跨文化交际整理

跨文化交际整理Global village（全球村）: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot（熔炉）: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.Cultural Diversity（文化多样性）: refers to the mix of cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region.Intercultural communication（跨文化交际）: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Culture（文化）：a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Enculturation（文化适应）: all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.Acculturation（文化适应）: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Ethnocentrism（民族优越感）: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.Source（源）：The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding（编码）：Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message（信息）：The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel（通道）：The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise（干扰）：The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver（接收器）：The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Decoding（解码）：Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response（接收者反应）：Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback（反馈）：Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. Context（语境）：Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.Semantics（语义学）: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation（本义）: the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation（转义）: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo（禁忌）: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism（委婉语）: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive Chronemics（时间学）: The study of how people perceiveand use time. Monochronic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychronic time being involved with many things at once.Proxemics（空间学）: the perception and use of space.Kinetics（身势学）: the study of body languageParalanguage（副语言）: involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.A planetary culture（行星文化）: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture园林工人：landscape engineer 理发师：tonsorial artist 清洁工：sanitation engineer 补鞋匠：shoe rebuilder 发疯的：soft in the head 撒谎：reckless disregard for truth 偷窃：to take things without permission 劳资关系紧张：industrial climate天网恢恢...：justice has long arms 棋逢对手：diamond cut diamond金玉良言：golden saying 肥缺：fat office 船到桥头自然直：you will cross the bridge when you get to it 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后：better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 牛饮：drink likea fish 如履薄冰：tread upon eggs1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? Convenient transportation system; innovative communication system;economic globalization; widespread migrations2. What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce);behavior (what they do) ;concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they t hink) 3.Characteristics of culture?Culture is shared; culture is learned; culture is dynamic; culture is ethnocentric4.Characteristics of communication?Communication is dynamic; irreversible; symbolic; systematic; transactional; Contextual5. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a socialand relational quality.6.. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.7.What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.8. What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers, there are two primary influenceson gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.9.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。