Quality of Commodity

GlossaryInternational T rade 国际贸易International trade is the exchange of commodities or services between different nations. Foreign trade is the exchange of goods or services between one nation or area with other nations or areas. All foreign trades together form international trade.Export Mix 出口商品结构Export mix means the composition of exported goods. From its export mix we can see the competitive advantages and disadvantages of a nation. For example, the export mix of the U.S.A. and China is quite different.Free T rade Theory 自由贸易主义Free trade theory advocates the free flow of goods and services between nations. Protectionism holds that governments should intervene in trade to prevent the free flow of foreign products into their domestic markets.Quality of Commodity 商品的品质The quality of commodity is a combination of intrinsic attributes and the outer form or shape of a commodity.Sample 样品A sample is a product, which is selected from a large consignment or which is specially designed and processed.Sale by Sample 凭样品买卖Sale by sample means a sale made on the basis of a sample, that is the quality and condition of the bulk of the goods will be at least as good as that of the sample.Sale by Seller’s Sample 凭卖方样品买卖When the seller supplies the sample, it is sale by seller’s sample. When the buyer offers the sample, it is sale by buyer’s sample.Duplicate Sample 复样In the case of a sale by seller’s sample, the seller should keep one or more equivalent samples for himself when delivering a sample to the buyer. The sample kept by the seller is called a duplicate sample.Confirming Sample 确认样品In the case of a sale by buyer’s sample, the seller will send to the buyer a sample equivalent to that supplied by the buyer for the buyer’s confirmation and approval. When the buyer accepts the sample made by the seller, it will replace the buyer’s sample as the sample for sale. The sample made by the seller based on the buyer’s sample is called a counter sample or confirming sample. Quality Latitude 品质机动幅度Quality latitude means that the seller and the buyer both agree that the quality of the goods delivered can vary within an agreed range.Gross W eight毛重Gross weight is the total weight of the commodity and the tare, i.e. the package weight.Net Weight净重Net weight is the weight of the commodity excluding the tare. Unless otherwise specified the weight of commodity usually refers to the net weight of it.Conditioned Weight公量Conditioned weight is the weight obtained by deducting the actual moisture content of a commodity and adding the standardized moisture content. Conditioned weight is applied chiefly to commodities that have a high unit value and tend to absorb moisture from the air.Theoretical Weight 理论重量If the weight of each item is approximately the same, the total weight of a consignment can be considered as the product of the individual weight of one item times the number of items. The weight got in this way is called the theoretical weight.Quantity Allowance 数量机动幅度Quantity allowance is the allowed deviation in quantity on delivery from that stipulated in the contract. The quantity clause in a sales contract usually specifies the quantity allowance. The purpose of the quantity allowance is to convenience delivery, shipment or preparation of goods. We can stipulate the quantity allowance in two ways: the more or less clause or using approximate quantity.More or Less Clause 溢短装条款More or less generally includes: the quantity allowance percentage; which party determines the quantity allowance; and the price of the exceeding quantity.Outer Packing 外包装Outer packing or big packing is mainly employed against the shipping hazards.Inner Packing 内包装Inner packing, or immediate packing or packaging helps promote the merchandize, which is highly appreciated in the school of marketing.Containers 集装箱The practice of packing goods in large metal containers, although relatively expensive, has become increasingly popular. Advantages include the reductions in water damage, in handling damage, and in pilferage. And today most ports and ships are equipped to handle containers. Shipping Marks 运输标记The marks and numbers on a shipment identify the cargo in the same way an ID card identifies a person. The exporter, customs, carriers, and importers rely on them to distinguish one consignment from another. The marks and numbers identify the cargo, not the consignee, and they must be easily identifiable.The INCOTERMS 国际贸易术语解释通则The INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) is a universally recognized set of definitions of international trade terms, such as FOB, CFR and CIF, developed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris, France. It defines trade contract responsibilities and liabilities between the buyer and the seller.Cost-plus Method of Pricing 成本加利定价法In the cost-plus method of calculation, the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing cost and adds administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit.Quotation 报价A quotation describes the product, states price, sets the time of shipment, and specifies terms of sale and terms of payment.Pro Forma Invoice 形式发票The term pro forma is from Latin, and means “as a matter of form”. The pro forma invoice is avery important document in the quotation process, and a company will often