四川师范大学文理学院

四川师范大学文理学院简介
文理学院是四川师范大学的重中之重，是一所以培养高素质应用型人才为主要任务的学院。

文理学院位于四川师范大学的中心，是综合性学院，拥有不同类别的学科，包括文学、历史、哲学、教育、理学、经济学、管理学和法学等领域。

文理学院自成立以来，一直致力于打造一流的学术环境，开展新兴学科建设，推动学术研究的发展，推进社会发展、普及文化知识、提升社会影响力。

文理学院在维护四川师范大学核心竞争力方面发挥着重要作用。

文理学院积极与省内外高校合作，定期举办学术交流会，以促进学术研究的开展，推动学科的发展，培养跨学科的应用型人才。

文理学院拥有许多优质的教育资源，教学环境良好，师资力量雄厚，师资队伍中有一批受国内外认可的学术精英，他们不仅有优秀的学识水平，而且有强大的学术研究能力。

文理学院秉承“教学服务于社会，学术支撑于社会”的理念，着眼于培养“能够立足本土，面向世界，掌握主动权”的应用型人才，充分发挥社会教育的责任，深入推进科技教育的发展，致力于培养可持续发展的高素质应用型人才。

文理学院注重与社会合作，多次参与省市社会各类项目，取得了良好的成绩。

文理学院不断开展、深化与社会沟通，特别是与各类企业的深度沟通，积极实施商业解决方案，不仅帮助企业发展，也为社会的发展作出了积极的贡献，推动文理融合、校企合作，助力四川师范大学的发展。

总而言之，四川师范大学文理学院不仅仅聚焦于文理的学科的发
展，更重要的是秉承“造就高素质应用型人才”的宗旨，锐意进取，致力于为本地及国家社会发展做出大量贡献，也希望通过国际合作，在成果上不断取得新的突破，为文理结合和专门性服务做出更大的贡献。

四川师范大学文理学院文学与传播学系教育培训机构行业调查报告09级文传系文传1班第2实践小组二0一0年十二月顾问：王和芬老师主要负责人：王彩霞（组长）活动参与人员：杨帆王彩霞赵洪霞周红李丹王雪张丽萍刘苏霞朱威高洪云撰写报告人员：杨帆王彩霞赵洪霞周红李丹王雪张丽萍刘苏霞责任编辑：朱威高洪云张丽萍版式设计：王彩霞赵洪霞刘苏霞责任校对：李丹杨帆王雪周红一、摘要通过此次调查的实施与进行，我们了解到了学校周边教育培训机构的相关信息，譬如培训的方向、时间以及培训机构的师资如何、规模多大、成立历史、宣传方式等等。

调查结束之后，我们统计、分析了问卷，从中发现了些许问题并提出了一些相应地解决方案，用各种分析方法来分析问题，并在最后向大家提供参考书目，辅助大家阅读本调查报告。

二、引言本次调查活动的背景：配合专业实践学习的需要和要求，在老师的指导下，对学校周边的教育培训机构进行调查（调查对象是小组自我选择）研究，并作出一定地分析和解决方案。

本次调查活动的目的：第一，完成公共关系学课程老师要求的作业；第二，进一步了解和学习如何进行一项调查，锻炼各自的实践能力、操作能力和合作能力；第三，尝试撰写调查报告，为以后开展此类活动积累经验；第四，培养各自的语言表达能力和交际能力。

三、调查活动的方式和内容1、方式：此次活动采用的是问卷调查形式2、内容：主要是培训的方向、培训机构的师资、培训的方式、培训的时间安排、培训机构的规模和历史等等。

四、调查活动经费情况主要用于资料的打印、复印，来源是小组内部成员。

调查结果数据统计和分析此次调查活动数据的统计和分析将采用图文结合的方式展示，（问卷共有50份），具体结果如下：1、您所在机构大致以什么培训内容为主？从上面的柱状图显示，在高校（本地区，下面不再做解释）周围的培训机构中，礼仪培训占了总调查人数的8%，电脑培训占了总调查人数的20%，才艺培训占了总调查人数的18%，语言培训占了总调查人数的42%，。

四川师范大学文理学院简介
四川师范大学文理学院位于成都市，是四川师范大学的第一个学院。

主要有中文系、历史系、哲学系、理学院、数学科学学院、物理与电子信息学院，以及一个实验中心，系列课程多，受学生欢迎。

文理学院的教学理念是“以学生为本，质量第一”，注重以实际为基础的学术科研活动，在优秀师生之间进行良好的沟通和协作，共同塑造科学的艺术氛围，传递智慧、奉献爱心。

学院以优质的师资力量、完善的实验教学条件、众多的活动中心和大量可靠的科研联盟，建立了一个现代、有效的教学系统，不断推进学生学科技能、创新意识和人文思想教育，努力实现“师大文理精英”的培养目标。

