动词时态和语态
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第七章动词时态和语态一.一般时1.现在一般时(The Simple Present Tense)现在一般时由动词原形或当主语为第三人称单数时动词加-s或-es构成,主要用法有:1) 现在一般时主要用于表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态、日常行为和习惯、说话时刻的状态以及客观性和真理性的事实,通常与always,often,usually,sometimes,every day等时间状语连用,其动作起始和状态存在的时间没有明确界定。
He walks to school every day.They enjoy surfing on the Internet.Hydrogen is the lightest element.The sun sets in the west.2)现在一般时也可以用来表示说话时刻的瞬间动作,与说话时刻几乎同时发生且转瞬即逝,一般用于体育解说、演示说明、剧情介绍、图片说明等场合。
Hunt passes the ball to Harper; Harper shoots and the goal keeper leaps it but —yes, it’s a goal.(体育解说)When the curtain rises, Sally sits beside the window. Suddenly the door opens and a man in uniform enters.(舞台说明)The story concerns two like-minded, lonely singles who live in the same building but never meet because one turns right when going out and the other turns left. They finally have a chance encounter in a park, but then they lose contact again.(剧情介绍)3)现在一般时有时也可用于表达过去发生的动作。
(1)少数动词如tell,hear,learn,say等可以用现在一般时来表示过去发生的动作,强调所述事实的存在而不是其发生的时间。
Alice tells me her team has won the championship in the finals.I hear her trip has been ruined by the bad weather.(2)叙事文和新闻报道中,为了加强生动性和真实性,可用现在一般时表示经常发生的动作或情况。
Jordan bows out with grace.Journeys in space benefit usMBA studies hit a low point.4)现在一般时还可表示将来发生的动作。
(1)一些表示转移的动词如go,come,arrive,leave,start,sail等可以用现在一般时来表示按规定、计划、时间表预计要发生的事,通常伴有一个表示将来时间的状语。
The train leaves at six in the morning.When do you start?The football match begins in a few minutes.(2)在状语从句和宾语从句中,现在一般时也可以表示将来的时间。
If he comes, we will tell him. (条件状语从句)He will be a doctor when he grows up. (时间状语从句)I hope you have a good time. (宾语从句)I bet it rains tomorrow. (宾语从句)Make sure that you look after the baby while I am away. (宾语从句)2.过去一般时(The Simple Past Tense)过去一般时就是动词的过去时,主要用法有:1) 过去一般时主要用于表示过去某一特定的与现在没有联系的时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,也可以表示过去的习惯动作,通常与ago,yesterday,last year,in those days等表示时间的状语连用。
I came across an old friend on the street yesterday.He went to college last year.Next morning Emile, Durand’s boy, bought us letters addressed to William Gray. Kitty tore one open. It contained no message, only an address.2)过去一般时有时还可以表示现在时间和将来时间。
(1)动词want,wonder,think,hope等可以用过去一般时来表示现在的动作和状态,语气比现在一般时显得更委婉客气。
I wondered if you could spare me a few minutes.(不知道我能否耽搁你几分钟。
)I hoped you could give us some help.(我希望你能给我们一些帮助。
)(2)表示与现在事实相反的条件句,或者一些虚拟语气结构中,比如It’s time…that,I wish…that,I’d rather…that等,过去一般时可以表示对将来情况的设想。
It’s time you took a break.I’d rather you went now.If I had the money now, I would buy a car.3.将来一般时(The Simple Future Tense)表示在将来的某个时间发生的某个非进行性、非完成性的行为或存在的某个状态的动词形式就是将来一般时。
将来一般时的表现形式有好几种,这些形式往往具有某种情态意义。
使用将来时时应注意以下几点。
1)表示从现在看将要发生的事实,通常与tomorrow,next day,next year等表示将来的时间状语连用:We will meet again tomorrow.2)用来提出请求、表示同意、做出承诺等:Will you give me a hand?3)助动词shall用于第一人称构成疑问句时,表示询问听话人意图和愿望。
Where shall we go for our holiday?What time shall I go?在回答Shall I …问句时,不可用Yes, you shall或No, you shall not,而应该说Yes, please (或Please do) 或No, please don’t (Please don’t)。
—Shall I open the window?—Yes, please.—Shall I carry your suitcase?—No, thanks.在回答Shall we…问句时,应该说Yes, let’s或No, I don’t think we shall.—Shall we go to the party together?—Yes, let’s.—Let’s go swimming, shall we?—No, I don’t think we shall.4)表示将来情况的其它结构:be going to / be about to / be to+动词原形。
He is going to visit his old friend this afternoon.(表示最近的安排)I feel dizzy. I think I’m going to faint.(表预见,现在有迹象即将发生)It’s going to rain.(不受主观意志控制的将来动作)We are about to start.(表示立即就要发生的事)The President is to speak on television tonight.(表较重要的、已经安排好的事,常见报纸、广播,用于宣布计划、决定)You are not to leave. You are to stay here till we return.(表示要求做的事,表示命令、禁止或可能性)二.进行时进行时表示动作在一个时段中处于进行之中,因此具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。
根据时间概念,进行时分为现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时四种。
1.现在进行时(The Present Progressive Tense)现在进行时由助动词be的现在时形式am/ is/ are + V-ing构成,主要用法有:1)表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的事情,常有now, at this moment等时间状语。
—What are you doing now, Jack?—I’m writing a letter.He is watching TV at this moment.The doorbell is ringing, would you answer it, please?注:(1)表示状态和感觉的动词一般不用进行时,特别是love, hate, like, know, belong to等;如果用进行时,通常表示某种感情色彩或者突出动作的临时性和生动性。
While he talked I was liking him more and more.(表示感情发展过程)I was hating you all the time.(表示强烈的厌恶之情)Are you belonging to the college?(突出现在情况)How are you feeling today?(表生动亲切)We are having a cold rain these days. (表示临时性)(2)be一般不用进行时;若用,则表示不同于一般情况下的特殊特征并带有说话人的某种感情色彩。
He was always being angry about nothing. (带有批评色彩,他老是无端发怒。
)He was only being kind for this moment. (他在此刻显得和蔼,也许他从来不和蔼。
)Jenny is being a good girl today. (仅指今天的行为很好。
)2) 表示现阶段处于进行之中的动作,但说话时不一定正在进行。