include it in a response to a potential buyer’s enquiry.Commission 佣金When selling through an agent, the commission may be included in the quoted price. The commission may be reflected using “&C” {+ the percentage rate of commission} or “C” {+ the percentage rate of commission} after the trade term. For example, CIF&C5 Bangkok (or CIFC5 Bangkok) means that the quoted price includes a 5% commission.Ocean Freight 海洋运输Large items, bulk commodities and items that do not require fast delivery can be shipped economically by sea.Conference Shipping 班轮运输Conference shipping is provided by the conference carrier or by a member of a freight conference. The freight conference–conference or steamship conference or liner conference–is a group of vessel operator who operate on the same routes and cooperate on shipping schedules at the standardized freight rates between ports.Charter Shipping 租船运输Charter shipping is a tramp service. The term tramp, as used in ocean shipping, refers to a cargo ship that is not operating on regular routes and schedules. A tramp picks up cargo only when it is chartered (hired) from the ship operator.Charter Party 租船合同A charter party–charter party contract–is a written contract between the ship operator and the charterer (shipper). The contract normally includes details of the ports, of loading and discharge, freight rate and time involved in the voyage(s).Voyage Charter 程租船A ship is chartered for a single journey that may involve more than one port of call. The ship operator crews and operates the ship and the operator’s own ship’s master is in control of the ship. Time Charter 期租船A ship is chartered for a period of time. This type of charter shipping is similar to a voyage charter in the crewing and operating of the ship. The contract may call for a specific or unlimited number of voyages within the agreed time.Bareboat Charter 光船租船The term bareboat means a ship without crew and ship’s master. The charterer (shipper) crew s and operates the ship within a period of time, usually a number of years.Clean Bill of Lading 清洁提单The clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damage, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words "apparent good order and condition", "clean on board" or the like are indicated on the B/L.Long Form Bill of Lading 全式提单In a long form bill of lading the terms and conditions of carriage are printed on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading. The long form bill of lading is commonly used in international shipping. Received Bill of Lading 已收待运提单The received bill of lading does not prove that goods have been shipped. It only acknowledges that goods have been received by the carrier for shipment. Therefore, the goods could be in the dock or warehouse.On Board Bill of Lading 已装船提单The on board bill of lading–shipped bill of lading–proves that goods have been shipped, as evidenced by the pre-printed wording or the on board notation (e.g. "on board", "laden on board" or "shipped on board") on the bill of lading.Straight Bill of Lading 记名提单In a straight bill of lading–non-negotiable bill of lading–the title to the goods is conferred directly to a party named in the letter of credit (the importer usually), as such title to the goods is not transferable to another party by endorsement. In other words, the bill of lading is not negotiable. Order Bill of Lading 指示提单In an order bill of lading–negotiable bill of lading–the title to the goods is conferred to the order of shipper or to the order of a named party in the letter of credit (the issuing bank usually). An order bill of lading provides the shipper or the named party with the title to the goods. The title to the goods is transferable to another party by endorsement, usually on the reverse (back) of the bill of lading (B/L) by the title holder of the B/L. If an endorsement of the B/L is required in the letter of credit (L/C), all the originals of the B/L must be endorsed.FCL 整箱货The FCL means the load reaches its allowable maximum (or full) weight or measurement. In practice, however, the FCL in ocean freight does not always mean packing a container to its full payload or full capacity. For example, an exporter books a 20’ container that is intended for a consignee at the FCL flat rate of US$1,500. If the consignment occupies only 500 cu. ft. and weighs 5,000 kgs., the case is still FCL and the exporter has to pay US$1,500.LCL 拼箱货If an exporter intends to pack a container to full capacity or full payload with consignments for the same destination for two or more consignees, the case is LCL and the carrier will charge the LCL freight rate on each consignment. In LCL arrangement, the shipper is required to deliver the cargo to the carrier’s container freight station for containerization. Thus there is no guarantee that the two or more consignments from the same exporter will share the same container. In some cases, an exporter is allowed to pack a container at his premises in the LCL arrangement. In this case, the carrier will use the same container to pack in more cargo from other shipper(s) to make a full container load at the container freight station.CY versus CFS 堆场到中转站The CY and CFS terms apply to the manner and location of the cargo delivery and receipt in a container service. The CY is the delivery (or receipt) of a whole container