文理学院鼓励学生参与各种学术研究、科技活动和社会实践，推动学生的科技创新能力及社会责任感的发展，全面提高学生的学术素养。

学院不断改革，协调，张弛有度，积极发展，形成以语言文学、历史文化、哲学师资力量为主体的协同发展机制，并发挥各专业和科学研究领域的优势。

以学科研究和跨学科专业为支撑，立足老一线省市重点建设，注重学科建设整体总体布局，不断开展学科交叉结合，培养学生创新思维。

师大文理学院的教育品牌不仅仅宣传“优质”的教育理念，更可以激发学生的求知欲望，让学生今朝奋斗，将来成就辉煌。

文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。

最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。

关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。

四川师范大学文理学院管理系专业介绍管理系管理系现有工商管理、市场营销、旅游管理、会计学、经济信息管理与计算机应用、会计电算化、物业管理等专业，在校学生近2400余人，专兼职教师100余人，其中副教授及以上职称44人，硕士36人，博士9人。

该系以培养实务型、创新型中高级企业管理人才为目标，以学生为中心，以需求为导向，以实用为主线的办学理念，在增强学生企业管理理论基础的同时，加强对学生实践能力和创新能力的培养，在传授专业知识的同时，着力引导学生学会做人、学会做事、学会学习、学会思考、学会创造，使学生成为上手快、后劲足、适应能力强的复合型、应用型中高级管理人才。

系主任简介陈高林教授，先后担任四川大学工商管理系副主任、主任，经济管理学院副院长、院长，管理学院副院长，校MDA教学指导委员会主任，校教学指导委员会文科分委员会委员等管理职务。

同时兼任中国工商行政管理学会理事、中国民(私)营经济研究会理事、四川省税务学会常务理事、四川省著名商标评审委员会委员、四川省消费者权益保护委员会委员、四川省市场学会理事、成都市私营企业协会顾问。

在教学方面，主要从事企业战略与组织管理、企业创业与成长管理、企业法制管理等方面的教学科研，先后为研究生、MBA和本科生开设管理学理论研究、管理理论前沿研究、企业成长管理、企业战略管理、企业法制管理、国际商法等多门课程。

在科研方面，承担完成我国私有企业经济的发展与管理研究、四川省个体和私营经济发展战略研究、我国市场竞争秩序的现状与规制对策研究、我国中小企业二次创业与管理创新研究等国家和省部级的多项社科项目；编写出版了《中国私营企业经济的发展与管理》、《四川省个体私营经济发展战略研究》、《企业法制管理》、《创业法制管理》、《中国工商行政管理学》等10余部专著和教材，发表了成长期民营中小企业扩张战略研究、家族制管理与私营企业持续成长、论家族制管理向现代企业管理转变的途径、试论中国国有企业的管理再造、当前我国企业管理发展的新趋势、论我国《反不正当竞争法》及其执法中的若干关系、我国市场竞争秩序的现状与规制对策等40余篇论文。

四川师范大学文理学院计算机科学与信息工程系专业介绍计算机科学与信息工程系四川师范大学文理学院计算机科学与信息工程系现有专兼职教师43人，其中具备副高以上职称的教师19人，博士3人，在读博士2人，硕士8人。

下设计算机科学与技术、电子商务两个专业，并分设软件工程、网络工程、NIIT 合作项目、电子商务（管理营销）、电子商务（应用技术）多个专业方向，以及本、专科两个培养层次。

全面负责学院计算机类公共基础课程和系内相关专业课程的开设；负责多项国家级计算机等级和认证考试的培训工作；负责系内各相关专业的实验实训及毕业实习、设计和论文的指导工作。

并积极开展各项科研、教研活动，负责学院信息技术与电子工程项目的对外合作开发工作。

已顺利完成基于Java技术的微系统研制、模式识别在数字图像处理中的应用、人工智能技术的体系架构与方案预设、IPv6网络通信协议的安全机制研究等多个大型实用技术和理论项目的研发工作。

