专业英语复习资料

会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。

心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。

Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。

Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。

Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。

Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。

Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。

Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。

Group Thinking 群体思维12。

Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。

Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。

Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。

Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。

Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。

机能主义 functionalism2。

自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。

分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。

知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。

专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。

对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。

对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。

以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。

2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。

3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。

本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。

4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。

本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。

5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。

这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。

除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。

前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。

该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。

英语专业四级考试复习资料Introduction:The English Major Level Four Examination is an important milestone for students majoring in English. To perform well in this exam, comprehensive and well-organized review materials are essential. This article aims to provide a detailed and effective study guide for students preparing for the English Major Level Four Examination. It will cover key areas of the exam and offer valuable resources for successful preparation.I. Reading Comprehension:1. Tips for Reading Comprehension:Reading comprehension is a crucial part of the English Major Level Four Examination. Here are some tips to enhance your understanding and score higher in this section:1) Skim the passage first to grasp the main idea.2) Underline or highlight important keywords or phrases.3) Read the questions before going through the passage to have a clear focus.4) Be cautious of distractors and pay attention to the context.5) Practice with previous exams and simulated tests to improve your speed and accuracy.2. Recommended Materials:To excel in reading comprehension, it is important to have access to quality reading materials. Here are some recommended resources:1) Authentic English newspapers, magazines, and online articles.2) Academic journals related to various disciplines.3) English books, both fiction and non-fiction, to develop a wider vocabulary and comprehension skills.4) Online platforms offering practice exercises and mock tests specifically designed for English comprehension.II. Grammar and Vocabulary:1. Grammar Review:Mastering grammar rules is essential for the English Major Level Four Examination. Here is a comprehensive list of grammar topics to revise:1) Verb tenses and their usage.2) Sentence structure, including clauses and phrases.3) Subject-verb agreement.4) Pronouns and determiners.5) Conditional sentences.6) Passive voice and reported speech.7) Articles and prepositions.8) Word formation and parts of speech.2. Vocabulary Expansion:Expanding one's vocabulary is crucial for success in the exam. Here are some effective strategies to improve your word power:1) Create flashcards with new words and review them regularly.2) Read extensively to encounter new words in context.3) Utilize vocabulary-building apps and online resources.4) Engage in conversations, debates, and discussions to reinforce word usage.III. Writing:1. Essay Writing:Essay writing is an important component of the English Major Level Four Examination. To enhance your writing skills, consider the following steps:1) Understand the essay prompt and analyze the requirements.2) Plan your essay structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.3) Use appropriate linking words and phrases to connect ideas.4) Support your arguments with relevant examples and evidence.5) Revise and proofread your essay for coherence, grammar, and spelling errors.2. Paper Writing:Apart from essays, academic paper writing is also a crucial skill. Consider the following tips for effective paper writing:1) Choose a well-defined topic and conduct thorough research.2) Develop a clear thesis statement and outline.3) Use authoritative sources and properly cite them using the appropriate referencing style.4) Organize your paper logically, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.5) Revise your paper multiple times to ensure clarity and conciseness.IV. Listening Comprehension:The listening comprehension section of the English Major Level Four Examination poses challenges to many students. Follow these strategies to improve your listening skills:1) Practice active listening in your daily life, such as watching movies, listening to podcasts, and participating in English conversation groups.2) Familiarize yourself with various accents by listening to different English speakers.3) Take advantage of online resources that provide practice exercises specifically designed for listening comprehension.4) Focus on understanding the main idea and supporting details during practice sessions.5) Take notes while listening to improve your retention and comprehension.Conclusion:The English Major Level Four Examination requires comprehensive preparation and dedicated effort. By following the study guide provided in this article, students can enhance their chances of success in the exam. Remember to practice regularly, utilize recommended resources, and seek assistance from teachers or tutors when needed. Good luck with your exam preparations!。

