2020年高考英语重难点专练三 阅读理解之说明文

真题演练(三)[2020·江苏]AVisitor Code•Arrive with nothing that can harm New ZealandIf you are arriving from overseas，bring no food，animal or plant material into the country.If in doubt declare it to Customs.•Protect plants and animalsNever allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds，other wildlife，or where signposted.•Get rid of rubbishAlways get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste(e.g.，glass，paper) where possible.•Be considerate with other wasteIf using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station.In the back country，bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterways.•Keep New Zealand’s water cleanBecause soaps and other wastes can harm waterways，be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea，lakes and rivers.•Take care with fireAlways observe district fire bans.Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue—make sure ashes are cold before leaving.•Camp or picnic carefullyWhen camping or picnicking，use facilities provided.•Keep to the trackKeep to the track，where one exists，so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants.•Be considerateWhen driving，minimize noise and observe no smoking signs.语篇解读本文是一篇应用文——游客行为规范。

【备注：因高考七选五体裁基本为说明文，因此本专题大部分体裁改为选取说明文】4.3阅读理解阅读填空七选五议论文-2020年高考英语专题训练系列(一)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

选项中有两项为多余选项。

For years, we have been a “Slow Tech” family. We have worked hard to live in balance with technology. But as our family grows, this appr oach is becoming more of a challenge. We are working at it. ____1____ It’s just that it’s so very easy for the technology to become central, to be everything, at any given moment.This year, we have made some “Slow Tech” rules to help us use technology for its highest good, while building boundaries to nurture our time with others and our time as individuals. Even though it can seem simple or even obvious, “Slow Tech” rules are truly life-changers when we apply them to the everydayness of our existence. ____2____1. ____3____ Or any meals. The table might be the only 20 minutes we have all day to say, eyeball to eyeball, “What is it like to be you today, my dear one?”2. Device-Free Days. There will be days, events, outings and holidays when we all commit to being device-free. Sometimes it feels nice to go for a walk without bringing the hundreds of people we know along with us. Even if it’s virtually.3. ____4____ Everyone will leave devices turned off, in a central location, every night. I had five babies in eight years. It was my life’s work for a decade to get you to sleep. I will not allow notifications, screen lights or that next level on your tiny addictive game to rob any of us of sleep.4. ____5____ A visitor stops by. A conversation forms. Friends gather. Humans in real life always take priority over humans in online life. It’s just better for everyone that way.A. People First.B. Sleep is Sacred.C. No Double Dipping.D. No Devices at Dinner.E. It’s not that we don’t love our devices.F. It’s commo n to be connected to the outside.G. These, I know for sure, are rules we must live by.助读词汇approach n. 方法central adj. 中心的boundary n. 边缘nurture v. 养育individual n. 个人notification n. 通知addictive adj. 上瘾的live in balance with 与……和平相处more of a challenge 更具挑战性commit to 投身做某事rob sb. of sth. 夺走某人某物take priority over sth. 相比某物更处于优先位置(二)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

重难点03 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。

由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。

阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。

说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。

词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。

不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。

【满分技巧】高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。

高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。

其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。

一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。

历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。

解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。

判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。

运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。

1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词2.根据因果关系猜测词义3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4.通过句法功能来推测词义5.通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。

