中科院考博英语六选五

2024中科院考博英语英文回答：The 2024 CAS Doctoral Admissions English Exam is a highly competitive examination that evaluates students' academic abilities in English. To succeed in the exam, applicants should possess strong reading, writing, and analytical skills in the English language. The exam typically consists of five sections:Reading Comprehension: This section tests the ability to understand and interpret written English texts. Candidates may be asked to read passages and answer questions about the main idea, supporting details, and the author's purpose.Vocabulary and Usage: This section assesses the depth and accuracy of vocabulary and usage. Candidates may be asked to complete sentences with the correct word, identify the correct form of a word, or select the best definitionfor a particular word.Grammar: This section covers the essential grammar concepts and rules of English. Candidates may be asked to identify grammatical errors, rewrite sentences with the correct grammar, or answer questions about specific grammatical structures.Writing: This section requires candidates to write an essay or letter that demonstrates their writing skills. Candidates may be asked to argue a point of view, respond to a prompt, or summarize a given text.Oral Interview: This section involves a face-to-face or online interview conducted in English. Candidates may be asked to discuss their research interests, academic background, and other relevant topics.To prepare for the exam, applicants should familiarize themselves with the exam format and content, practice reading and writing in English, and seek guidance from experienced English teachers or tutors. With consistenteffort and preparation, candidates can increase their chances of success in the 2024 CAS Doctoral Admissions English Exam.中文回答：2024 年中科院考博英语考试是一项竞争激烈的考试，旨在评估学生在英语方面的学术能力。

中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。

一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。

（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。

（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。

（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。

（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。

（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。

（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。

（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。

2009年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Drink coffee when you’re sleepy; it’s a good ______ and will help to keep you awake.A．incentiveB．promptC．stimulusD．appetite正确答案：C解析：本题答案是C。

C项stimulus意为“刺激物，促进因素”。

其他三项词义：incentive意为“刺激；鼓励”；prompt意为“催促，提醒”；appetite意为“食欲；胃口”。

2．Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances______of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.A．bubbleB．dwindleC．swayD．shiver正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。

B项dwindle意为“减少，缩小”。

其他三项词义：bubble 意为“起泡，潺潺地流”；sway意为“摇摆，摇动”；shiver意为“打冷战，发抖”。

3．The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to______, viewing himself as a character in it.A．take upB．take onC．take offD．take over正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。