同时，本系还分管学院电教中心、多媒体教室和系级实验室，并负责学院的网络建设与维护工作以及学院网站的开发与管理工作。

目前学院投资三千万、建筑面积达4000平米、拥有近1000台电脑的综合电教中心及电子阅览室已经建成，可为全院的各类科研、教学活动提供服务。

另外，万兆级校园网也已全面开通，包括办公区、宿舍区在内的近3000个网口均已通过DDN专线接入公网。

并拥有计算机组装与维护实验室、网络工程实验中心、基础软件开发设计室、电子商务综合模拟实验室、JAVA开发中心、网页制作工作室、商务网站系统开发中心、软件工程实验中心、MIS系统模拟实验室、ERP模拟实验室，以及12间全数字化综合语音教室和30间多媒体教室。

系主任简介胡念青一九八七年毕业于北京航空学院电子工程系，硕士、高工。

长期在国内某知名IT企业从事研发和技术管理工作，并曾外派新加坡合资公司任客座研究员。

负责主持过：双向HFC接入网技术的开发、通信广播电视共网传输技术与工程实施方案、年产20万芯带状光缆生产项目、高阶谱理论在信号处理中的应用、电子商务安全机制分析与对策等多个实用技术和理论项目的研究工作。

四川师范大学文理学院关于解除学生违纪处分暂行规定（修订稿）第一条为了充分体现“育人为本”的教育理念，引导和帮助受处分的学生认真吸取教训，积极改正错误，激励他们奋发进取，努力成才，学院参照《中华人民共和国公务员法》，根据《四川师范大学文理学院学分制学籍管理实施细则》和《四川师范大学文理学院学生违纪处分办法（试行）》，制定本规定。

第二条解除处分适用于下列处分类型（一）警告（二）严重警告（三）记过（四）留校察看第三条申请解除处分的基本条件（一）不属于第五条规定之列的处分；（二）从处分决定书下达之日起，警告，严重警告满6个月（含寒暑假及法定节假日）；记过、留校察看处分满12个月（含寒暑假及法定节假日）；（三）受到处分的学生在考察期间遵纪守法，遵守学校的各项规章制度，无任何违规违纪现象。

第四条满足第三条第（一）款、第（三）款条件，但未能满足第三条第（二）款条件的毕业班学生，可以在毕业前提出解除处分的申请。

第五条因下列行为受到纪律处分或属下列情形者，不予解除处分。

（一）反对宪法确定的基本原则；危害国家安全﹑破坏安定团结、扰乱社会秩序；（二）策划、组织、参与群体性恶性事件；（三）触犯刑法、严重违反治安管理处罚法；（四）其他认定为不能解除处分的。

第六条解除处分的受理部门学生处分的解除根据“谁处理谁解除”的原则由学生所受处分的原处理部门受理。

第七条解除处分工作程序（一）受处分学生向辅导员提出解除处分申请，填写《四川师范大学文理学院学生解除处分申请表》，并提交书面思想汇报材料一份。

思想汇报要反映本人对所犯错误的认识、改正态度、进步表现和取得的成绩，同时附上有关证明材料；（二）辅导员组织班级成员成立班级评议小组，听取申请者陈述意见，进行民主评议；（三）辅导员根据申请者的陈述意见、实际表现以及班级评议小组的民主评议对申请者给予鉴定，并写出鉴定意见；（四）学生所在院系对申请者进行审查，提出是否解除的意见；（五）对因违反考试纪律或旷课受到警告、严重警告、记过处分的学生，由教务处根据辅导员鉴定及学生所在院系意见做出是否解除处分决定；对因其它违纪行为受到警告、严重警告、记过处分的学生，由学生工作部根据辅导员鉴定及学生所在院系意见做出是否解除处分的决定；（六）对因违反考试纪律或旷课受到留校察看处分的学生，由教务处根据辅导员鉴定及学生所在院系意见做出是否解除处分决定，报主管院领导批准；对因其它违纪行为受到留校察看处分的学生，由学生工作部根据辅导员鉴定及学生所在院系意见做出是否解除处分的决定，报主管院领导批准。

成都三本院校
成都三本院校
1、四川大学锦江学院
四川大学锦江学院面向全国统一招生，实施全日制本、专科学历教育，培养应用型技术技能型人才。

6、四川师范大学文理学院
四川师范大学文理学院由原四川师范大学文化传播学院和国际商学院合并组建而成，是2004年经教育部审核批准的四川省首批七所“独立学院”之一。

7、成都理工大学工程技术学院
成都理工大学工程技术学院是由成都理工大学与中国核工业西南物理研究院创办的一所以能源、环境、基础工程、电子信息等学科为优势与特色以理、工为主协调发展的独立学院。