这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。

说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习AMost damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keepcontrol over his behavior. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating theemotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressionsof anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels( 决斗 ) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behavior on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes.Under most conditions EEG ( 脑电图 ) measures of electrical activity show balancedactivity between the right and left prefrontal ( 额叶前部 ) areas. Behaviorally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition ( 意向 ) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontalareas aren't balanced and as a result of this, we're likely to react. And ourbehavioral response to anger is different from our response to other emotions,whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behavior: we move closerto people we like. Most negative emotions, in c ontrast, are associated with avoidance behavior: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are ， the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger : the angry person moves closer in order to influenceand control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confrontbehavior is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry ( 不对称 ) o f EEGactivity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy( 同感 ) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.1. The "duels" example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of a nger_________.A. usually has a biological basis2.What changes can be found in an angry brain?A.Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B.Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C.Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.D.Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.3.Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A.Approaching the source of anger.B. Trying to control what is disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked.D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.4.What is the key message of the last paragraph?A.How anger differs from other emotions.B.How anger relates to other emotions.C.Behavioral responses to anger.D.Behavioral patterns of anger.BWorking with a group of baboons ( 狒狒 ) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasksinvolving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, whileothers had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboonswere, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of amodel of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboonslearnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboonperform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. Ineffect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to dowhat the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxiousindividuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed didnot, even though they spent more time watching.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows thatpersonality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that haspreviously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findingsare significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive( 认知的 ) tasks not because they aren’t cle ver enough to solve them, but becausethey are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from othersbecause they don ’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are tooshy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between allgroup members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.5. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The design of Dr. Carter ’s research.B. The results of Dr. Carter ’s research.C. The purpose of Dr. Carter ’s research.D. The significance of Dr. Carter ’s research.6. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a newlearning task?A. Those that have more experience.B. Those that can avoid potential risks.C. Those that like to work independently.D. Those that feel anxious about learning.7. Which best illustrates the“mismatch” m entioned in Paragraph 4?A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.8. Dr. Carter ’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through______.A. storing informationB. learning from each otherC. understanding different peopleD. travelling between social groups说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习参考答案A考点：考查科普知识类阅读。

第八讲说明文阅读理解Step1 典题感悟·高考名题这样考(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out ofprivate e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) thatgets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures thecadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboardcould offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and thetime between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to thecomputer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.语篇解读：这是一篇说明文。

2020年高考英语说明文阅读读理解专练1.阅读理解Researchers around the world have been trying their hand at making better use of the huge amount of wind energy available in nature to produce clean energy. Apart from this, studies are being carried out to harness(利用) usable windenergy produced by man-made technologies.One useful source identified by Indian inventor Santosh Pradhan about two years ago is a speeding train, which produces fierce wind that can betrans formed into electricity.According to Pradhan's proposal, with a few small improvements in existing trains running in Mumbai, the largest city in India, at least 10,000 megawatts(兆瓦) of electricity could be harvested each day.Building on this principle, designers Ale Leonetti Luparinia and Qian Jiang from Yanko Design have created a device(装置) called T-Box that harnesses wind energy from speeding trains.T-Box can be placed within the railway tracks. It is half-buried underground between the concrete sleepers(水泥枕木), which does not disturb the normal train operating at all. According to Yanko, around 150T-Boxes can be fitted along a 1,000-meter railway track.A train running at a speed of 200 kph can produce winds blowing at 15 miles a second. Based on this calculation, 150 T-Boxes can produce 2.6 KWH of electricity per day. The T-Box's design won a silver medal in last year's Lite-On Awards and was exhibited last summer at the Xue Xue Institute inTaipei, Taiwan Province.Though the figures look impressive, it is important to remember that the design is still at a conceptual stage and hasn't taken into account issues such as pieces of waste material produced by the device and the efforts and costs involved in the maintenance(维护) of the device.We can expect the technology to see the light of the day only after it clears these issues. If so, rail travel, one of the greenest forms of travel, will become greener and more energy-efficient.（1）What can we learn about T-Box?A. It will be fitted on the trains.B. It is based on Pradhan's idea.C. It can turn electricity into light.D. It was invented by an Indian scientist.（2）How much electricity can be produced per day by T-Boxes along a railway track of 100km?A. 260 KWHB. 2.6 KWHC. 150 KWHD. 1.5 KWH（3）It can be concluded from the last two paragraphs that ______.A. T-Box has proved to be effective in harvesting windB. the maintenance of T-Box will be costlyC. there is much to do about T-BoxD. T-Box will come into use soon（4）According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The Indian inventor Santosh Pradhan invented the speeding train.B. The T-Box's design won a silver medal in Lite-On Awards last year.C. Rail travel has become one of the energy-efficient technologies in the world.D. The India harvests 10,000 megawatts of electricity each day on average.（5）The passage is mainly written to _______.A. encourage more people to travel by trainB. explain the advantages of electricityC. tell readers how to save energy and moneyD. introduce a new invention to readers2.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