中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2012年12月-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，划线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：I V英译汉30分钟15分V写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORPh.D PROGRAMDecember 2012PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.1. John made ________ keys for the house: one for his wife and one for himself.A. facilitatedB. sophisticatedC. duplicateD. intricate2. It's difficult to be great without being ________: a doctor should never belittle a patient's concerns, regardless of how trivial they may seem to the doctor.A. patheticB. compassionateC. fussyD. sentimental3. Marriage is based upon the complete willingness of the two parties. Neither party shall use ________ and no third party is allowed to interfere.A. collisionB. compensationC. compulsionD. collaboration4. They would be ________ buying a product if it had not been tested on animals.A. deterred fromB. derived fromC. dismissed fromD. deserted from5. As long as students can form a sound personality and ________ future well-being, the university has served its purpose.A. persevere inB. convert intoC. live throughD. strive for6. This is a ________ misconception in many people’s minds--that love like merchandise can be “stolen.”A. populatedB. prevalentC. plaguedD. pretentious7. Language may be ________ of as a process which arises from social interaction.A. comprisedB. conceivedC. disposedD. deprived8. Some companies are making ________ efforts to increase the proportion of women at all levels of employment.A. solitaryB. statisticalC. susceptibleD. strenuous9. ________, Mr. Hall admits that he pushed too hard, and ultimately his efforts failed.A. In retrospectB. In due courseC. In vainD. In essence10. The final ________ cry comes when he complains about her selling their story toa newspaper; she was endangering his future and freedom.A. patientB. patrioticC. patheticD. prominent11. When a failing plant began to ________, she believed it was her good work that somehow brought about good results.A. perishB. shootC. witherD. thrive12. As rumor is ungrounded, it can 't spread ________; a person is speechless when justice is not on his side.A. by and largeB. far and wideC. back and forthD. hot and cool13. Japanese firms in the late 1980s used shady accounting practices to ________ financial problems.A．conclude B. compromiseC. concealD. contaminate14. Most earthquakes are in remote areas; but every now and then a quake may ________ volcanic eruptions or drown the coastlines with tsunamis, death-dealing tidal waves.A. yieldB. triggerC. transmitD. evolve15. However, very interesting dynamics regarding the competition and market structure are ________.A. seeing the lightB. shedding lightC. bringing to lightD. coming to light16. The politicians also ________ a mixture of tactics in a campaign to defend the Prime Minister.A. employedB. mobilizedC. endeavoredD. experienced17．Cancers are described as being more or less ________ in proportion to their more or less rapidly growing and being invasive.A. mischievousB. miscellaneousC. maliciousD. malignant18. Some manufacturers have tried to partially ________ the pain to buyers through straightforward price increases.A. put outB. hold upC. pass onD. hand over19. The company has had a lot of problems in the past, but it has always managed to ________.A. turn overB. hold upC. set upD. bounce back20. Public interest in and support for film festivals have grown throughout the US, giving new filmmakers broad ________.A. exposureB. horizonC. reputationD. revelationPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Kevin Davies sent a sample of his saliva to a genetic testing laboratory in Iceland to learn about his health risks. When he received his results, Mr. Davies learned that, __21__ his genetic makeup, he had an above-average risk of __22__ prostate cancer.Out of __23__, he checked back three months later and found that the company, called deCODE, had changed its assessment: His risk was now __24__ average.DeCODE had recalculated its algorithm, based on new data. Davies, who is himself a geneticist by training, wasn't too __25__ by this about-face: "The information that these companies can give you can change and evolve __26__ time," he says.That isn't the only way today's genetic tests offer __27__ conclusions. Accordingto a US government study, results often vary __28__ among genetic-testing companies, largely because __29__ has its own way of choosing and analyzing data.When the project to __30__ human DNA was finally completed in 2003, many predicted a revolution. Drugs could be chosen to match individual patients with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects, the __31__ of so-called personalized medicine.__32__ a summer downpour of troubling stumbles for genetic-testing companies and programs shows just how long and twisting the road can be __33__ advances in basic scientific research and their application.It also has __34__ the question of how medicine will be practiced in an era __35__ anyone can research ailments and treatments on the Internet, sometimes becoming more familiar with new therapies and tests than their physicians.21. A. despite B. based on C. in line with D. in contrast to22. A. contracting B. affecting C. intervening D. associating23. A. excitement B. pleasure C. curiosity D. irritation24. A. above B. below C. on D. off25. A. satisfied B. captivated C. encouraged D. surprised26. A. on B. in C. over D. by27. A. slippery B. positive C. complicated D. convincing28. A. gradually B. intensely C. highly D. widely29. A. that B. each C. it D. such30. A. remove B. transplant C. calculate D. map31. A. advent B. censorship C. cultivation D. methodology32. A. But B. For C. Thus D. Though33. A. at B. with C. between D. on34. A. enlightened B. spotlighted C. provoked D. modified35. A. that B. which C. where D. whenPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and thenselect the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe Super Bowl and the Oscars are the moon and sun of American communal rituals. Together, more Americans watch them than attend church or vote in presidential elections.Like it or not, they are America’s preeminent means of announcing itself to the world; we can share our ideals with hundreds of millions of our friends (and enemies) around the planet.Of the two events, one emphasizes the spirit of collective effort, by gathering anonymous men in identical uniforms to sacrifice themselves for the shared ideals of the tribe. The other glorifies the exceptional individual, who is celebrated for the very beauty and talent that sets him or her apart from lesser members of the species. Virtually anywhere there is a television—in Afghanistan, in Uruguay—these grand pageants are watched.The Super Bowl offers us a model of the kind of moral clarity that can be elusive on the playing fields of our lives. Its scores are settled on neutral territory, and its teams are governed by inflexible rules. There is little room for favoritism or sentimentality or emotional nuance. Football knows right from wrong. The Super Bowl shows us a world we all can agree on—one in which, far removed from the messiness of everyday life, strength and skill and practical intelligence prevail. Its champions earn their trip to Disneyland, because they prove themselves to be rulers of a magical kingdom.The Oscars, on the other hand, restore us to the commotion of the social world. They allow charm, money, fame and influence to matter. Sex and youth count above all, which is why, to the Oscars’ disgrace, women over 40 are rarely on display. Like Greek gods, the stars of the show are magnifications of the best and worst in all of us. No matter that they arrive bedecked with jewels or with a supermodel on their arm or with a complexion whose glow is suspiciously youthful, at the Oscars they are stripped to their most vulnerable selves, utterly at the mercy of the unpredictable. The Oscars give us unfiltered human spectacle, in which one is either called to the stage to meet with approval or forced to sit and contend with feelings of neglect and disappointment.36. The author holds that the Super Bowl and the Oscars are ________.A. two key events that draw most of the world’s attention to AmericaB. the moon and the sun to Americans as well as to the rest of the worldC. the rituals that are much more important than presidential electionsD. two important occasions for the realization of American dreams37. The Super Bowl and the Oscars are similar in ________.A. giving recognition of many personal sacrificesB. conferring an honor on certain achievementsC. encouraging an endeavor for national gloryD. placing a high priority on individual talent38. The kind of moral clarity showed in the Super Bowl most probably refers to a sense of ________.A. fair playB. social responsibilityC. self-disciplineD. collective identity39. According to the author, what we all agree on about the world shown by the Super Bowl is ________.A. the possibility that everyone can winB. the types of award to the championsC. the ways of showing one’s strengthD. the criteria for judging success40. The author emphasizes that the stars at the Oscars are ________.A. a symbol of human dignityB. images of Greek godsC. a mirror of ourselvesD. ideals of social elite41. According to the author, the Oscars offer us a human scene that shows a contrast between ________.A. trust and suspicionB. justice and injusticeC. wealth and povertyD. delight and dismayPassage TwoMore than 50 years ago, the psychologist Carl Rogers suggested that simply loving our children wasn’t enough. We have to love them unconditionally—for whothey are, not for what they do.As a father, I know this is a tall order, but it becomes even more challenging now that so much of the advice we are given amounts to exactly the opposite. In effect, we’re given tips in conditional parenting, which comes in two flavors: turn up the affection when they’re good, withhold affection when they’re not.Conditional parenting isn’t limited to old-school authoritarians. Some people who wouldn’t dream of spanking choose instead to discipline their young children by forcibly isolating them, a tactic we call “time out.” Conversely, “positive reinforcement” teaches children that they are loved only when they do whatever we decide is a “good job.” The primary message o f all types of conditional parenting is that children must earn a parent’s love.The child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, who readily acknowledged that the version of negative conditional parenting known as time-out can cause “deep feelings of anxiety,” nevertheless endorsed it for that very reason. “When our words are not enough,” he said, “the threat of the withdrawal of our love and affection is the only sound method to impress on him that he had better conform to our request.”But research suggests tha t love withdrawal isn’t particularly effective at getting compliance, much less at promoting moral development. Even if we did succeed in making children obey us, is obedience worth the possible long-term psychological harm? Should parental love be used as a tool for controlling children?Albert Bandura, the father of the branch of psychology known as social learning theory, declared that unconditional love “would make children directionless and quite unlovable”—an assertion entirely unsupported by empirical studies. The idea that children accepted for who they are would lack direction or appeal is most informative for what it tells us about the dark view of human nature held by those who issue such warnings.In practice, unconditional acceptance should be accompanied by actively imagining how things look from the child’s point of view. Most of us would protest that of course we love our children without any strings attached. But what counts is how things look from the perspective of the children—whether they feel just as loved when they mess up or fall short.42. The author thinks what Carl Rogers suggested is ________.A. hard to practice todayB. unlikely to workC. harmful to childrenD. unpopular among parents43. In conditional parenting, when childr en don’t behave themselves, parents will ________.A. warn them of the consequencesB. give them a physical punishmentC. hold back their love of themD. stress their good behavior44. Bettelheim believes that time-out ________.A. is a useful means in some casesB. causes psychological disorderC. is an unconditional parenting styleD. causes children’s disobedience45. According to research, love withdrawal would ________.A. help children build a sense of independenceB. improve a long-term parent-child relationC. do little for fostering children’s ethical valuesD. cause children to develop an aggressive tendency46. In Albert Bandura’s opinion, children accepted for who they are would ________.A. disrespect their parentsB. lack a sense of responsibilityC. be inconsiderate of othersD. be disliked by others47. According to the passage, in practicing unconditional acceptance it is essential for parents to ________.A. show respect for children’s ideasB. set a moral example for childrenC. consider environmental factorsD. watch for children’s frustrationsPassage ThreeIt’s a Monday night at MIT, just a few weeks