from (or at) the shipper’s or the forwarder’s (or the consignee’s) cargo yard or premis es. CFS is the delivery (or receipt) of loose cargo from (or at) the carrier’s container freight station.Insurance Policy 保险单The insurance policy is the contract made between the insurer and the insured. A sample insurance policy and a detailed explanation is given below.Insurer 保险人The insurer is the party providing insurance service and who makes the payment in case of loss. For example, PICC, the People’s Insurance Company of China, is the biggest insurer in China. Insured被保险人The insured is the party insured against loss and to whom compensation is made. In foreign trade, the buyer is most often the insured. The insured may sometimes be the seller who effects theinsurance.Insured Amount 投保金额The insured amount is the amount of money the insurer agrees to pay in the event of damage to, or loss of, insured goods. In other words, the insured amount is the upper limit of compensation payable to the insured in case of loss. In international trade, the insured amount is often the CIF value of the consignment plus 10%, the additional 10% plus compensating for the loss of expected profit from the transaction.Premium 保险金The premium is the money paid to the insurer for providing the insurance service. The premium is always a percentage of the insured amount.General Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险General extraneous risks are risks due to theft, rain, leakage, shortage, breakage, dampness, mildewing, heating, taint of odor, hooking and rusting.Special Extraneous Risks 特别外来风险Special extraneous risks are risks such as on deck, war strikes, failure of delivery and rejection, etc.Actual T otal Loss 实际全损Actual total loss means the insured goods upon arrival are badly damaged, or have been lost or found valueless.Constructive T otal Loss 推定全损Constructive total loss occurs when the actual loss of the insured goods is unavoidable, or the ship or when the consignment has to be abandoned because the cost of salvage or recovery will exceed the value of the ship and the consignment in sound condition upon arrival.Particular Average 单独海损Particular average is a partial loss suffered by the party whose consignment is partially lost or damaged.General Average 共同海损General average is the partial loss resulting from a deliberate act of the ship’s master, such as throwing overboard all or part of the cargo to save the ship. In this case, all parties involved will share the loss of the specific consignor.Right of Subrogation 代位权After paying a claim to the insured, the insurer is subrogated to all rights and claims the insured has against the third party that caused the damage to the goods. The insured, after receiving the indemnity, will commonly sign a letter of subrogation to the insurer.Bill of Exchange 汇票A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person (the drawer) to another (the drawee) and signed by the person issuing it. It requires the drawee to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a specified sum of money to, or to the order of, a specified person (the payee) or to the bearer.Presentation提示Presentation is the act, by the holder of the bill of exchange, of taking the bill to the drawee and demanding that he make payment or accept the bill of exchange.Acceptance 承兑Acceptance is the act, by the drawee, of writing down “accepted” on the bill, signing his name andthe dating it. It represents a formal promise by the drawee to pay the bill when it matures. If the acceptor refuses to pay when the bill matures, the payee is entitled to sue him.Endorsement 背书Endorsement is the act, by the holder of the bill, of signing his name or writing the name of the person to whom the bill is transferred on the back of the bill.Discount 贴现Discounting the bill means that the bank or discount house will purchase the bill and pays the holder of the bill an amount of money less than the face value of the bill.Dishonor拒付Dishonor means the payer refuses to pay or accept the bill when it is presented for payment or acceptance.Check 支票A check is a preprinted form on which instructions are given to a banker to pay a stated sum of money to a named recipient. It represents an unconditional order by the drawer to his bank to pay some amount of money to a named recipient.Promissory Note 本票A promissory note is a negotiable instrument that contains a promise to pay a certain sum of money to a named person, to order, or to the bearer on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time. It is unconditional, signed by its maker, and is delivered to the payee or bearer. Remittance 汇付Remittance means to make payment through bank transfer. In remittance, there are four parties involved: remitter, remitting bank, paying bank and beneficiary.Mail T ransfer/ T elegraphic T ransfer 电汇/信汇The remitting bank notifies the paying bank in the seller’s country of the remittance by mail or by telegraphic means. In the former case it is called mail transfer, in the latter case it is called telegraphic transfer.Collection 托收Under a collection, the seller ships the goods, and submits the draft and/or shipping documents to the seller’s local bank, entrusting the local bank to collect the proceeds through its branch or corresponding bank in the buyer’s country.Documents against