考学位英语复习资料在大学期间，作为具备一定专业背景的学生，我们需要通过学位英语考试来证明自己的语言能力，从而获得更大的发展机会和进一步深造的资格。

因此，对于考试复习资料的准备，就显得尤为必要。

下面将介绍一些备考学位英语时可以使用的复习资料。

1. 《考研英语词汇》这是一本非常经典的词汇书，其中收录了高频考研单词以及其在语境中的使用方法。

相信大部分考学位英语的同学也会购买这本书进行复习。

该书的一个优点是较为详细地讲解了词汇的用法和搭配，帮助我们更好地掌握和记忆单词。

缺点则是内容较为单薄，只适合用于做单词量的巩固和扩充，对于其他语言能力提升的方面并不涉及。

2. 考试真题与模拟题了解真题和模拟题是备考过程中不可或缺的一件事情。

通过做真题和模拟题，我们可以熟悉考试形式和题型，同时还可以磨练自己的应试技巧和时间管理能力。

当然，最重要的是，通过模拟题可以检验自己的语言水平，找到自己的薄弱环节，有助于我们针对性地进行复习。

同时，现在网络上也有很多考试辅导机构提供各种形式的在线模拟测试，也可以尝试使用来提升自己的应试能力。

3. 学科类英语教材考试中，学科类英语占了很大比例，因此对于有一定专业基础的学生而言，选用与自己专业相关的英语教材进行复习是一个不错的选择。

以医学专业为例，可以选用《医学英语》、《临床医学英语》等教材进行研读和背诵，既有利于我们学习学科知识，又有助于提升语言水平。

当然，这也要求我们在平时学习中多注意积累专业英语词汇和短语。

4. 听力材料和口语练习英语听力和口语也占了学位英语考试的重要部分，因此为了提升这方面的语言能力，可以准备一些听力材料和口语练习资料。

听力材料可以选择一些英语听力网站或者广播节目，也可以选用一些相关的听力教材进行学习。

同时，通过语音矫正软件进行口语练习也是一个不错的选择，可以帮助我们加强语音和语调训练，提升口语表达能力。

综上所述，备考学位英语的过程中，需要尽可能地利用各种资源，积极备考。

专业英语单词Uint 1Current 电流voltage 电压resistance 电阻、电抗Circuit 电路charge 电荷ampere 安培Conductor 导体element 元素、元件diode 二极管Uint3Signal 信号amplification 放大proportional 比例的、成比例的Considerable 相当大的、值得考虑的waveform 波形oscillator 振荡器Modulator 调节器amplitude 振幅integrated 综合的、完整的load 负载Spectrum 频谱Uint 5System 系统binary 二进制pulse 脉搏、脉冲transducer 传感器、变频器Communication 传达、信息、通信Uint 8Significance 重要性、意义artificial 人造的、假的intelligence 智慧、智力Hardware 硬件software 软件memory 内存、存储器Allocate 分配Uint 14Processing 处理interference 干扰modem 调制解调器cellular 细胞的Uint16Modulation 调制demodulate 使解调、使检波carrier 载体Antenna 天线baseband 基带bandwidth 带宽Uint 17Transmission 发射、传输encoder 译码器decoder 解码器缩略词LED 发光二极管IC 集成电路BJT 双极型晶体管TTL TTL逻辑电路CMOS 互补型金属氧化物半导体UNIVAC 通用自动计算机CPU 中央处理器CD 光盘ADC 模数转换器ECG 心电图选择题答案（只有正确答案单词）Uint 1Current negative are composed of it constitute makes up resists i=ru In 功Uint 3 Video conference linear forward ……reverse common-base voltage atUint 5Two both A and B 1 A+B=C logic gatesUint 14Binary from varies be applied digital decompressionUint 16Demodulating loss filter receive intermediateUint 17 （课文没讲）判断题Uint 1⑴One milliampere is equivalent to one-thousandth (0.001) of an ampere,and one microampere is equivalent to one-billionth(0.000000001)of an ampere.……………………（×）⑵The term voltage is commonly used to indicate a difference in potential but electromotive force is not.…………（×）⑶The flow of electrons through a conductor is called an electric current.…………（√）⑷Besides the volt,smaller or larger magnitude of voltage are expressed in millivolts(mv),or microvolts.…………（×）⑸Ohm ’s Law states that the ratio of the voltage between the ends of a wire and the current flowing in it is equal to the resistance of the wire. …………（√）Uint 3⑴A junction transistor in the common-base mode can act as a current amplifier.…………（×） ⑵The small alternating voltage is applied to the common-emitter circuit and causes large changes of base current which produce small changes in the collector current flowing through the load.…………（×）⑶The common-emitter amplifier provides both current gain and voltage gain,mereoverAu>0.…………（×）⑷When the base current increases,large proportionate increases occur in the collector current.