before final exams. Grad students Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk could be studying or relaxing. Instead, they’re hustling through a maze of basement hallways in search of notorious energy hogs: vending machines. The average soda dispenser consumes 3,500 kilowatts a year—more than four times the juice for a home refrigerator. To conserve electricity, MIT’s administrators have been installing devices called Vending Misers, which use motion detectors to turn off a machine’s lights and cooling systems when people aren’t nearby, cutting energy consumption by 50%. Trouble is, MIT isn’t exactly sure whereall its vending machines are located, or which ones already have the devices installed. So tonight it’s enlisted the MIT Energy Club to help figure it out.It’s just one event on the club’s very busy calendar. With 750 students, the four-year-old group is MIT’s fastest-growing extracurricular organization. Many of its members aim to build careers in “green tech” fields, and club events offer a chance to network and learn about the challenges and opportunities in emerging energy fields. In recent weeks, members had lunch with the U.S. Energy Secretary and toured a nuclear reactor. Others discussed national biofuel policy as part of a biweekly discussion held over beer and pizza at a local pub. Club members say the group exposes them to people and ideas from other disciplines; as a result, M.B.A. types become better versed in the science of climate change, while science geeks get comfortable reading business plans and understanding concepts like return on investment. In contrast to left-leaning campus environmentalists of a decade ago, who might have joi ned Greenpeace after school, “most of our members really believe in the power of the tools of capitalism to solve the problem,” says founder Dave Danielson, who earned a Ph.D. in material sciences last fall.Down in the basement at MIT, Teich and Schenk have found a group of eight vending machines. Four of them are hooked up to Vending Misers, but only one is functioning. “This is like wiring a stereo,” Schenk says, untangling wires to make the devices work. Teich climbs on top of a different machine to pick off layers of masking tape left over from a paint job that had rendered the gizmo’s sensor inoperable. “We probably just saved MIT $100” in reduced electricity bills, Teich says. It won’t save the planet—but every bit counts.48. Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk are ________.A. fourth-year students at MITB. members of the MIT Energy ClubC. good at machine maintenanceD. environmental engineering majors49. What does the passage say about Vending Misers?A. They failed to function well as expected.B. They were designed by the MIT Energy Club.C. They can detect the presence of people.D. They keep soda dispensers working consistently.50. Many members join club’s events for ________.A. career preparationsB. leisure enjoymentsC. answering Greenpeace’s callD. opposing nuclear energy51. The club has enabled its members to ________.A. help the government with decision-makingB. become brave enough to challenge the authoritiesC. decide to invest in biofuel in the futureD. acquire much interdisciplinary knowledge52. It is implied that Greenpeace ________.A. suffered some business lossesB. prefers to recruit science studentsC. is suspicious of capitalismD. was founded by Dave Danielson53. What does the last paragraph imply about “a paint job”?A. It caused a problem to the Vending Miser.B. It was needed for repairing the Vending Miser.C. It improved the Vending Miser’s efficiency.D. It was part of what the Vending Miser did.Passage FourNo doll outshines Barbie’s celebrity. If all the Bar bies and her family members—Skipper, Francie and the rest—sold since 1959 were placed head to toe, they would circle the Earth more than seven times. And sales boomed in 2009, when the fashion doll celebrated her 50th birthday on March 9th.Barbie starred at an array of global events honouring her milestone, including a glamorous affair at New York’s Fashion Week in February. On her birthday, Mattel, the company that makes her, launched a souvenir doll honouring the original Barbie in her black-and-white striped swimsuit and perfect ponytail. It was available for purchase only that one day. Another Golden Anniversary doll targets collectors. Barbie fans planned hundreds of events, including the National Barbie Doll Collectors Convention in Washington, DC, which was sold out.When Ruth Handler created Barbie in 1959, a post-war culture and economy thrived but girls still played with baby dolls. These toys limited the imagination; so Handler introduced Barbie the Teen-Age Fashion Model, named after her daughter, Barbara. Jackie Kennedy soon walked onto the world stage and Barbie already had a wardrobe fit for a first lady. Barbie bestowed on girls the opportunity to dream beyond suburbia, even if Ken (Barbie’s fictional boyfriend) at times tagged along.Barbie entranced Europe in 1961 and now sells in 150 countries. Every second three Barbies are sold around the world. Her careers are myriad—model, astronaut, Olympic swimmer, palaeontologist and rock star, along with 100 others, includingpresident. Like any political candidate, controversy hit Barbie in 1992 when Teen Talk Barbie said “Math class is tough” and girls’ education became a national issue. She has been banned (in Saudi Arabia), tortured (by pre-teen girls, according to researchers at the University of Bath’s School of Management) and fattened (in 1997).Feminists continue to batter Barbie, claiming that her beauty and curves treat women as objects. But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling long before Hillary Clinton cracked it.High-tech entertainment now attracts girls and Barbie also faces fierce competition from various copycats including the more fashionable, but less charming, Bratz dolls. The Bratz suffered a setback in 2008. Mattel sued MGA Entertainment, Bratz’s producer, for copyright infringement. A judge awarded Mattel $100m in damages.54. According to Paragraph One, Barbie ________.A. was born earlier than the dolls of any other brandsB. has long been number one in the world of dollsC. has beaten other dolls in sales 7 times since 1959D. was once taken aboard a spaceship circling the earth55. To celebrate Barbie’s 50th birthday, ________.A. a Barbie fan club was set up in Washington, DCB. the original Barbie was displayed in New YorkC. fashion shows were held worldwide on March 9thD. Barbies based on its original design appeared on the market56. Ruth Handler created Barbie in the hope that it would ________.A. dress as attractively as Jackie Kennedy didB. encourage girls to become fashion modelsC. help girls generate new ideas and wishesD. become her daughter’s constant companion57. We can infer from Paragraph 4 that Barbie used to ________.A. cause a debate in the U.S. about girls learning mathB. act as a role model in more than 100 occupationsC. face denial by the parents of many pre-teen girlsD. become fatter to cater to the overweight girls58. Feminists hate Barbie mostly because it symbolizes women’s ________.A. material comfortsB. sexual attractionC. political powerD. multiple talents59. According to the passage, MGA Entertainment ________.A. lost a fortune by losing a lawsuitB. sold a toy cat to compete with BarbieC. beat traditional Barbie with hi-techD. filed a lawsuit against MattelPassage FiveAs he has done frequently over the last 18 months, Andy Roost drove his blue diesel Peugeot 205 onto a farm, where signs pointed one way for “eggs” and another for “oil.”He unscrewed the gas cap and chatted casually as Colin Friedlos, the proprietor, poured three large jugs of used cooking oil—tinted green to indicate environmental benefit—i nto the Peugeot’s gas tank.Mr. Friedlos operates one of hundreds of small plants in Britain that are processing, and often selling to private motorists, used cooking oil, which can be poured directly into unmodified diesel cars, from Fords to Mercedes.The global recession and the steep drop in oil prices have now killed many of those large refining ventures. But smaller, simpler ones like Mr. Friedlos’s are moving in to fill the void with their direct-to-tank product, with a flood of offers of free oil from restaurants.Used cooking oil has attracted growing attention in recent years as a cleaner, less expensive alternative to fossil fuels for vehicles. In many countries, including the United States, the oil is collected by companies and refined into a form of diesel. Some cities use it in specially modified municipal buses or vans. And the occasional environmentalist has experimented with individually filtering the oil and using it as fuel.Peder Jensen, a transport specialist at the European Environment Agency, said that cooking oil fuel was “feasible” for diesel engines—Rudolf Diesel predicted that his engine, patented in the 1890s, would run on it—and that it was, “from an environmental point of view, a good idea, taking this waste and making it useful.”Others disagree. Stuart Johnson, manager of engineering and environment at V olkswagen of America, called putting raw vegetable oil in cars “a bad idea” and said, “We don’t recommend it.” The inconsistent quality of cookin g oil fuel, he said, means that “it may contain impurities and it may be too viscous,” especially for newer, more complex diesel engines with injection systems.None of that seems to stir concern in Mr. Nicholson, the Welsh entrepreneur. He said. “There is a lot of resistance,” he said, “to putting something into your preciouscar that you brewed in the kitchen sink.”60. What is true about Andy Roost with respect to using cooking oil fuel for his diesel Peugeot?A. He’s been relying on it.B. He’s just started to try it.C. He’s keen on its green color.D. He’s curious about its effect.61. Unlike those large refining ventures, Mr. Friedlos’s plant ________.A. has been enjoying an economic revivalB. operates for protecting the environmentC. produces its product at a very low costD. has switched to serve private motorists62. As to the advantage of used cooking oil over fossil fuels, the former is ________.A. based on greater sources of raw materialB. more easily processed into a form of fuelC. purer so that it is better for diesel enginesD. used more widely in the world as car fuel63. According to the passage, Rudolf Diesel was ________.A. an environmentalistB. a car ownerC. an engine designerD. a car producer64. Some people oppose the use of cooking oil fuel because it may ________.A. give little help to environmental protectionB. pose a threat to some fossil fuel businessesC. do damage to some kinds of diesel enginesD. contain things harmful to the user’s health65. Mr. Nicholson thinks that the negative opinions about the use of used cooking oil are ________.A. understandableB. unimaginableC. unreasonableD. unacceptableSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction:In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed fromthe original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does notfit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneIn a survey last year the bosses of small businesses overwhelmingly came out in favour of hard work and a strong character over formal qualifications. Two thirds rated character and attitude as very important, whereas only 3 per cent considered university degrees to be a real asset. 66) ________Historically, it can be summarised like this: on the one hand the self-educated leaders of small businesses have viewed graduates as time-wasting and costly upstarts, while graduates have sneered at the provincial mindset and paltry pay of the non-corporate office.But according to David Bishop, of the Federation of Small Businesses, it has got more to do with practical issues. “Because of th eir size, small businesses look for generalists with broader responsibilities rather than specialists,” he says. “They are not like a major employer with hundreds of employees each assigned a specific role.”Take IT, for example. 67) ________Certainly, there is resistance within the SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) community to employing graduates. The most frequently cited reasons reported by owner managers are: perceived high costs, worries about recruitment, retention and the graduate’s commitm ent, and concern about the high risk of recruiting graduates who are seen as inexperienced and often too academic.68) ________“Recruitment is a challenge in terms of competition and costs when you can’t offer the package of an international bank, but gra duates are valuable because they are on top of innovative research and development.”69) ________Afzal Akram, chairman of Business Link for London, says that small businesses are beginning to realise the potential employee resources found in universities.“In today’s business environment, people are the real differentiator, so getting the best is crucial. Tapping the graduate recruitment market allows small businesses to access candidates with excellent skills, training and education, who are hungry and mo tivated.”70) ________They undertake projects that benefit the host business, ranging from website design, marketing and accounting system implementation to product development.。

