日本开发无需倒车的汽车 轮胎可90度旋转

德国研发出新型转向轮胎，可原地旋转平行移动，不过目前还未量产导语：德国研发出新型转向轮胎，可原地旋转平行移动，不过目前还未量产要说如今最普遍和常用的代步工具是什么，估计大家都会说是汽车。

的确，汽车的出现让人类的出行方式更加的方便，迄今为止，汽车已经诞生了有100多年历史。

而在汽车走进人们生活的这些年当中，不管是从外形上还是到内在结构上都有着很大的变化。

但是唯独在汽车上有一处零件却恰恰相反，一直以来都没啥大的创新，而这个零件就是轮胎。

其实主要的原因就是轮胎控制了汽车的活动，因为它的造型非常局限，所以说很难做大的改变。

不过最近德国科研人员却研制出了一种新型的轮胎，它将改写轮胎一成不变的历史。

据了解，这款轮胎是经过德国的研发者通过三年的研究创造出来的，它是一种新型的全向轮胎，把它安装在汽车上可以让汽车旋转360度，并且还以水平方向的移动，这样的效果是不是颠覆了大家的思维。

这款叫做liddiard wheels的轮胎之所以有这么神奇的特征，是因为在它的轮毂当中均匀的分布着很多的转轮，而在这个转轮周围还有从动轮，当这两个轮子运动的时候方向是相反的，就是说可以让轮胎在不同的方向进行前进，这也就实现了汽车可以原地自由旋转和平行移动的目的。

据设计师说，购买这款轮胎不用考虑和车辆型号兼容的问题，因为它适用于所有的汽车，但是现在还有一些细节的问题没有处理好，所以暂时没有进行大批量的生产。

看来，对于想尝试一下这种轮胎的车主们就需要再等待一段时间了。

虽然，这种轮胎很好，但是对于我们国人来说却有点儿不占优势，毕竟专利在德国，到时候批量生产我们也只能够从德国进口，所以说肯定需要多花钱。

当然，我们也希望自己国家的这些科研人员们能够借鉴一下别的国家的这些技术，研发出自己的新形轮胎。

CCAR-25-R4民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）中国民用航空规章第25部运输类飞机适航标准1985年12月31日发布[1990年7月18日第一次修订][1995年12月18日第二次修订][2001年5月14日第三次修订][2022年11月7日第四次修订]民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）中国民用航空局令第209号《运输类飞机适航标准》(CCAR-25-R4)已经2022年10月26日中国民用航空局局务会议通过，现予公布，自2022年12月7日起施行。