…………（√）⑸Video amplifiers amplify the electrical signal,which then is converted to sound in a loudspeaker.…………（×）Uint 5⑴In digital logic circuits,“true”can be represented by a 1 and “false”by a 0.…………（√）⑵The output of an OR gate is true only if all the inputs are true.…………（×）⑶An INVERTER has two or more inputs and a output.…………（×）⑷Any analog function can be performed by the three basic gates.（√）Uint 8⑴UNIVAC ,introduced in the early 1960s ,was based on transistors.…………（×）⑵With the development of very-large-scale intergration ,the fifth-generation computers are expected to include artificial intelligence.…………（√）⑶The control unit can take the user instructions and transform them into analog signals so that the computer’s circuitry will understand what to do next.…………（×）⑷The central processing unit(CPU) is the combination of the ALU and the operating system.…………（×）⑸The memory stores instructions and data ,it can be classified into RAM or ROM.…………（√）Uint 14⑴Before applying DSP,a digital signal must be converted into analog form.…………（×）⑵The digital signal processing is often done by performing numerical calculations.…………（√）⑶The filtering of signals to improve signal quality is done by analog electrons.…………（×）⑷In audio CD systems ,DSP technology is used to perform complex error detection.…………（√）⑸DSP technology will soon replace analog circuitry in such devices as mobile phones,multimedia computers.…………（×）Uint 16⑴The RF section provides most of the amplification and selectivity in the receiver.…………（×）⑵The purpose of the demodulator is to recover the sidebands signal.…………（×）⑶The result of the heterodyning is to produce an intermediate-frequency carrier defined byf IF=f LO-f RF.…………（√）⑷The superheterodyne receiver has the difficulty of having to build a tunable highly selective and variable filter.…………（×）⑸The purpose of carrier-frequency tuning is to select the desired signal.…………（√）Uint 17（课文没讲，随后自己填写）⑴Not very communication system makes use of a transmission medium of some kind.…………（）⑵The decoder makes the best decision that a given message was indeed sent according to the available signals .…………（）⑶The modulator produces a constant signal which is proportional in some way to the signal appearing across its output terminals.…………（）⑷The roles of the encoder and the demodulator are almost the same in that both prepare the signal for more efficient transmission.…………（）⑸A transmission line is one of the simplest transmission medium.…………（）段落翻译Uint 1Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example, a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. The value of resistor is called resistance and is represented by the letter symbol R. Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega Ω. One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt. 1Ωis quite small so resistor values are often given in kiloohm(kΩ) or megohm(MΩ) .译：电阻器阻碍电流的的流动，比如与发光二极管串联的电阻器限制了流过LED的电流。

千里之行，始于足下。

202X年英语专业四级考试复习资料202X年英语专业四级考试复习资料一、阅读理解阅读理解是英语四级考试中的重要部分，考察学生的阅读理解能力和语言运用能力。

复习阅读理解可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 阅读技巧：掌握快速阅读和略读的技巧，能够迅速获取文章的主要信息。