Payment 付款交单Documents against payment means the documents can be released to the importer only after he makes payment.Documents against Acceptance 承兑交单Documents against acceptance means the collecting bank will release the documents to the importer after the time draft is accepted. When the time draft matures, the importer will make the payment.Bank Guarantee 银行保函A bank guarantee is an undertaking by a bank to settle a debt in the event that the debtor fails to do so. A bank guarantee serves as security for loan. However, the bank will require the goods cover in cash or counter-indemnity before they issue a guarantee.Factoring 保理A factoring contract is a contract in which a supplier assigns his accounts receivable to a factor for collecting the proceeds and/or for protecting bad debts.Forfeiting 福费廷“Forfeiting”is the act of purchasing an exporter’s receivables unconditionally at a discount by paying cash.Acceptance Bank 承兑行The bank named in a term Letter of Credit on which drafts are drawn that has agreed to accept the draft. By accepting the draft, the Drawee Bank signifies its commitment to pay the face amount at maturity to anyone who presents the draft at maturity. After accepting the draft, the Drawee Bank becomes the Accepting Bank.Advising Bank 通知行The advising bank is the bank to which the Issuing Bank sends the Letter of Credit, with instructions to notify the Exporter (Beneficiary).Applicant 申请人The applicant is the party that has contracted to buy goods. It is usually the Importer in the Letter of Credit process.Available with Bank 银行议付The bank authorized in the Letter of Credit to effect payment under, accept or negotiate the Letter of Credit.Beneficiary 受益人The beneficiary is the party that has contracted to sell the goods. It is usually the Exporter in the Letter of Credit process.Commercial Documents 商业票据Documents exchanged between the buyer and the seller such as commercial invoices or transport documents that give detail about the goods and/or services contracted.Confirmed Letter of Credit 保兑信用证A L etter of Credit where a Confirming Bank, usually located in the Exporter’s country, has guaranteed payment under the Letter of Credit assuming that all terms and conditions of the Letter of Credit have been met. With a Confirmed Letter of Credit, the payment risk is assumed by both the Confirming Bank and the Issuing Bank. Thereby it provides more protection to the Exporter. Confirming Bank 保兑银行The confirming bank is the bank, at the request of the Issuing Bank, which adds its confirmation to the Letter of Credit. In doing so, the Confirming Bank undertakes to make payment to the Exporter upon presentation of documents under the Letter of Credit assuming all terms and conditions of the Letter of Credit have been met.Discrepancies 不符点Any inconsistencies found in documents presented, or failures to comply with, the terms and conditions of the Letter of Credit.Documentary Credit 跟单信用证Synonymous with Letter of Credit. See Letter of Credit.Draft 汇票An unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a certain sum of money to or to the order of a specified person or bearer. Also referred to as a Bill of Exchange.Drawee bank 受票银行The bank named in the Letter of Credit on which the drafts are to be drawn.Exporter 出口商The party that has contracted to sell goods. Also known as the seller or beneficiary.Financial Documents 金融票据Documents used in international transactions that are directly related to payment. E.g. drafts. Importer 进口商The party that has contracted to buy goods. Also known as the buyer or applicant.FAS装运港船边交货Free Alongside Ship. Exporter delivers the goods alongside the vessel on the quay or in the lighters at the named port of shipment.FOB装运港船上交货Free On Board. Exporter delivers the goods on board the vessel or at the airport at the named port/airport of shipment.CFR成本加运费Cost and Freight. Exporter pays costs and freight to deliver the goods to the named port of destination. This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport.CIF成本加保险加运费Cost, Insurance and Freight. Exporter pays costs, insurance and freight to deliver the goods to the named port of destination.Irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤消信用证A Letter of Credit that cannot be canceled or changed without the consent of all parties, especially the consent of the seller. Unless otherwise stipulated, all Letters of Credit are irrevocable. Issuing Bank 开证行The bank issuing the Letter of Credit at the request of its customer the Importer (Applicant) in favor of the Exporter (Beneficiary), guaranteeing payment under the Letter of Credit if all terms and conditions are met.Letter of Credit 信用证A written instrument issued by a bank at the request of its customer, the Importer (Applicant), whereby the bank promises to pay the Exporter (Beneficiary) for goods or services provided that the Exporter presents all documents called for, exactly as stipulated in the Letter of Credit, and meets all other terms and conditions set out in the Letter of Credit. Also referred to as a Documentary Credit.Reimbursing Bank 偿付行The bank designated in the Letter of Credit to reimburse the "available with" Bank which submits payment claims under the Letter of Credit.Revocable Letter of Credit 可撤消信用证A revocable Letter of Credit can be revoked without the consent of the Exporter, meaning