局长李家祥二O一一年十一月七日中国民用航空局民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）目录A分部总则............................................................. ............................................................... .. (1)第25.1条适用范围............................................................. .................................................1第25.2条[备用]............................................................ .......................................................1第25.3条ETOPS型号设计批准的专用条款............................................................. (1)B分部飞行............................................................. ............................................................... .. (1)总则............................................................. ............................................................... ...............1第25.21条证明符合性的若干规定............................................................. .......................1第25.23条载重分布限制............................................................. .......................................2第25.25条重量限制............................................................. ...............................................2第25.27条重心限制............................................................. ...............................................3第25.29条空重和相应的重心............................................................. ...............................3第25.31条可卸配重............................................................. ...............................................3第25.33条螺旋桨转速和桨距限制............................................................. .. (3)性能............................................................. ............................................................... ...............3第25.101条总则............................................................. .....................................................3第25.103条失速速度............................................................. .............................................5第25.105条起飞............................................................. .....................................................6第25.107条起飞速度............................................................. .............................................6第25.109条加速—停止距离............................................................. .................................8第25.111条起飞航迹............................................................. ...........................................10第25.113条起飞距离和起飞滑跑距离............................................................. ...............11第25.115条起飞飞行航迹................................................................................................11第25.117条爬升：总则............................................................. .......................................11第25.119条着陆爬升：全发工作............................................................. .......................12第25.121条爬升：单发停车............................................................. ...............................12第25.123条航路飞行航迹............................................................. ...................................13第25.125条着陆............................................................. (13)操纵性和机动性............................................................. ........................................................15第25.143条总则............................................................. ...................................................15第25.145条纵向操纵............................................................. ...........................................16第25.147条航向和横向操纵............................................................. ...............................17第25.149条最小操纵速度............................................................. .. (18)配平.............................................................. ................................................................ ...........20第25.161条配平.............................................................. .. (20)稳定性............................................................. ............................................................... .........21第25.171条总则............................................................. ...................................................21第25.173条纵向静稳定性............................................................. ...................................21第25.175条纵向静稳定性的演示............................................................. .......................21第25.177条横向和航向静稳定性............................................................. .. (22)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.181条动稳定性............................................................. . (23)失速............................................................. ............................................................... . (23)第25.201条失速演示............................................................. ...........................................23第25.203条失速特性............................................................. ...........................................24第25.205条[删除]............................................................失速警告............................................................. . (24)地面和水面操纵特性............................................................. ................................................25第25.231条纵向稳定性和操纵性............................................................. .......................25第25.233条航向稳定性和操纵性............................................................. .......................25第25.235条滑行条件............................................................. ...........................................26第25.237条风速............................................................. ...................................................26第25.239条水面喷溅特性、操纵性和稳定性............................................................. (26)其它飞行要求............................................................. (27)第25.251条振动和抖振............................................................. .......................................27第25.253条高速特性............................................................. ...........................................27第25.255条失配平特性............................................................. (28)C分部结构............................................................. (29)总则............................................................. ............................................................... .............29第25.301条载荷............................................................. ...................................................29第25.303条安全系数............................................................. ...........................................29第25.305条强度和变形............................................................. .......................................29第25.307条结构符合性的证明............................................................. (29)飞行载荷.............................................................. ................................................................ ...30第25.321条总则.............................................................. .. (30)飞行机动和突风情况............................................................. ................................................30第25.331条对称机动情况............................................................. ...................................30第25.333条飞行机动包线................................................................................................31第25.335条设计空速............................................................. ...........................................32第25.337条限制机动载荷系数............................................................. ...........................33第25.341条突风和紊流载荷............................................................. ...............................34第25.343条设计燃油和滑油载重............................................................. .......................35第25.345条增升装置............................................................. ...........................................35第25.349条滚转情况............................................................. ...........................................36第25.351条偏航机动情况............................................................. .. (36)补充情况............................................................. ............................................................... .....37第25.361条发动机扭矩............................................................. .......................................37第25.363条发动机和辅助动力装置支架的侧向载荷....................................................37第25.365条增压舱载荷............................................................. .......................................37第25.367条发动机失效引起的非对称载荷............................................................. .......38第25.371条陀螺载荷............................................................. ...........................................38第25.373条速度控制装置............................................................. .. (39)操纵面和操纵系统载荷............................................................. .. (39)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.391条操纵面载荷：总则............................................................. ...........................39第25.393条平行于铰链线的载荷............................................................. .......................39第25.395条操纵系统............................................................. ...........................................39第25.397条操纵系统载荷............................................................. ...................................39第25.399条双操纵系统............................................................. .......................................40第25.405条次操纵系统............................................................. .......................................40第25.407条配平调整片的影响............................................................. ...........................41第25.409条调整片............................................................. ...............................................41第25.415条地面突风情况............................................................. ...................................41第25.427条非对称载荷............................................................. .......................................42第25.445条辅助气动力面................................................................................................42第25.457条襟翼............................................................. ...................................................43第25.459条特殊装置............................................................. . (43)地面载荷.............................................................. ................................................................ ...43第25.471条总则.............................................................. ..................................................43第25.473条着陆载荷情况和假定.............................................................. ......................43第25.477条起落架布置.............................................................. ......................................44第25.479条水平着陆情况.............................................................. ..................................44第25.481条尾沉着陆情况.............................................................. ..................................44第25.483条单起落架着陆情况.............................................................. ..........................45第25.485条侧向载荷情况.............................................................. ..................................45第25.487条回跳着陆情况................................................................................................45第25.489条地面操纵情况.............................................................. ..................................45第25.491条滑行、起飞和着陆滑跑.............................................................. ..................45第25.493条滑行刹车情况.............................................................. ..................................46第25.495条转弯.............................................................. ..................................................46第25.497条尾轮侧偏.............................................................. ..........................................46第25.499条前轮侧偏与操纵.............................................................. ..............................47第25.503条回转.............................................................. ..................................................47第25.507条倒行刹车.............................................................. ..........................................47第25.509条牵引载荷.............................................................. ..........................................47第25.511条地面载荷：多轮起落架装置上的非对称载荷............................................49第25.519条顶升置.............................................................. (50)水载荷............................................................. ............................................................... .........50第25.521条总则............................................................. ...................................................50第25.523条设计重量和重心位置............................................................. .......................50第25.525条载荷的假定............................................................. .......................................50第25.527条船体和主浮筒载荷系数............................................................. ...................51第25.529条船体和主浮筒着水情况............................................................. ...................51第25.531条船体和主浮筒起飞情况............................................................. ...................52第25.533条船体和主浮筒底部压力............................................................. ...................52第25.535条辅助浮筒载荷............................................................. .. (53)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.537条水翼载荷............................................................. . (54)况............................................................. (54)第25.561条总则............................................................. ...................................................54第25.562条应急着陆动力要求............................................................. ...........................55第25.563条水上迫降的结构要求............................................................. .. (56)疲劳评定............................................................. ............................................................... .....56第25.571条结构的损伤容限和疲劳评定............................................................. .. (56)闪电防护............................................................. ............................................................... .....58第25.581条闪电防护............................................................. ...........................................58D分部设计与构造............................................................. (58)总则............................................................. ............................................................... .............58第25.601条总则............................................................. ...................................................58第25.603料............................................................. ...................................................58第25.605条制造方法............................................................. ...........................................58第25.607条紧固件............................................................. ...............................................59第25.609条结构保护............................................................. ...........................................59第25.611条可达性措施............................................................. .......................................59第25.613条材料的强度性能和材料的设计值............................................................. ...59第25.615条［删除］........................................................... .............................................60第25.619条特殊系数............................................................. ...........................................60第25.621条铸件系数............................................................. ...........................................60第25.623条支承系数............................................................. ...........................................61第25.625条接头系数............................................................. ...........................................61第25.629条气动弹性稳定性要求............................................................. .......................61第25.631条鸟撞损伤............................................................. . (62)面............................................................. ............................................................... .........63第25.651条强度符合性的证明............................................................. ...........................63第25.655条安装............................................................. ...................................................63第25.657条铰链............................................................. (63)操纵系统............................................................. ............................................................... .....63第25.671条总则............................................................. ...................................................63第25.672条增稳系统及自动和带动力的操纵系统........................................................64第25.673条[删除]............................................................ .................................................64第25.675条止动器............................................................. ...............................................64第25.677条配平系统............................................................. ...........................................64第25.679条操纵系统突风锁............................................................. ...............................65第25.681条限制载荷静力试验............................................................. ...........................65第25.683条操作试验............................................................. ...........................................65第25.685条操纵系统的细节设计............................................................. .......................65第25.689条钢索系统............................................................. ...........................................65第25.693条关节接头............................................................. ...........................................66第25.697条升力和阻力装置及其操纵器件............................................................. . (66)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.699条升力和阻力装置指示器............................................................. ...................66第25.701条襟翼与缝翼的交连............................................................. ...........................66第25.703条起飞警告系统............................................................. .. (67)起落架............................................................. ............................................................... .........67第25.721条总则............................................................. ...................................................67第25.723条减震试验............................................................. ...........................................67第25.725条[删除]............................................................ .................................................68第25.727条[删除]............................................................ .................................................68第25.729条收放机构............................................................. ...........................................68第25.731条机轮............................................................. ...................................................69第25.733条轮胎............................................................. ...................................................69第25.735条刹车............................................................. ...................................................70第25.737条滑橇............................................................. (71)浮筒和船体............................................................. ............................................................... .71第25.751条主浮筒浮力............................................................. .......................................71第25.753条主浮筒设计............................................................. .......................................71第25.755条船体............................................................. (71)载人和装货设施............................................................. ........................................................71第25.771条驾驶舱............................................................................................................71第25.772条驾驶舱舱门............................................................. .......................................72第25.773条驾驶舱视界............................................................. .......................................72第25.775条风挡和窗户............................................................. .......................................73第25.777条驾驶舱操纵器件............................................................. ...............................73第25.779条驾驶舱操纵器件的动作和效果............................................................. .......73第25.781条驾驶舱操纵手柄形状............................................................. .......................74第25.783条机身舱门............................................................. ...........................................75第25.785条座椅、卧铺、安全带和肩带............................................................. ...........77第25.787条储存舱............................................................. ...............................................78第25.789条客舱和机组舱以及厨房中物件的固定........................................................79第25.791条旅客通告标示和标牌............................................................. .......................79第25.793条地板表面............................................................. ...........................................79第25.795条保安事项............................................................. . (79)应急设施............................................................. ............................................................... .....80第25.801条水上迫降............................................................. ...........................................80第25.803条应急撒离............................................................. ...........................................80第25.805条[删除]............................................................ .................................................80第25.807条应急出口............................................................. ...........................................80第25.809条应急出口布置............................................................. ...................................83第25.810条应急撤离辅助设施与撤离路线............................................................. .......84第25.811条应急出口的标记............................................................. ...............................85第25.812条应急照明............................................................. ...........................................86第25.813条应急出口通路............................................................. .. (88)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.815条过道宽度............................................................. ...........................................90第25.817条最大并排座椅数............................................................................................90第25.819条下层服务舱（包括厨房）........................................................... .................90第25.820条厕所门............................................................. .. (91)通风和加温............................................................. ............................................................... .91第25.831条通风............................................................. ...................................................91第25.832条座舱臭氧浓度............................................................. ...................................92第25.833条燃烧加温系统............................................................. .. (92)增压............................................................. ............................................................... .............93第25.841条增压座舱............................................................. ...........................................93第25.843条增压座舱的试验............................................................. . (93)防火.............................................................. ................................................................ ...........94第25.851条灭火器............................................................................................................94第25.853条座舱内部设施.............................................................. ..................................95第25.854条厕所防火.............................................................. ..........................................95第25.855条货舱和行李舱.............................................................. ..................................96第25.856条隔热/隔音材料.............................................................. .................................96第25.857条货舱等级.............................................................. ..........................................96第25.858条货舱或行李舱烟雾或火警探测系统 (97)第25.859条燃烧加温器的防火.............................................................. ..........................97第25.863条可燃液体的防火.............................................................. ..............................99第25.865条飞行操纵系统、发动机架和其它飞行结构的防火....................................99第25.867条其它部件的防火.............................................................. ..............................99第25.869条系统防火........................................................................................................99其它.............................................................. ................................................................ .........100第25.871条定飞机水平的设施.............................................................. ........................100第25.875条螺旋桨附近区域的加强.............................................................. ................100第25.899条电搭接和防静电保护.............................................................. ....................100E分部动力装置.............................................................. . (100)总则............................................................. ............................................................... ...........100第25.901条安装............................................................. .................................................100第25.903条发动机............................................................. .............................................101第25.904条起飞推力自动控制系统（ATTCS）...................................................... ....101第25.905条螺旋桨............................................................. .............................................102第25.907条螺旋桨振动............................................................. .....................................102第25.925条螺旋桨间距............................................................. .....................................102第25.929条螺旋桨除冰............................................................. .....................................102第25.933条反推力系统............................................................. .....................................102第25.934条涡轮喷气发动机反推力装置系统试验......................................................103第25.937条涡轮螺旋桨阻力限制系统............................................................. .............103第25.939条涡轮发动机工作特性............................................................. .....................103第25.941条进气系统、发动机和排气系统的匹配性.. (103)民用航空规章第25部,运输类飞机适航标准R4运输类飞机适航标准（民航局令第209号）第25.943条负加速度............................................................. .........................................104第25.945条推力或功率增大系统............................................................. .....................104燃油系统............................................................. ............................................................... ...104第25.951条总则............................................................. .................................................104第25.952条燃油系统分析和试验............................................................. .....................105第25.953条燃油系统的独立性............................................................. .........................105第25.954条燃油系统的闪电防护.............................................................。