz empirical model wasemployed to derive optical constants for p-a-SiC:H and i-absorber.17) The absorption coefficient () data obtained by fitting the i-layers was used to calculate Eopt by means of the indirect-band-gap Tauc model.18) Figure 2 shows Eopt of i-layers deposited with different SCs. When SC was decreased from 6.0 to 4.0%, Eopt slightly increased from 1.87 to 1.92 eV (as indicated by the solid line). We conclude that, from their large values of Eopt, the films deposited with SC beyond 4.0% are pc-Si:H materials. Eopt of mc-Si:H is normally lower than that of typical a-Si:H (1:7 eV), and itcan be assumed that with decreasing SC, Eopt of mc-Si:Happroaches that of c-Si.3.2 Temperature dependence of solar cellsThe initial performances at the temperatures of 25 and 75 C for the solar cells fabricated at the phase transition from a-Si:H to mc-Si:H are summarized in Table I. It was found that, with increasing T, Jsc progressively increased. There are many reasons to explain the increase in Jsc, for example, the reduction of Eopt of the semiconductor, the increase in the diffusion length of the minority currentcarriers,20,21) and the reduction of the recombination velocity or unfilled localized states.1,22) In contrast, Voc decreased at higher temperature. This behavior could be attributed to the increase in the reverse saturation current and the decrease in Eopt.2,19–22) FF also decreased with increasing T, except in the case of SC ?2:4%. This condition is the only one that showed a positive value for FF. In general, the decline of at high temperature mainly originates from the drop of Voc and FF.Jsc showed a slight decrease with the decrease of SC from 6.0 to 4.0%. This is probably due to the wide Eopt of pc-Si:H. With a further decrease in SC, Jsc increased because of the reduction in Eopt. It should be noted that the lowest Jsc was obtained at the onset of mc-Si:H. With decreasing SC from pc-Si:H (SC > 3:2%) to the onset of mc-Si:H solar cells (SC ?3:2%), Voc and FF both decreased and drastically fellwhen the films approached the mc-Si:H region (SC < 3:2%),resulting in the consecutive decline in the . The highest initial of 9.44% was obtained from a solar cell fabricated at SC of 6.0%. It was also found that Jsc and FF were less sensitive to T than Voc. The temperature dependence of solar cell parameters is shown in Table I. Figure 3 shows the normalized solar cell parameters in the initial state. In general, FF of a Si-based solar cell decreases when T becomes high, mainly because of the reduction of Voc. However, it has been reported that for a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells, FF sometimes increases with increasing T.This is probably due to the decrease of the contact resistance or the increase of the mobility-carrier lifetime product within the collection regionin a-Si:H solar cells. It was concluded that the increase incollectionlength with T was large in a-Si:H solar cells with poor transport properties.As shown in Fig. 3, normalized Voc for the pc-Si:H solar cell (SC between 6.0 and 4.0%) exhibited less degradation with the increase of temperature. Voc also drastically fell when SC reached 2.4%, because of the strong influence of the increase in Xc. FF and also showed similar behavior to Voc. It should be noted that although the solar cell fabricated at SC of 2.4% had the largest drop in normalized Voc, because of the positive change in FF, normalized was not the lowest. The increase of Jsc for solar cells with SC < 4:0% (above the onset of mc-Si:H) was larger than that of pc-Si:H solar cells. This behavior can be ascribed to the reduction of Eopt with increasing SC. According to our experimental results, the lowest TC for around 0:242%/ C was achieved in the pc-Si:H solar cell fabricated at SC of 5.0%.The dark-J–V characteristics for the fabricated solar cellslisted in Table I were investigated. We found that, the dark-current density before and after the measurement of the temperature dependence remained the same. The reverse saturation current-density (J0) and diode quality factor (n) of pc-Si:H solar cells showed low values compared with solar cells fabricated under the onset and mc-Si:H conditions. The lowest J0 and n were obtained at SC of 5.0%, and their values were 6:7 1013 A cm 2 and 1.6, respectively. It should be noted that the solar cells fabricated at the onset of mc-Si:H exhibited drastic increases in J0 and n. The values of n of the solar cells fabricated with SC 3:2% were larger than 2.0.In order to investigate the effect of light soaking on the temperature dependence behavior, all