TIIE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENICE5ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXCAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES14March 2007PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each)1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually than now seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______ called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth of one's one’s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, hewould never allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago.A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them.A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become______ and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep alaw______ away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself.A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with ______ ideas to promote the corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage.A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______.A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucianatmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society. Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in an______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. recliningB. franklyC. accordinglyD. apparently30. A.fortunately31. A. in B. on C. to D. atB. incorrectC. immoralD. imperfect32. A.responsible33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A.B. situationsC. occasionsD. instancesconditionsC. moralityD. modesty35. A. culture B.confidencePART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care isorganized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______.A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials Weproved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents’’ refers to ______in particularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______.A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______.A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving the environmentC. they knew what ‘the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______.A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, manypsychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can't before，”says Jacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis’s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleableSome experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many students that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions ‘says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______.A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______.A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______.A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____.A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.Passage FiveThis leaves us with the challenge of finding some politically practicable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But it is an awkward truth that when most U.S senators were asked informally in 2000 if they would support the Kyoto Protocolshould President George W. Bush send it to the Scant for ratification, the overwhelming majority, Democrats as well as Republicans, said they could not. The reason for the liberals' surprising reply is clear. Many studies, not all by conservatives, suggest that full compliance with the terms of the Kyoto Protocol would likely lead to a deep American recession. For those willing to run this risk, sober reflection on the consequences of the economic collapse of 1929 and the subsequent worldwide depression with all its political and ultimately military consequences is certainly in order.That said, what can be done, in particular by our own country Independent of the issues raised by the Kyoto Protocol, and given the weight of evidence that the problem of global warming is serious fraught with dire consequences, failure to do anything at all and instead to promote "business as usual" downright criminal.Yet the Bush administration has given no more than lip service to the problem, though that could he changing. It is one thing weigh alternatives and implements compromises that reflect the complexity of the problem; it is quite another thing to do nothing, especially if doing nothing is just a way of securing support from certain industries that worsen the problem.There are, after all, things that can he done. Reopening a serious international dialogue, and not just saying a few good words, would be a useful if inadequate start. Not every problem must be solving before -the weight of evidence becomes so compelling that certain initial steps become almost mandatory. We already know how to make more fuel-efficient yet no national policy has surfaced to accomplish this. The scientific and engineering communities are the ones best suited to identify the scientific research that is still needed and the technical projects that show the greatest promise. These issues should be decided by them and not the politicians. Once solutions look promising, as a few already do, industry will be all too ready to romp in, for at that stage there is money to be made. And only a fool would underestimate human ingenuity when given a proper incentive, or the strength of American industry once the boiler is lit under it.60. What can be inferred about the Kyoto Protocol from Paragraph 1?A. It was about environment protection.B. It was supported by most Democrats.C. It was considered awkward by conservationsD. It was officially rejected by most US senators.61. Many studies suggest that full agreement with the Kyoto Protocol would run the risk of _____.A. falling victim to military warfareB. offending other countriesC. re-experiencing the past miseriesD. provoking nationwide anger62. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _____.A. measures should be taken to deal with global warming.B. the best way to deal with global warming is `let it be'.C. seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated.D. promoting "business as usual" must be further stressed.63. The Bush administration _____.A. has assisted in aggravating global warmingB. has taken no measures against global warmingC. has executed compromises about global warmingD. has got big industries' support to stop global warming64. The author suggests all of the following measures EXCEPT_____.A. reopening a serious international dialogueB. overcoming all difficulties before startingC. conducting scientific researches concernedD. doing the most promising technical projects65. In the last paragraph, the expression "once the boiler is lit under it" most probably means "when American industry is_____.A. underminedB. upgradedC. incensedD. stimulated.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)The Bush crowd bristles at the use of the "Q-word"--quagmire(沼泽)---to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into "a situation from which extrication is very difficult," which is a standard definition of quagmire?More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq. _____66 one of six service members, including four women, who were killed .She was a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.With evidence mounting that U.S. troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, "There are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring'em on."_____67 A New Jersey Democrat said: "I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during World War II, I never heard any military commander-let alone the commander in chief-invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."_____68"We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills," said Mr. Bush in his television address. "And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home."Don't hold your breath. _____69Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not, the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war. _____70A. It was an immature display of street-corner machismo(男子气概)that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat.。