解密20 完形填空之说明文【命题特点】说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。

其主要特点为：1. 开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。

2.结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。

理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。

3.难度较大说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。

4.遣词用字简练说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。

5.条理清晰说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。

【应试策略】1. 快速弄清文章大意对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。

说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。

2. 弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。

3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。

说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。

在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。

这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。

4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。

5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。

每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。

专题卷三阅读理解之说明文1．阅读理解阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

Being physically active three times a week reduces the odds of being depressed by about 16%, according to new UCL research carried out as part of the Public Health Research Center.The study, published in JAMA Psychiatry, found a two-way relationship between depression and physical activity. People who increased their weekly activity reported fewer depressive symptoms but those with more depressive symptoms were less active, particularly at younger ages.Researchers followed 11,135 people born in 1958 up until the age of 50, recording depressive symptoms and levels of physical activity at regular intervals in adulthood. They found that each additional activity period per week reduced odds of depression by 6%. In England 19% of men and 26% of women are currently classed as “inactive”, and this study suggests that activity could significantly improve their mental as well as physical health.“Assuming the association is causal, physical activity has a protective effect against depression. If an adult between their twenties and forties who isn’ t physically active became active 3 times per week, they would reduce their risks of depression by about 16%.” says Dr. Snehal of the UCL Institute of Child Heal th, lead author of the study.Professor Mark, Director of the Public Health Research Center, said, “Many people are already aware of the benefits of physical activity on their general health, but now we are seeing more evidence that suggest it also has a positive effect on a person’s mental well-being. The latest research highlights just how important it is to ensure that people are working and living in environments that allow them to be both physically active and mentally healthy.”1.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To tell us a fun story about how to protect us against depression.B. To introduce a research on the link between activity and depression.C. To persuade readers to increase their weekly activity.D. To describe the disadvantages of physical activity.2.According to the second paragraph, if people increase their weekly activity, ______.A. their depressive symptoms will be fewerB. their depressive symptoms will be moreC. they will become much youngerD. they will become more depressive3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Dr. Snehal thinks it important to be both physically and mentally healthy.B. The research shows men are more active in physical activities than women.C. Adults who insist on physical activity will reduce depression completely.D. Increasing physical activities can free people from depression in a way.4.The author shows his view mainly by_______.A. doing researchB. comparing and contrastingC. trying on himselfD. discussing and summarizing【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.B4.B 推理判断题。

2020 年全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之说明文类（精校word版有答案解析）quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了Honey-Lover's Helper独特的掠食方式，帮助人和动物找到蜂蜜，待到他们吃掉蜂蜜后，它再吃蜂蜡。

科学家们对此也感到迷惑不解。

60. Why is it difficult to find a wild bees' nest?A. It's small in size.B. It's hidden in trees.C. It's covered with wax.D. It's hard to recognize.【答案】B【解析】根据文章第一段“Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them.”可知B正确。

【考点定位】考查细节理解。

61. What do the words "the follower" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A bee.B. A bird.C. A honey seeker.D. A beekeeper.【答案】C【解析】根据文章中“In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.”可推知：跟在honey guide后面的是：people and animals，而他们统称为honey seeker（寻找蜂蜜的人或动物们）。

2020年高考英语重难点突破训练：阅读理解之说明文【含解析】A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world’s biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68--which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”Professor D avid Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大胆的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic.Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the world’s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A. To study how the iceberg was formed.B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem.C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change.D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?A. The Larsen C ice shelf.B. Climate change in Antarctica.C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica.3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text?A. It is as big as London.B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.C. It will disappear in a very short time.D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica.B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。