2. 题目解析：理解题目的要求，掌握各种题型的解题技巧。

如，主旨题要抓住文章的中心思想，细节题要仔细阅读文章，推理题要根据文章的暗示进行推理。

3. 词汇积累：扩大词汇量，掌握常见的英语词汇和短语。

二、听力理解听力理解是英语四级考试中的另一个重要部分，考察学生的听力理解能力和听说能力。

复习听力理解可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 听力素材：多听英语材料，积累听力素材，提高听力能力。

2. 题目解析：熟悉各种题型，掌握解题技巧。

如，选择题要注意听关键词，笔记题要能够捕捉到关键信息并进行记录。

3. 快速反应：练习快速反应能力，训练自己能够在短时间内听出关键信息。

第1页/共3页锲而不舍，金石可镂。

三、写作能力写作能力是英语四级考试中的一个重要方面，考察学生的写作能力和语言运用能力。

复习写作可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 写作素材：积累写作素材，扩大写作的话题范围，提高写作的内容质量。

2. 语法运用：熟悉英语的语法规则，掌握常用的短语和句型，提高语言运用能力。

3. 作文练习：多进行写作练习，熟悉各种写作题型，并进行模拟写作。

四、词汇和语法词汇和语法是英语四级考试中的基础部分，考察学生的语言基础和语言运用能力。

复习词汇和语法可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 词汇积累：背诵单词，积累常见的英语词汇和短语。

