名词、冠词、数词的用法
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这一讲里,主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法,特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。
一、名词关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。
┌单数---可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a可数名词名词的根└复数据数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法:(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:watch--watches。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country--countries。
请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。
如:monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。
(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife--knives。
2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep--sheep,fish--fish Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feeth(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)--Germans(3)child—childre4.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。
如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。
这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。
如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。
How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)不可数名词:1.常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。
应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。
如:Some bread over there.(be)3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。
如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。
即:twopiecesof bread 请区别:可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples例: 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please?A.piece of breadB.B.piece of breadsC.piecesofbreadD.piecesof breads 名词的格名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加“ 's”。
如:Tom→Tom's译为“…的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ '”即可。
如:Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加's 。
如:Children's Day关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点:1.可用名词所有格表示地点。
如:my aunt's 我姑姑家。
go to the doctor's 去医生家。
2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加's如:Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组:a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg;The white shirt is and blue one is .A、Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate's,my二、冠词江苏省九年义务教育调整方案中,冠词为不作知识点考查的一项,但是,冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简单的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,99中考也会体现这一点。
归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an hour,an English car. 请区别:a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如:the sun,the moon,the earth5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
如:the first,the best ,in the south6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。
如:The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。
如:in summer,in August请区别:in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。
如:have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在医院里in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.A.an,anB.a, aC.an, theD.a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。
对数词的考查,中考常采用单选题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。
1.基数词变序数词。
其规律为:1,2,3特殊记,加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth)8少t,9去e,千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve变f (fifth,twelfth)20到90,y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth)若是几十几,前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。
如:five hundredpeople.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s,构成复数形式。
hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。
3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。
Eg:Henry has learned eight French words this year.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundred ofD.hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。
顺读法(钟点+分钟) 如:4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟+to/past+钟点) 如:4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past four/a quarter past four4:45 fifteen to five/a quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_______(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me________,please?A.two papersB.two piece of paperC.two pieces of paperD.two pieces of papers5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheeps6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen7.June 1 is ______________.A.the Children's DayB.the Childrens' DayC.Children's DayD.Childrens' Day思考题1.__________people went out to see what had happened.A.Thousands ofB.Three thousand ofC.Thousand ofD.Three thousands2.We have been in the school for______.A.three and a half monthB.three and a half monthsC.three month and a halfD.three months and half3._____English is_____useful language.A.A, anB./, aC.The, anD. A, /。