that it may be canceled or changed up to the time the documents are presented.Standby Letter of Credit 备用信用证A written instrument issued by a bank (Issuing Bank) at the request of its customer (Applicant) on behalf of a beneficiary, whereby the Issuing Bank agrees to provide financial remedy in the event that the Applicant defaults on any terms and conditions specified under the Standby Letter of Credit. Standby Letters of Credit are often issued at the request of Importers in favor of Exporters as financial security for goods purchased on Open Account.Transferable Letter of Credit 可转让信用证A Letter of Credit that allows the Beneficiary (Exporter) to instruct its bank to transfer the credit in part or in whole to a Secondary Beneficiary.UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS (UCP)联合国国际货物销售合同公约A set of guidelines, rules and definitions governing Letters of Credit published by the International Chamber of Commerce. For those banks that subscribe, UCP facilitates the standardization of Letters of Credit.Shipping Quality, Shipping Weight or Quantity 离岸质量，离岸数量In this mode of inspection, the seller and the buyer agree that the commodities are inspected before shipping, at the place of shipment, and the resulting inspection certificate serves as final proof of the quality and quantity of the commodities shipped. The inspecting institution is usually a third party agreed upon by the two parties. This kind of inspection deprives the buyer of the right to re-inspect the goods upon arrival and so is disadvantageous to the buyer.Landing Quality, Landing Weight or Quantity 到岸质量，到岸重量或数量In this mode of inspection, the seller and the buyer agree that the quality and quantity of the commodities are inspected at the place of destination, and that the inspection certificate, issued by the inspection institution at the place of destination, is the final proof of quality and quantity of the commodities. In this case, any loss in quality and quantity during transit is borne by the seller, to the disadvantage of the seller.Shipping Quality and Quantity for Negotiation, Re-inspection at Destination 装运港检验，目的港复验In this mode of inspection, the seller and the buyer agree to inspect the quality and quantity of the commodities at the place of shipment, and the inspection certificates issued at the place of shipment can be used by the seller as negotiation documents. The seller and buyer also agree that the buyer has the right to re-inspect the quality and quantity of the goods at the place of destination and make a claim for compensation. This mode of inspection is relatively fair to both the seller and the buyer and is the most widely used in international trade.Legal Inspection 法定检验Legal inspection is the compulsory inspection of imported and exported goods. The purpose of legal inspection is to insure the quality of exported goods and protect the safety and health of the people. Import and export commodities which are included in the List of Commodities and import and export commodities subject to inspection by the commodity inspection authorities under other laws or administrative rules and regulations must be inspected by the commodity inspection authorities or inspection organizations designated by the State Administration for Commodity Inspection.Force Majeure 不可抗力Force majeure (French: superior force) means an event outside the control of either party to a contract (such as a strike, riot, war, act of God) that may excuse either party from fulfilling his contractual obligations in certain circumstances, provided that the contract contains a force majeure clause. According to international trade practice, a contract may be suspended or terminated as a consequence of the force majeure.Contract Negotiation 合同谈判Contract negotiation is the process by which the seller and the buyer negotiate the terms andconditions of a transaction with the intent of arriving at an agreement. The purpose of contract negotiation is to conclude a sales contract. It can take two forms: oral negotiation and written negotiation.Offer 发盘According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Proposal to conclude a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the party making the offer to be bound in case of acceptance.Customs 海关The customs is a governmental organization which checks and supervises the import and export for a nation.货物抵港后集装箱在码头内的免租期：Free Demurrage 贴上为21天免租期货物抵港后集装箱拖离码头外的免租期：Free Detention；集装箱推存在码头的免堆期：Free Storage21 DAYS FREE TIME该条款保证21天内拆箱不会被加收用度，（超过21天集装箱运输方会收取滞留费或占用费）方便了申请人。

外贸采购合同（中英范本）外贸采购合同编号：No. :签约地点：Signed at:日期：Date:卖方：Seller:地址：Address :电话：Tel:传真：Fax:电子邮箱：E-mail:买方：Buyer:地址：Address:电话：Tel:传真：Fax:电子邮箱：E-mail:买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below:1. 货物名称、规格和质量1. Name，Specifications and Quality of Commodity:2. 数量2. Quantity：3. 单价及价格条款3. Unit Price and Terms of Delivery：(除非另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS 2000)办理。

)The terms FOB，CFR，or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise stipulated herein.)4. 总价4. Total Amount:5. 允许溢短装5. More or Less:___%。

6. 装运期限6. Time of Shipment:收到可以转船及分批装运之信用证___天内装运。

Within _____ days after receipt of L/C allowing transhipment and partial shipment.7. 付款条件7. Terms of Payment：买方须于____ 前将保兑的、不可撤销的、可转让的`、可分割的即期付款信用证开到卖方，该信用证的有效期延至装运期后_____天在中国到期，并必须注明允许分批装运和转船。