2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature ______ to protect the dolphins.A．reservationB．rescueC．reserveD．refugee正确答案：A解析：考形近词与同义词的辨析。

reservation是“保留地，专用地，禁猎地”，指动物保护区；rescue是“援救，营救”；reserve是“储备物，收藏；自我克制”，如：reserve of food(食物储备)；refugee指“逃亡者，难民”。

根据句子大意，要发展一个海洋自然______来保护海豚，应该选择reservation。

句子大意是：“海洋生物学家正在呼吁要将Cardigan海湾重新发展成一个海洋自然保护区来保护海豚。

”2．Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will ______ the memory of the passers-by.A．keepB．easeC．jogD．enhance正确答案：C解析：考动词搭配。

难点在于熟悉动词的不熟悉用法。

keep是“保持”，ease 是“使悠闲；减轻，放松”；jog做不及物动词是“慢跑”，做及物动词是“摇动；唤起，提醒”，这是一个不太熟悉的用法；enhance是“提高，增强”。

中国科学院研究生院博士研究生学位英语考试样题Sample TestNON-ENGLISH MAJOR DOCTORATEENGLISH QUALIFYING EXAMINATION (DET)PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (35 minutes, 30 points)Section ADirections: In this part, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what is said. Eachconversation and the question will be spoken only once. When you hearthe question, read the four choices of the answer given and choose thebest one by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on yourAnswer Sheet I.1. A. Go back home.B. Mail a letter.C. Do the shopping.D. Ask the way.2. A. Dennis always alters his idea about an outing.B. Dennis has no choice but to come with them.C. It’s surprising that Dennis would come with them.D. Dennis at last accepted the idea about going out.3. A. Go out for fun with the girl.B. Travel with the girl to Holland.C. Try not to spend so much money.D. Let the girl pay her own bill.4. A. The man should reschedule the trip.B. She has no idea when the semester ends.C. She’ll call the travel agency to confirm the date.D. The man should spend his holidays somewhere else.5. A. He forgot to mail the letter.B. He left the letter in his office.C. The letter slipped off his desk.D. He should have put the letter in his bag.6. A. He was exhausted.B. He was drunk.C. He was worried.D. He was late for work.17. A. In a mall.B. In a pharmacy.C. In the cleaner’s.D. In a department store.8. A. The woman argued for her innocence at court.B. The woman complained that she was forced to pay the fine.C. The woman has got away with many violations of traffic law.D. The woman pleaded ignorance this time of her violation of the traffic law.9. A. Jack has to meet a tight deadline.B. Jack has completed his assignmentC. Jack got himself burnt last night.D. Professor David is a pleasant figure.10 A. He does not like Beth.B. He thinks the world is too crowded.C. He is too excited to do anything about the party.D. He will not help arrange for the party.Section BDirections: In this part, you will hear two mini-talks. While you listen, complete the sentences in your Answer Sheet II for Questions 11 to 20 by writing NOMORE THAN THREE WORDS in each sentence. You will hear each talkor conversation TWICE.Questions 11 to 15 are based on a talk about the concept of community.You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 11 to 15.11.A village, or town, or ____________ can be called an area of social life.12.The speaker states that it is ____________ that people in a community shouldhave the sense of belonging together.13.In some countries ____________ form islands of their own peculiar life.14.The speaker holds that community means any circle of _______.15.When we use the term “____________” rather than “society”, we should think ofsomething greater than organization.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11 to 15.Questions 16 to 20 are based on an interview about “global warming.”You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 16 to 20.16.Scientists want to know whether global warming is caused by __________.17.Insulation may cause the Earth to ___________.218.There are many _________on the global climate.19.The _________does not remain static.20.We can not understand the global climate well without understanding _____.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 16 to 20.Section CDirections: In this part, you will hear three mini-talks and each of them will be spoken only once. While listening to them, read the questions that follow eachtalk. At the end of each mini-talk you will hear the questions read to you.There will be a 40-second-pause after each question. During the pause,you will be asked to write down your answer on your Answer Sheet II,using one sentence only, either complete or incomplete. Your answershould be concise and to the point.Questions 21 to 23 are based on Mini-talk One:Mini-talk OneQuestion 21: How much grain do rats destroy each year in India?Question 22: Where do rats live?Question 23: How do rats spread diseases indirectly?Questions 24 to 26 are based on Mini-talk Two:Mini-talk TwoQuestion 24: What education does the vast majority of US Postal Service jobs require? Question 25: Where can one find the special requirements for some postal jobs? Question 26: In addition to the variety of paid leave, what other benefits are provided fora postal employee? (List at least two.)Questions 27 to 30 are based on Mini-talk Three:Mini-talk ThreeQuestion 27: Why is popular art said to be primarily entertainment?Question 28: What is the distinction in art between a professional and an amateur? Question 29: How does high art differ from popular art financially?Question 30: What are people interested in high art often required to do?Part II Use of English and Reading Comprehension (55 minutes, 40 points) Section ADirections: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and fill in each of the blanks by choosing the right word or phrase fromthe list given below. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet II. Capitalizethe word when it is necessary. The words and phrases listed are twice as3many as the blanks. Once a word or phrase is chosen, it must be used onlyonce.Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather—torrential rains, severe thunderstorm, and tornadoes—began quickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly, devastating small regions 31 leaving neighboring areas untouched. One such event, a tornado, struck the northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado 32 $ 250 million, the highest 33 for any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms 34 the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that 35 these storms. In most nations, for example, weather-balloon observations are taken just 36 every twelve hours at locations typically 37 by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions 38 they do forecasting specific local events. Until recently, the observation—intensive approach needed for accurate, very short-range forecasts, or “Nowcast”, was not39 . The cost of equipping and operating many thousands of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were insurmountable. 40 , scientific and technological advances have 41 most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly 42 observations over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and 43 , and modern computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of 44 raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. 45 meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, nowcasting is becoming a reality.Section B (30minutes, 15 points)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from among the four choices given to answer each of the questions or completeeach of the statements that follow each passage. Mark the letter of yourchoice on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1For centuries, the gravel and sand of Georges Bank and the great canyons, muddy basins, and shallow ledges of the Gulf of Maine have supported one of the world’s most productive fishing regions. But big boulders have historically protected a41050-square-kilometer region at the bank’s northeastern tip from dredging boats in search of scallops and trawlers hunting down groundfish. However, those boulders are becoming less of a deterrent against improved and sturdier gear. So when geologist Page Valentine of the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, stood before his colleagues last month and defended his proposal to safeguard this rare, undisturbed gravel bed, he knew that he was also standing at the crossroads of science and politics.Va lentine’s presentation was part of a 2-day workshop held at the New England Aquarium here to build support for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), a controversial concept aimed at preserving biodiversity in coastal waters. The meeting, organized by Elliott Norse, founder of the Marine Conservation Biology Institute in Redmond, Washington, featured talks by 21 experts across a range of marine habitats and species and represented the marine community’s biggest push for MPAs.The discussion generated a map that nominated 29% of the ocean floor off the coast of New England and Canada’s Maritime Province for protection, as well as 25% of pelagic (open-ocean) waters. The next step will come in the fall, when the scientists discuss the plan with government officials, commercial stakeholders, and environmental activists—meetings that are likely to be contentious. “The conservation groups will want to see if various species are covered. And various fishermen will be convinced that their livelihood is threatened,” says Mik e Pentony, an analyst for the New England Fishery Management Council, who was an observer at last month’s workshop. The areas could be established by the National Marine Fisheries Service or under existing U.S. and Canadian laws to protect endangered species and habitats.46. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A.Fishery Industry in New England.B.Plan to Protect Coastal waters of New England.C.Restoration of Marine Life in the Gulf of Maine.D.Problems Critical to Ecological Balance in Georges Bank.47. The abundance of fish in the area has been a result of ________.A.the perpetual fishery closureB.the stringent ban on overfishingC.the effective fishery managementD.its unique geographic features48. Boulders used to be a deterrent to ________.A.scallopB.groundfishC.fishing boatsD.improved gear49. At the two-day workshop, the scientists reached an agreement on ______.A.the marine areas to be preservedB.how to rescue the endangered speciesC.the guarantee of the fishermen’s livelihoodD.what to discuss with the government officials550. Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the last paragraph?A.The fishermen will be worried about their livelihood.B.A decision is soon to be made on the protected areas.mercial stakeholders may be at odds with scientists.D.Conflicting interests will arise between fishermen and scientists.Passage 2Some people are accustomed to thinking that facts must either be believed or they must be disbelieved—as if beliefs were like a light switch with only two positions, on or off. My use of the bathtub hoax is intended to illustrate that belief does not have to operate as a simple yes or no choice, all or nothing. Belief can be more conditional; it can be something that we decide to have “up to a point.” And so, the question we might ask ourselves while reading does not have to be “Should I believe it or not?”but instead can be “How much should I believe it?”This later question implies that the belief we have in any given fact, or in any given idea, is not determined by whether it sounds right or whether the source is an authority. It means that our beliefs are determined by the reasons that justify them. Belief is not a mechanical action, brought about by invariable rules of nature. It is a human activity, the exercise of judgment. With this in mind, we might say that we perform this action better when we know what the reasons are that have led to our belief, and why they are good reasons.These observations do not deprive us of our ability to believe in what we read. They are not intended to transform you from credulous believers into stubborn doubters. The process of weighing beliefs against the quality of reasons is one that you already go through all the time, whether you are aware of it or not. We all do. The practice of critical reading is the exercise of this kind of judgment on purpose. By doing it, we protect ourselves from being led into belief for inadequate reasons, but at the same time we open up our minds to the possibility of arriving at belief for adequate ones. If we decide to grant or withhold consent based on the quality of the reasons that we are given we admit at the same time that two things are possible: We admit that we might consent less in the future if we discover that the reasons are not so good after all; and we admit that we might consent more if we are ever presented with better reasons than we had formerly known. This attitude is not pure skepticism any more than it is pure credulity. It is somewhere in between. It is the attitude of an open-minded thinker, of someone who wishes to be responsible for deciding for herself or himself what to believe.51. The author’s use of the bathtub hoax is meant to suggest that __________.A.facts must be believed unconditionallyB.belief is more than a simple yes or no choiceC.nothing should be believed or disbelievedD.belief is nothing but a light switch52. To believe or disbelieve what you read should be based on ________.A.the facts that you are givenB.whether the author is an open-minded authorityC.the quality of reasons provided by the materialD.the assumption that you know everything about it653. As a human activity, weighing the facts about something is actually _______.A.determined by the rules of natureB. a performanceC.brought about even at birthD.experienced by everyone54. According to the author, which of the following is true?A.Our