8、四川外语学院成都学院
四川外语学院成都学院是由国家教育部批准建立的独立学院，是重庆四川外语学院按照新机制和新模式举办的本科层次的普通高等学校。

成都文理学院成都文理学院成都文理学院(Chengdu College of Arts and Sciences)，简称“成都文理”，是经过中华人民共和国教育部批准成立的全日制普通本科高等学校。

成都文理学院简介成都文理学院(原四川师范大学文理学院)始建于2004年，由1999年建立的四川师范大学文化传播学院和四川师范大学国际商学院合并而成，2004年经教育部批准设置为独立学院。

2014年初，顺应国家要求，经专家考察、教育部正式批准，学院转设为独立建制的普通高等本科学校，更名为成都文理学院。

学院现有洪河、金堂两个校区，占地面积1678亩，环境优美，设施设备齐全，“书香、墨香、花香”，是一所现代化的园林式大学。

学院秉承“博文、明理、弘毅、笃行”的校训和“文以养德、理以求真、兼容并包、与时俱进”的办学理念;奉行“创办学生满意的学校，培养社会满意的学生”的办学宗旨;恪守“是否有利于学生全面发展，是否有利于学生个性特长发展，是否有利于学生可持续发展”的教育教学评价标准;以陶行知先生的格言“要学生做的事，教职员躬亲共做;要学生学的知识，教职员躬亲共学;要学生守的规则，教职员躬亲共守”为教职员工的行为规范;通过自主自治的管理机制、唯才是举的用人机制、以生为本的评价机制、自上而下的服务机制、先支持后规范的创新激励机制、引进与培养相结合的教师成长机制、同发展共分享的可持续发展机制等七大机制建立和完善现代大学制度，以浸润式人文养成模式为依托，借鉴吸收国内外优质办学资源，培养文理会通、思想自由、求真向善、德才兼备、开放包容，具有幸福感的现代化高素质应用型人才。

经过多年办学探索和实践，学院形成了独具特色的`教育教学理念，走出了一条“面向学生、面向社会、面向世界、面向未来”的优质办学道路。

学院师资力量雄厚，拥有一支学者型、专家型、双师型的教师队伍。

在1119名专任教师中，高级职称占32.8%,具有研究生学历的教师占67.1%,同时拥有多名省级教学名师和多个省级优秀教学团队。

四川师范大学文理学院创新教育学分实施细则（试行）为培养知识结构合理、基础扎实、富有创新意识、创造能力和创业精神，具有国际视野的优秀人才，鼓励和倡导学生积极参加创新研究计划和各种学科专业竞赛，促进学生个性发展，鼓励人才冒尖，特制定本细则。

一、实施对象和学分要求创新教育学分是指我院全日制本专科生在校期间根据自己的特长和爱好，从事本科创新教育项目或其他科研活动而取得具有一定创新意义的成果和专业学科竞赛奖项，经核准认定后被授予的学分。

1．本科从2008级开始，在校学习期间必须完成4个“创新教育学分”，本科毕业时未能完成4个“创新教育学分”者将按结业处理。

2．专科从2008级开始，在校学习期间必须完成4个“创新教育学分”，专科毕业时未能完成4个“创新教育学分”者将按结业处理。

3．本科、专科超出4个学分的，可以冲抵人才培养计划中的选修课程。

与专业相关的创新成果取得的创新教育学分可以冲抵人才培养计划中专业选修课程的学分；其他创新成果取得的创新教育学分只可以冲抵人才培养计划中非专业选修课程的学分；创新教育学分可以累计，但冲抵选修课程学分原则上本科最多不超过10学分，专科不超出6个学分，其余超出部分学院记入学生学籍档案，但不冲抵课程学分。

4．学生参加取得创新教育学分的多个项目可累计计算，但同一项目累次获奖，一般只计算一次且只计最高分，不累计，集体与个人重复，只计最高，不累计。

5．各类等级考试所获得的学分、课外实验活动学分既可申报实践学分，也可申报创新教育学分，学生可根据自己的情况进行申报，但不能两边同时申报。

6．创新教育学分的指标应列入评优评奖的有关条款。

二、活动项目创新教育学分可以通过多种途径获得，包括：竞赛、比赛活动，科学研究，艺术创作，各类社会考试等。

三、创新教育学分的申报1．个人取得的创新成果由个人申报，集体取得的创新成果由指导教师负责组织申报。

申报时需详细填写《四川师范大学文理学院创新教育学分申报表》，并提供成果原件和复印件。