2. 语法规则：熟悉英语的基本语法规则，掌握常见的语法问题和纠正方法。

3. 语法练习：进行语法练习，巩固所学的语法知识，并进行模拟题练习。

五、口语表达口语表达是英语四级考试中的一个重要部分，考察学生的口语表达能力和语言运用能力。

复习口语表达可以从以下几个方面进行：1. 口语素材：多听和看英语口语材料，增加口语的素材。

计算机专业英语期末复习资料考试题型：一、将中文的计算机专业术语翻译成英文（单词或词组）（20题，20分）范围：（1）第255页-第261页英文单词（2）第178页-第188页英文词组，第262页-271页部分词组重点词汇和词组（出现概率：90% :adapter ani mati on asynchronous chip deadlock en capsulati onin stall in structio n in terrupt multitask multi-thread opera ndoverflow overload ing processor pixel router remoteassembly engin eeri ng executable memory multimedia pixelresolutionstructure switch tran sact ion variable volatilesimplicity flexibilitycon fidentialityreliability recoveryprotocoltraffic cha nnel refresh in stallati on stack port dow nl oad buffer attribute menuClipboard Cluster con gesti on compatibility compiler con sole compressi on zoomdecode encode debug decryptio n en crypti on directory docume nt edit feedbackfolder format frame function hit host hypertext ico n image unin stallkeyboard logi n logo n log out n etmask on li ne offline overloadi ng packagepassword peripheral pipe platform process queue quit resp onse request serial sig nature simulate terminal thread topology update upload utility video bootmemoryremote procedure call iden tifier/locator、选择合适的英语单词填空（10题，20分）范围：(出现概率：90%database management system distributed n etwork object-orie ntedprogram ming optimal scheduli ng algorithm software life cycle symmetric key en crypti on structured query Ian guagevirtualaddress spaceasymmetric keyen crypti on 8-bit shift register arithmetic logical operati onsmultitask ingoperati ng system un authorized accesswireless com munication the real mode clock pulsesloosely coupled multiprocess ing digital sig nature tran smissi on controlprotocoluser datagram protocol universal com muni cati onserial bus quality of service inter-processredundant arrays of in expe nsive disks routi ng in formati on protocol ope nshortest path firstglobal positi oning system hyper text tran sport protocol in tegrated circuit full duplex graphical user in terface doma inn ame system power- on self-test ran dom accesssoftware developme nt kitun iform resource(1 )第41 页：A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of anytwo-state variable because it can only be “off ” or “ on” .(2 )第51 页：A volatile memory is one that loses its data when power isremoved from the circuit, while non volatile memory reta ins its data even whe n power is removed.(3 )第57 页：In put is a process that in volves the use of a device to en codeor tran sform data into digital codes that the computer can process.(4)第58 页：A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes acrossa desk surface in order to point to a place on a display scree n and to select oneor more acti ons to take from that positi on.(5 )第59 页：Resolutio n refers to the nu mber of in dividual dots of color, known as pixel contained on a display.(6)第60页：A scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a from the computer can use.(7)第72 页：A data structure is a specialized format for organizing andstori ng data.(8)第85 页：The computer memory locations are called variables becausethey hold values that might vary.(9)第86 页：An executable program is a sequenee of extremely simplein struct ions known as machi ne code.(10)第86 页：Each mach ine Ianguage in structi on has an equivale nt comma nd in assembly Ian guage.(11)第87 页：A complier is a program that translates source code into object code.(12)第87 页：An in terpreter tran slates high-level in structi ons in to anin termediate form, which it the n executes.（13）第92 页：Software engineering is the application of tools, methods,and disciplines to produce and maintain an automated solution to a real-worldproblem.（14）第149 页：Multimedia is any comb in ati on of text, graphic art, sound, ani mati on, and video delivered to you by computer or other electro nic means.（15）第164 页：A transaction is a collect ion of operati ons that performsa sin gle logical function in a database applicati on.三、判断题（10题，20分）范围：（出现概率：96%（1 ）第52 页：One kilobyte（KB） equals 1024 bytes.（2 ）第52 页：If a cell con sist of k bits, it can hold anyone of 2k differe nt bit comb in ati ons.（3 ）第62 页：Keyboard, mouse and mon itor/sca nner are all in put devices. （False）（4 ）第76 页：The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-i n/first-out rule. （queue -> stack）（5）第83 页：Most operating systems have a standard set of controlin struct ions to han dle the process ing of all in put and output in struct ions.（6）第89 页：” ADDAX,BX” is a instruction of machine Ianguage. （false, high-level la nguages, assembly Ian guage）（7）第111 页：A gateway could be used to connect the different networks.（8）第115、116、119 页：IP and IPX are examples of network-layer protocols. TCPand SPXare transport layer protocols. TCP and SPXare session layer protocols. （false）（9）第157、161 页：A 256-color graphic requires eight bits for each pixel. For a 16-color graphic, each pixel can have one of 16 colors.（10 ）第175 页：Some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files,destro ying data and crash ing systems.四、排序题（1题，6分）理解第47 页的"The CPUexecutes each instruction in a series of small steps: ................. Go to step 1 to begi n executi ng the follow ing in struct ion. This seque nee of stepsis frequently referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. ”, 将1-7 排序好（可参考《计算机组成原理》第五章内容理解）（出现概率：100%五、阅读题（2篇，24分）第66 页的“ Time-Shared Bus ”（出现概率：100%另一篇参考第46页六、翻译题（2题，10分）第43页的阅读材料“ Digital Computer System ”的第一段（出现概率：90%第97 页的阅读材料“ The Software Life Cycle ”第二段的“ in which development proceeds linearly through the phases of ................. and maintenance. ”，并参考第92 页-94 页的内容（出现概率：90%。