attitude toward what we read may change if we are given more reasons.B.An open-minded thinker is responsible for what he or she says.C.Critical reading can make us believe more in what we read.D.We ought to question the value of what we read if its source is notauthoritative.55. What is the topic of this passage?A.Judgment and Responsibility.B.Reading and Belief.C.Trust and Faith.D.Reading and Human Activity.Passage 3Things don’t come easily to Matteo, a 4-year-old New Yorker with brown bangs and cowboy bandanna. Afflicted by cerebral palsy, he moves awkwardly. He thinks slowly and doesn’t talk much. Small frustrations upset him terribly. But when Matteo visits Clive Robbins, his music therapist, he bangs gleefully on a snare drum, placing one hand on the rim to steady himself, he uses the other to rap in tempo to Robbins’s improvised song. As the tune progresses, Matteo moves his act to the piano, banging along with one or two fingers and laughing excitedly. By following the rhythm, he is learning to balance his body and coordinate the movement of his limbs. He’s also learning to communicate. “He is grown much more motivated and intent,” says Robbins, the co-founder of New York Univ ersity’s Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy.Disabled children aren’t the only ones feeling the therapeutic power of music. A 79-year-old stroke survivor listens to Viennese waltzes on his headphones to help him to relearn to walk. A woman in labor h ad LeAnn Rimes’ country tunes blaring from a stereo to help her keep in step with her contraction. And, yes, ostensibly healthy people are listening to airy New Age discs, and maybe lighting a candle or two, to lessen stress and promote well-being. They may all be on to something. Mounting evidence suggests that almost any musical stimulus, from Shostakovich to the Spice Girls can have therapeutic effects.Music therapy isn’t mainstream health care, but recent studies suggest it can have a wide range of benefits. In 1996, researchers at Colorado State University tried giving 10 stroke victims 30 minutes of rhythmic stimulation each day for three weeks. Compared with untreated patients, they shared significant improvements in their ability to walk steadily. P eople with Parkinson’s disease enjoyed similar benefits. A musical beat from any genre seemed to provide a rhythmic cue, stimulating the brain’s motor systems.7Other body systems seem equally responsive. Scottish researchers have found, for example, that a daily dose of Mozart or Mendelssohn significantly brightens the moods of institutionalized stroke victims. Using psychological tests, the Scottish team showed that patients receiving 12 weeks of daily music therapy were less depressed and anxious, and more stable and sociable, than other patients in the same facility. Music therapy has also proved useful in the management of Alzheimer’s and other neurological diseases. And Deforia Lane, a music therapist at University Hospitals in Cleveland, has shown that music can boost immune function in children. That’s consistent with a 1995 finding by Louisiana researchers that preemies exposed to lullabies in the hospital went home earlier.56.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.Why Music is PowerfulB.Music and Pain MedicationC.Music and Disabled ChildrenD.The Medical Power of Music57.Which of the following statements is right about Matteo?A. He is suffering a paralysis of the brain.B. He is late in his ability to walk and talk.C. He plays music better by taking the advice.D. He’s ambitious to become a professional drummer.58.Paragraph 2 mainly tells that ________________.A.music helps pregnant women undergo contractionsB.music stimulates promotion of people’s well-beingC.music seems to have therapeutic effects on all peopleD.sick people benefit a lot from listening to music59.Based on the author’s description, the Spice Girls is taken asA.a classic example of music.B.a typical extreme of music.C.the most popular musical category.D.disgusting but having some medical effect.60.According to the context, the word “preemies” probably means________.A.sick children coming to see a doctorB.children with infectious diseasesC.newly recovered young patientsD.premature babiesSection C (10minutes, 10 points)Direction: In the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence fro the list to fill in each of the blanks numbered61 to 65. There is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Markyour answers on your Answer Sheet I.8Virtual reality engineers are space makers, to a certain degree they create space for people to play around in. A space maker sets up a world for an audience to act directly within, and not just so the audience can imagine they are experiencing a reality, but so they can experience it directly. “The film maker says, ‘Look, I’ll show you.’” The space maker says, “Here, I’ll help you discover.”61 Are virtual reality systems going to serve as supplements to our lives, or will individuals so miserable in their daily existence find an obsessive refuge in a preferred cyberspace? What is going to be included, deleted, reformed, and revised? Will virtual reality systems be used as a means of breaking down cultural, racial, and gender barriers between individuals and thus nurture human values? During this century, responsive technologies are moving even closer to us, becoming the standard interface through which we gain much of our experience. 62 Instead of a global village, virtual reality may create a global city, the distinction being that the city contains enough people for groups to form affiliations, in which individuals from different cultures meet together in the same space of virtual reality. 63 A special camera, possibly consisting of many video cameras, would capture and transmit every view of the remote locations. Viewers would receive instant feedback as they turn their heads. Any number of people could be looking through the same camera system. Although the example described here will probably take many years to develop, its early evolution has been under way for some time, with the steady march of technology moving from accessing information toward providing experience.64 Virtual Reality is now available in games and movies. An example of a virtual reality game is Escape From Castle Wolfenstein. In it, you are looking through the eyes of an escaped POW from a Nazi death camp. You must walk around in a maze of dungeons where you will eventually fight Hitler. One example of a virtual reality movie is Stephen King’s The Lawnmower Man. It is about a mentally retarded man that uses virtual reality as a means of overcoming his handicap and becoming smarter. He eventually becomes crazy from his quest for power and goes into a computer. From there he is able to control most of the world’s computers. This movie ends with us wondering if he will succeed in world domination. From all of this we have learned that virtual reality is already playing an important part in our world. 65A.Reality is to trick the human senses, to help people believe and uphold an illusion.B.The ultimate result of living in a cybernetic world may create an artificial globalcity.C.As well, it is probably still childish to imagine the adoption of virtual realitysystems on a massive scale because the starting price to own one costs about $300,000.D.The city might be laid out according to a three dimensional environment thatdictates the way people living in different countries may come to communicate and understand other cultures.E.Even though we are quickly becoming a product of the world of virtual reality, wemust not lose touch with the world of reality. For reality is the most important part of our lives.F.However, what will the space maker help us discover?9PAPER TWOWriting (60 minutes, 30 points)Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions:Read the following article and write a summary of no more than 150 words on your Answer Sheet II.The label of world’s oldest spaceman sat uncomfortably with John Glenn. He insisted that he was simply another astronaut in the service of science, conducting experiments aboard the shuttle Discovery. But last week, before returning to Earth, a relaxed Glenn began to embrace what is likely to be his mission’s most lasting legacy: a redefinition of our image of aging. The nation’s No. 1 role model for seniority made jokes and even dispensed a bit of advice about not accepting a dull life (don’t “live by the calendar”) in old age.In a rapidly graying society, Americans are quick to celebrate heroes who defy stereotypes about aging: Glenn going up in space at 77, George Bush parachuting from an airplane at 72. We even made best-selling authors out of the Beardstown Ladies (average age: 70), until it was revealed that their investment returns were only mediocre. Why were we so eager to assume a bunch of novices could pick stocks better than a Wall Street pro? Because we want to believe that growing old is not as bad as we fear.Many who work with the elderly are reconsidering this adulation of senior overachievers. “John Glenn has taken us from our fear of aging to a fear of not being John Glenn in old age,” says Martha Holstein of Chicago’s Park Ridge Cente r for the Study of Health, Faith and Ethics. It’s one thing, she says, to knock down stereotypes that mark the elderly as enfeebled or befuddled. But raising unrealistic standards of vigor isn’t any better. Historian Theodore Roszak note s that along with the celebration of Glenn have come paroxysms of press about 90-year-old marathon runners and other aged mega-athletes. These “supermen images,” says Roszak, author of America the Wise, a new book about how the swelling ranks of the elderly will benefit America, give rise to the dangerous notion that “seniors need to achieve at the level of 30- or 40-year-olds” to win respect.Gerontologists talk about “productive aging,” the notion that one’s 60s and 70s constitute a new middle age as people live longer and healthier lives. Productive aging, with its roots in the social movements of the 1960s, began as a counter to prejudice against the elderly. But such well-intentioned efforts to bring new value to old age sometimes gloss over the fact that older hearts, lungs, ears, and eyes do start to wear out. Forty percent of Americans over age 65 have some chronic condition that limits such simple everyday activities as walking around the block or lifting a bag of groceries.One leading proponent of productive aging wants to use what we know about how proper exercise and diet can forestall illness and physical decline to encourage Americans to maintain healthier lifestyles. John Rowe of Mount Sinai-New York University Medical Center, coauthor of the new book Successful Aging, advocates an incentive program in which Medicare would pay a larger share of medical costs for individuals who quit smoking, drink moderately, or lose weight. That, he says, would10“enhance the well-being of older people” an d also cut the bill for Medicare.Others worry about creating ideals that the white, wealthy, and educated are most likely to live up to. The poor, minorities, and often women have the worst health in late life. A recent study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that the death rate among the poorest Americans is three times that of others of the same age—but not because they lead significantly less healthy lives. Rather, says Meredith Minkler of the University of California-Berkeley, poverty has “weathering” or cumulative effects. A woman who spends her life on her feet as a waitress or in some other physically demanding job—and then maybe also cares for her grandchildren—winds up in worse health than someone whose white-collar job lets her pay for membership in a health club.In reality, old age means to live with both vigor and limits. Barbara Toomer made that clear last week as she joined protesters in Washington who handcuffed their wheelchairs together at the doors of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to demand funding to live in their own homes. “We hear how marvelous it is for John Glenn to be in such great shape” says the 69-year-old Utah activist with American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today, “but we’re down here fighting to get everybody out of nursing homes, which is where you’re likely to get placed when you get old.”Section B (40 minutes, 20 points)Direction:Write an essay of no less than 250 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.Topic: List three important problems facing the world today. Discuss these problems and offer your suggestions as to how to solve them.11Reference key to Sample TestNON-ENGLISH MAJOR DOCTORATE ENGLISH QUALIFYINGEXAMINATION (DET)PAPER ONEPart I Listening ComprehensionSection A1－10 C D A DA B C C B DSection B11.country12.inevitable13.immigrantsmon life.munity16.human activity /humans.17.get warmer.18.influences19.earth’s temperature20.(the) oceans.Section CMini-talk One21: Ten million tons of grain each year.22: Any place they can get into—homes, shops, farm buildings and farm and home storage areas.23: By carrying fleas, mites and other organisms that cause sickness.Mini-talk Two24: Four years of high school or less.25: Any special requirements will be stated on the announcement of examination.26: Retirement support, life insurance and health insurance.Mini-talk Three27: Many of them are hits for a few weeks then they disappear.28: A professional tries to make a living by working in art, while an amateur does all the artistic work just for pleasure.29: Popular art usually makes a lot of money, while high art often lacks funds.30: To give money to make future performances possible.12。