solar cells were illuminated under 1-sun for 100 h and measured again. Figure 4 displays the normalized solar cell parameters after light soaking. The normalized TC for Voc and Jsc showed similar temperature-dependent trends as those in the initial state. The normalized FF for solar cells with pc-Si:H and onset of mc-Si:H (SC 3:2%) showed lower TC than that before the degradation state. It should be noted that the solar cells fabricated at SC of 2.8% showed positive TC for FFafter light soaking. At present, the reverse behavior of FF after light soaking of this solar cell cannot be clearly explained. The normalized of all cells decreased with rising T, except in the case of solar cells fabricated at SC of 2.8%, which showed a positive TC value because of the influence of FF.TCs of solar cell parameters determined before and after light soaking are summarized in Table II. It should be noted that TC for Voc was inversely proportional to initial Voc in Table I. After light soaking, TC for Jsc became higher, except in the case of solar cells fabricated near the onset of mc-Si:H (SC ?4:0%) where a small decrease in TC for Jsc was observed. TC for Voc of the solar cells fabricated in thepc-Si:H regime also displayed a small increase after light soaking, while that of mc-Si:H solar cells decreased. TC for of all solar cells after light soaking exhibited a small decrease, except in the case of the solar cell fabricated at SCof 2.8%. TC for FF also showed a similar tendency as that for . It should be noted that, although the solar cell that was fabricated at SC of 2.8% showed positive TC for mainly because of positive TC for FF, the initial and FF of this cell were low. Consequently, we did not take this result into consideration.From the results, it can be concluded that the pc-Si:H solar cells presented a goodtemperature dependence as well as a reasonable conversion efficiency and low light-induced degradation compared with solar cells fabricated under the onset and mc-Si:H conditions. As shown in Fig. 5, the lowest TC for before and after light soaking was obtained at SC of 5.0%, and their values were 0:242 and 0:214%/C, respectively. Therefore, pc-Si:H fabricated under this condition is promising for use in a single cell or as the top cell in a tandem cell operating at high temperatures. In order to apply this film to tandem cells, the temperature dependence of solar cells fabricated at SC of 5.0% with different thicknesses was also determined. As shown in Fig. 6, in the initial state, TC for decreased with the increase of i-layer thickness because of the increase of the initial efficiency. On the other hand, after light soaking, solar cells with thinner absorber showed a low TC for because of the lower total defect density.In addition, pc-Si:H/mc-Si:H double-junction silicon solar cells were fabricated using ZnO:B with the thickness of around 50 nm as intermediate layer between the pc-Si:H top cell and mc-Si:H bottom cell. Both absorber layers were deposited by VHF-PECVD. The thicknesses of the pc-Si:H top cell and mc-Si:H were 170 and 2000 nm, respectively. The typical initial conversion efficiency of this double-junctionsilicon solar cell was 11.76% with Jsc of 11.5 mA cm2, Voc of 1.38V and high FF of about 0.75. The TC and lightinduced degradation behavior of pc-Si:H/mc-Si:H doublejunction silicon solar cells are now being investigated.4.ConclusionsThe temperature dependence of pc-Si:H and mc-Si:Hsingle-junction silicon solar cells fabricated near the phasetransition regime by VHF-PECVD was investigated. By decreasing SC from 6.0 to 2.4%, the absorber layerproperties were changed from those of pc-Si:H to the mc-Si:H phase. The wide-band-gap pc-Si:H (Eopt1:9 eV) was obtained at SC > 3:2%, while the onset of mc-Si:H and the narrow-band-gap mc-Si:H were deposited at SC ?3:2% and SC < 3:2%, respectively. It was found that the values of TC for were inversely proportional to the initial Voc. Our experimental results indicated that the pc-Si:H solar cells had TC for around 1.5 – 2.0 times lower than that of solar cells fabricated with the phase of the onset and mc-Si:H. Thesolar cells fabricated with the onset of the mc-Si:H and mc- Si:H phase (SC 3:2%) showed fluctuations of TC for FF and after light soaking, while pc-Si:H solar cells exhibited similar TC trends for all photovoltaic parameters. It was found that the lowest TC for was obtained from the pc- Si:H solar cell fabricated at SC of 5.0%. Since the pc-Si:H solar cell exhibits a good light-induced stability and low temperature dependence, it is advantageous for use in a tropical region.。