有重复的，没有挑选。

1、计算机支持的协作学习（CSCL）Computer Supported Collaborative/Cooperative Learning2、视听教学 Audiovisual Education3、教育信息化 Educational Informationization4、信息技术与课程整合 Integrating Information Technology into Curriculum5、远程教育 Distance Education6、学习社区 Learning Community7、网络教学 web-based Instruction8、媒体素养 Media Literacy9、在线交流 Online Interaction10、教学策略 Instructional Strategies/Strategy（二）请将下列专业术语翻译成汉语1、sensormotor stage 感知运算阶段2、rote learning 机械学习3、Mastery Learning 掌握学习4、Mass Instruction 集体教学5、Zone of Proximal Development 最近发展区6、Formative Evaluation 形成性评价7、Assimilation and Accommodation 同化与顺应8、Correspondence Course 函授课程9、Transfer of Learning 学习迁移10、Courseware on Demand 课件点播1、认知心理学 Cognitive Psychology 学习目标 Learning Objective2、标准参照测验 Criterion-referenced test3、视听教学 Audiovisual Instruction4、5、发现学习 Discovery learning6、程序教学 Programmed instruction7、言语信息 Verbal Information8、信息素养 Information literacy9、计算机支持的协作学习CSCL Computer Supported Collaborative/Cooperative Learning10、学习环境 Learning Environment（二）请将下列专业术语翻译成汉语1、Transfer of Learning 学习迁移2、Constructivism 建构主义3、EPSS（Electronic Performance Support System）电子绩效支持系统4、Independent Learning 自主学习 /独立式学习5、Zone of Proximal Development 最近发展区6、Role Playing 角色扮演法7、Multi-intelligence Theory 多元智能理论8、Component Display Theory（CDT）成分展示理论9、Motor Skills 动作技能10、Artificial Intelligence 人工智能1、先行组织者 advanced organizer（2分）2、认知结构 cognitive structure （2分）3、常模参照测验 normal-referenced test（2分）4、基于探究的学习 inquiry-based learning（2分）5、教学策略 instructional strategies/strategy （2分）6、学习共同体(COL) the commonwealth of learning （2分）7、虚拟现实 virtual reality（2分）8、信息素养 information literacy（2分）9、计算机支持的协作学习Computer Supported Collaborative/Cooperative Learning（2分）10、学习需求分析 analysis of learning needs（2分）1、Field-independent 场独立（2分）2、Entry Behavior 初始能力/行为（2分）3、Mastery Learning 掌握学习（2分）4、Correspondence Course 函授课程（2分）5、Zone of Proximal Development 最近发展区（2分）6、CMC(Computer Mediated Communication) 基于计算机的通信/计算机媒介通信（2分）7、Multi-intelligence Theory 多元智能理论（2分）8、Component Display Theory（CDT）成分展示/显示理论（2分）9、Anchored Instruction 锚定式教学/抛锚式教学（2分）10、Cone of Experience 经验之塔（2分）5、认知心理学 Cognitive Psychology 学习目标 Learning Objective6、标准参照测验 Ccriterion-referenced test视听教学 Audiovisual Instruction5、发现学习 Discovery learning6、程序教学 Programmed instruction7、言语信息 Verbal Information8、信息素养 Information literacy9、计算机支持的协作学习CSCL Computer Supported Collaborative/Cooperative Learning10、学习环境 Learning Environment（二）请将下列专业术语翻译成汉语1、Objectives-Oriented Instruction 目标导向教学2、Constructivism 建构主义3、EPSS（Electronic Performance Support System）电子绩效支持系统4、Independent Learning 自主学习 /独立式学习5、Zone of Proximal Development 最近发展区6、Role Playing 角色扮演法7、Multi-intelligence Theory 多元智能理论8、Component Display Theory（CDT）成分展示理论9、Motor Skills 动作技能10、Artificial Intelligence 人工智能二、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1、Information literacy refers to the ability to access and use a variety of information sources to solve an information need.2. Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction.3.AECT94.04 定义一、教育技术AECT94定义: 是为了促进学习对有关资源与过程进行设计,开发,利用,管理和评价的理论与实践.Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design．development．utilization,management and evaluation of processes and resources for learningEducational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.（04）三、短文翻译（英译汉）30分1.The following material is about Gerlach and Ely Model , Please translate into Chinese.The Gerlach and Ely Model emphasize the simultaneous identification of content and objectives prior to assessing any student behaviors. “Recognize that many teachers first think about instruction from the standpoint of content.” Teachers are often expected to design instruction to meet a specific assigned curriculum and use existing materials.The design and development of the instruction are completed together as an ongoing process. The steps are not necessarily progressive. Evaluation of performance enables the instructor to assess whether the instruction was successful and if the learning objectives were met. Finally the analysis of feedback allows the designer to make any necessary changes to the design.There is some discussion as to whether the model is more appropriate for novice or more experienced designers. A novice model can allow teachers to use materials already in existence and not truly allowing for “change” within the system. However as an expert model, it is used within a specific context and allows for selecting and including media within instruction, when the content and /or other materials are provided. This approach suggests that the selection process is intense and requires expert knowledge of the needs of the