中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解SECTION Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 points)(略)SECTION Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage.When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape.If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates,ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a specific kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape).Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of on the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after-literally taking the wicked labor leader apart.Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which have plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided: Therewould be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxley's Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery;the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.21．In the author's opinion, the idea that geneticists could produce a super-ape is ______.A．irrational B．plausibleC．biologically impossible D．demonstrably true22．The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is ______.A．repetitive B．mechanized C．unusual D．intricate23．A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopias is ______.A．creation of super-apes B．the necessity of breeding super-humans C．the necessity of breeding subhumans D．the degradation of beasts24．The author of this article isA．revealing his low opinion of mankindB．poking fun at geneticistsC．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-apeD．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tonePassage TwoQuestions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage.As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be interms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Shouted, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously.As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second.The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with d ecreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation”. Also, because of the persistence of the effect of the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors,the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.25．This selection is primarily concerned with ______.A．the eye's adaptation to color B．the properties of colored surfacesC．the color of colors D．the effect of changes in color intensity 26．Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ______.A．the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB．whether the object was seen in artificial or natural lightC．what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsD．the individual's power of lateral adaptation27．If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect ______.A．a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB．some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC．the immediate loss of the “afterimage” of the fir st objectD．the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level28．The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ______.A．some experiments with color pigmentsB．the nature of colorC．the color properties of various surfacesD．the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to colorPassage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage.The Greek's lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists' contempt of utility —was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether.But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement.Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few—priests, nobles, and kings—concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position.In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in war making, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production.On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.The whole ancient word was built upon this relationship— a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow—products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified tofit his shoulders. For more than rive thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century)to become a rudder.With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it—but the ingenuity wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his' one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.29．Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.A．natural resourcesB．inventive abilityC．people's desire for the “better things of life”D．proper social organization30．During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______.A．was a primary concern of societyB．was hampered by class relationshipsC．began to improve over levels reached by the GreeksD．was in a period of technical progress31．We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.A．freemen had incentive to produce moreB．masters had greater incentive to work their workers harderC．slaves never starved, no matter what they producedD．productivity could go in only one direction32．In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from ______.A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometryB．case studies of lack of social communication between classesC．technologyD．his concern with the plight of the laboring classesPassage FourQuestions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage.The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes,approximately equal numbers of males and females.Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930．This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females, then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy”.Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed,his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.Since Fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization.If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some,then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's argument, it should still pay a female to pro duce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only onefemale usually eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.33．The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists ______.A．conducted their research at approximately the same timeB．sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studiedC．sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stableD．studied reproduction in the same animal species34．It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher's work to be ______.A．definitive and thoroughB．inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton's workC．accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton's workD．admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton's work35．According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on ______.A．the ability to adjust one's behavior in light of the behavior of othersB．the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environmentC．the accuracy with which one can predict future eventsD．the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources36．It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been ______.A．developed by scientists with an interest in geneticsB．useful in explaining some biological phenomenaC．adopted by Hamilton in his researchD．based on animal studies conducted prior to 1930Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage.Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”—the decades after 1815．Consequently, the cultural history of Britain's NorthAmerican empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies.The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture.Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern—acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island: and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern—but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.37．The author is primarily concerned with ______.A．refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American SouthB．refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American SouthC．refuting the two premises that underlie Davis' discussion of the culture of the American D．challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature38．According to the author, the depiction of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the ______.A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development of American cultureB．fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious orient-colonistsC．extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural models for the other American coloniesD．extent to which colonial America resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typically English39．The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was ______.A．dying out as Puritan influence began to growB．self-consciously and distinctively SouthernC．more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of EnglandD．spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut40．Which of the following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?A．Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.B．Thus, the contribution of Southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.C．Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.D．Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outsideinfluence than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.SECTION Ⅲ VOCABULARY (10 points)Directions: In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each.Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.41．From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5.7percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979．A．promising B．overwhelming C．threatening D．astonishing42．In 1982, Hitachi was indicted for stealing confidential documents from IBM. As part of a court settlement, the company paid IBM hundreds of millions of dollars.A．condemned for B．accused of C．disciplined for D．disapproved of 43．The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as well as its original nutritional value.A．tasty B．stylish C．delicate D．notable44．The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which operate under government auspices.A．supervision B．orientation C．regulation D．sponsorship45．European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government.A．chose B．constructed C．conceived D．conserved46．During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.A．opposed B．exploited C．despised D．annoyed47．A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A．nutrition B．sanitation C．nursery D．welfare48．Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.A．imaginative B．sensitive C．distinguished D．persistent49．The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.A．evade B．endanger C．exclude D．enhance50．Ideally, anatomical investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organisms at many levels of observation.A．analysis B．recognition C．evaluation D．examination51．Not until the advent of histochemistry could the anatomist see through the microscope which cells carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different cells under various conditions.A．discern B．grasp C．measure D．estimate52．The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.A．motionless B．massive C．flexible D．noticeable53．Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java's administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.A．resolved B．reckoned C．hesitated D．discriminated54．Although diverse, African music has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.A．benefits B．features C．notions D．options55．The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A．avert B．deny C．exclude D．reduce56．The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product's local distributors.A．potential B．responsive C．inquisitive D．perceptive57．Australia began to assume its modern configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southward.A．status B．sphere C．shape D．situation58．Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the struggling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.A．stunning B．discouraging C．concerning D．prevailing59．Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey.He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.A．daring B．futile C．critical D．fruitful60．The Second Hague Disarmament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.A．facilitating B．upgrading C．justifying D．worseningSECTION Ⅳ ERROR IDENTIFICATION ( 10 points)Directions:In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D．Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a line through the center.61．There is nothing in science staling that it is good to attempt to save human lives. Saving Human lives seems to be a generally held value in most cultures of the world, but it is notin some sense scientifically derived.A B C D62．Theories have features that are indicative of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and using them to guide choices as to which theories to believe.A B C D63．The motivation of rapists is now acknowledged to be a more complex matter than being formerly believed; it has come to be widely accepted that rape is not necessarily the result of sexual desire.A B C D64．The view which elements ofa culture are to be understood and judged in terms of their relationship to the culture as a whole led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be evaluated or graded as higher and lower, superior or inferior.A B C D65．In the United States at the time of World War Ⅱ, when soldiers were screened formilitary service the army defined a minimal level of literacy as that was normally achieved in the fifth grade.A B C D66．Another factor in the display of art objects concerns their continued preservation. Because of the sensitivity of some of the materials used in their creation, it is necessary to control within narrowlimits the temperature, humidity, and lighting which they are exposed.A B C D67．To be measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world's biggest profession. Though the roles and functions of teachers very from country to country, the variations are generally greater within a country than they are between countries.A B C D68．Recent reform efforts have been focused on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only the number of students has increased, butthe scope of education has also expanded.A B C D69．The market for manufactured goods is which economists call “imperfect”, because each company has its own style; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted to makingit even more imperfect by attracting buyers to particular brand names.A B C D70．Further education is officially described as the post-secondary stage of education, comprised all vocational and convocational provision made for young people who have left school, or for adults.A B C DSECTION ⅤWORD FORMATION (5 points)Directions: Form a wordfrom the word given at the end of each sentence. Write the word you have formed in the proper space on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.71．In Yugoslavia, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by improved relations with。