students.2、The following material is about the process of communication , Please translate into Chinese.To gain a more complete overview of what take place when people engage in an cat of communication, let us first analyze the process in terms of six specific stages that take place in the following order:1.the act of human communication begins with a sender, who decides to initiate a message witha specific set of intended meanings2.the sender then encodes the intended meanings by selecting specific words and gestures that receiver will presumably understand.3.The message is then transmitted—spoken or written—so as to cross the space between sender and receiver.4.The receiver, the individual to whom the message is directed, attends to and perceives the incoming message as a specific pattern of symbols.5.The receiver then decodes the message by constructing his or her own interpretations of meanings of the symbols6.As a result of interpreting the message, the receiver is influenced in some way. That is, the meaning of the communication has some effect.This is a basic linear model of human communication. It is obvious that such a model greatly oversimplifies the process. However, its value is that it permits us to understand each of the stages represented.Look at in this somewhat artificial way, the communicative act begins, goes through the stages and then stops, like a tape recorder being turned on and off. In reality, the conversations that we engage in with people around us are much more complex.. Most face-to-face human conversations are transactional in that each person encodes and decodes messages at the some time and is alert to all kinds of cues from the other person.. Many factors influence the process. What has already been said plays a key part in what comes next. In addition, the meanings constructed by each party are influenced by the relationship between sender and receiver.Moreover, the sociocultural situation and even the physical surroundings can influence the meanings constructed by both parties.In spite of its simplicity and obvious limitations, the basic linear model is useful for analyzing the communication process, breaking it down into its distinct stages so as to understand what happens at each.1.The following material is about Gagné’s theory of instruction , Please translate into Chinese.Gagnéproposed an integrated and comprehensive theory of instruction that is primarily on two foundations :cognitive information processing theory and Gagné’s own observations of effective teaching in the classroom.As it evolved, then , Gagné’s theory of instruction came to comprise three components:(1) a taxonomy of learning outcomes that defined the types of capabilities humans can learn;(2) internal and external learning conditions associated with the acquisition of each category of learning outcome;(3) nine events of instruction that each facilitates a specific cognitive process during learning.According to Gagné,there are five major categories of learning ,they are verbal information, intellectual skill, cognitive strategies, attitudes, motor skill.The reason for defining different categories of learning outcomes stems from the assumption that they must all require different conditions for learning. In addition to conditions of learning that are unique to each learning outcome, there are conditions of learning which facilitate the process of learning in general. Gagné conceived of the nine events of instruction as learning conditions to support internal processes such as attention, encoding and retrieval.The events of instruction are:1)Gaining attention, 2)Informing the learner of the objective,3)Stimulating recall of prior learning, 4)Presenting the stimulus, 5)Providing learning guidance, 6)Eliciting performance, 7)Providing feedback, 8)Assessing performance, 9)Enhancing retention and transfer.2.The fo加涅基于认知信息加工理论和自己在课堂上对有效教学的观察提出一整套综合性的教学理论。

Chapter 1Bacterium（Bacteria）细菌 yeast 酵母 fungus（fungi 真菌 alga（algae)藻类 cultured mammalian cells 哺乳动物培养细胞 fermentation processes 发酵工程 biocatalyst 生物催化剂 antibiotics 抗生素 biomass 菌体 amino acids氨基酸enzyme steroid 甾体，类固醇polysaccharides 多糖vaccines 疫苗biochemical engineering生物化学工程immobilization 固定化genetic engineering 基因工程 genome 基因组 mutation 突变 gene 基因Comprehension1．What is biotechnology?what are its characteristics points？Key： Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms， or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management。

A high proportion of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic, less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non—toxic。