中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionAs Texas begins to recover from two weeks of devastating storms, a generally hidden truth about its economy will come to light again, Most of the builders and electricians who will have to repair the houses, remake the roads and re-establish the electrical power lines will have to take on undocumented workers in order to meet their contracts. In 1996 the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (INS) conservatively estimated that Texas had over 600000 undocumented immigrants doing the jobs no one else wants: hauling carcasses in packing plants, picking fruit, cleaning hotel rooms, or sorting out the unspeakable damage caused by natural disasters. Mention the issue of these workers to a Texan, and he is liable to fall uncharacteristically silent. Even state legislators avoid the issue. They know that many of their constituents employ undocumented workers. They also know that the booming Texas economy is driven in part by the ready supply of cheap, diligent, illegal labour. Dallas is one magnet for undocumented workers. The city’s politicians oppose INS crackdowns fearing they will damage the local economy and bankrupt small companies. Houston is another. There a dawn drive past some of the city’s 36 informal day-labour sites shows the size of the undocumented workforce. Young Mexicans wait on the pavement, ready to jump into the back of any pick-up truck that slows down to take them. Houston police estimate that over 150,000 labourers, about 85% of them undocumented, gather every day in search of a job. It is a testament to the vitality of the Texas economy that most of them get hired usually to mix cement and shift bricks. No questions are asked, no papers signed. Most workers do not even know their employers name. They are paid in cash, around 40 dollars a day while the average American earns more than twice as much.1．According to the passage, the presence of immigrant workers in Texas ______.A．is seen as a problem by local authoritiesB．is tolerated given that it helps the local economyC．can be considered evidence of the failing economyD．is a source of racial conflict正确答案：B解析：从文章第2段可知，得克萨斯人对移民工人倾向于保持沉默，避而不谈，并没有把他们看作一个问题，而且得克萨斯州的经济增长一部分依赖于这些非法的移民工人为之工作，所以选2．Some of the jobs that the illegal immigrants do as mentioned in the article include the following ______.A．harvesting crops, working in hotels, repairing roads and packaging meatB．harvesting crops, managing restaurants, cleaning roads and packaging meat C．rebuilding homes, picking apples, cleaning roads and cutting meatD．repairing power lines, working in hotels, and working in parks正确答案：A解析：在文章第1段中有2处提到非法移民工人在Texas都做些什么工作，由此分析4个选项。