北大微观经济学课件(英文版)ch1 Intrduction
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《微观经济学》PPT课件
〔1〕静态分析法： 只分析某 一时点上经济变量的状况
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
微观经济学microeconomics Chapter1PPT课件
of alternatives.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
微观经济学英文课件Ch
– 着眼于推动技术进步的政府对经济的干预政策成为技术 政策。
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
微观经济学Lecture_1-ch1_2-students
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 2
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Decision making is at
the heart of economics.
The first four principles
deal with how people make decisions.
The next
three principles deal with how people inteF ECONOMICS
14
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
efficiency vs. equity
Efficiency: getting the most out of scarce
resources
Equity: distributing prosperity fairly among
society’s members
Tradeoff: To increase equity, can redistribute
comparing the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 9
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives
for an additional year, comparing the fees & foregone wages to the extra income he could earn with an extra year of education.
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Decision making is at
the heart of economics.
The first four principles
deal with how people make decisions.
The next
three principles deal with how people inteF ECONOMICS
14
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
efficiency vs. equity
Efficiency: getting the most out of scarce
resources
Equity: distributing prosperity fairly among
society’s members
Tradeoff: To increase equity, can redistribute
comparing the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 9
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives
for an additional year, comparing the fees & foregone wages to the extra income he could earn with an extra year of education.
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
微观经济学英文版精品PPT课件
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
What is Microeconomics ?
It is concerned with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms and households.
You want to buy a computer which is $2510. while it is $2500 in the supermarket in downtown. Wherever you buy the computer, it would return to the producer if there is any problem. Where would you buy it？
There are three types of economies:
Market economy Command economy Mixed economy
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics (C. Society’s technological possibilities)
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study f how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
微观经济学：现代观点原版PPT(英文)第一章
Market Equilibrium
p
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay, higher market price, and the same quantity traded.
pe 100 QD,QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
p
People willing to pay pe for close apartments get close apartments. People not willing to pay pe for close apartments get distant apartments.
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise. “high” rental price quantity demanded less than quantity available price will fall.
Economic Modeling Assumptions
Two
《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
北大微观经济学(英文版) ppt课件
A x1
B x2
29
A x2
Edgeworth’s Box
B 1
xB 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA
ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
30
Pareto-Improvement
An
allocation of the endowment that improves the welfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?
A 1
A x1
xB 2
33
Pareto-Improvements
Since
each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Paretoimproving allocation will be the outcome of trade?
ppt课件
34
x2
xB 1
Pareto-Improvements A
B 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA The set of Paretoimproving reallocations ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
35
Pareto-Improvements
微观经济学教学课件：Ch01-What Is Economics
Definition of Economics
All economic questions arise because we want more than we can get. Our inability to satisfy all our wants is called scarcity. Because we face scarcity, we must make choices. The choices we make depend on the incentives we face. An incentive is a reward that encourages an action or a penalty that discourages an action.
What Is Economics?
1 CHAPTER
After studying this chapter you will be able to
Define economics and distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics
Explain the two big questions of economics
Two Big Economic Questions
Ten issues in today’s world illustrate the importance of this question: ▪ Does public ownership and central planning do a better
job than private business and free markets? ▪ Is globalization a benefit or a problem? ▪ Do the technological advances in the “new economy”
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--- John Maynard Keynes
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Is Economics Useful?
Becoming a thinker Changes the way you view life and understand problems An all round major
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
助教
廖志鹏, zpliao@ 张沈伟，jeswest@ 赵洪春 ，zhaohongchun@ Office Hours: Tuesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
教材
Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach (Sixth
中级微观经济学
2020/8/1
Fall,2004
介绍
中级微观经济学
结构
教员与助教 要求 教学大纲 例子: market for apartments
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
WHO AM I?
赵耀辉 北京大学中国经济研究中心
Office: 504 CCER Phone: 6275-4803 Email: yhzhao@ Office Hours: Wednesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems? – Which variables are determined outside
the model (exogenous) – Which variables are to be determined by
Suppose (simplifying assumptions)
– apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical
– distant apartments rents are exogenous and known
– many potential renters and landlords, i.e., competitive market
the model (endogenous) At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon?
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Modeling the Apartment Market
Central question: How are apartment rents determined?
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
A Normative Question
Will the allocation of apartments be desirable? Need to know: – Who will rent close apartments? – At what price?
2020/8/1
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Course Outline
Consumer theory (1-15) Producer theory (18-27) Market equilibrium (16-17, 30-32) Special topics on equilibrium
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Edition)
by Hal R. Varian W. W. Norton， 2003
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
作业Байду номын сангаас
几乎每次课后都有作业 周一的作业在周四课前交 周四的作业在周一课前交 课后领回作业 不交或迟交作业将不得分
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
考试
两次测验，一次期中，一次期末 注意考试日期 测验和期中考试只考阶段内容 期末考试将考全部课程内容 除极特殊情况以外，缺考者得零分 没有补考或者缓考
4.4
Private/public School
3.9
Law Firm
3.5
Other
9.8
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Jobs for Economists
Business economists Government economists Academic economists
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Two Principles in Economics
Optimization: Each person tries to choose the best alternative available to him or her. Equilibrium: Market price adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
中级微观经济学
Microeconomics
Theory Applications – Labor economics – Economics of education – Development economics – Agricultural economics – Industrial organizations – Health economics – ……
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
成绩
家庭作业: 20％ 测验: 20％ 期中考试: 20％ 期末考试: 40％
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
The Theory of Economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique of thinking which helps its possessor to draw correct conclusions
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Economics Graduates
Type of Employer
% Graduates
Traditional Business
23.3
Government
18.4
Financial Business
17.7
Graduate School
13.7
Consulting Services
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Is Economics Useful?
Becoming a thinker Changes the way you view life and understand problems An all round major
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
助教
廖志鹏, zpliao@ 张沈伟，jeswest@ 赵洪春 ，zhaohongchun@ Office Hours: Tuesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
教材
Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach (Sixth
中级微观经济学
2020/8/1
Fall,2004
介绍
中级微观经济学
结构
教员与助教 要求 教学大纲 例子: market for apartments
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
WHO AM I?
赵耀辉 北京大学中国经济研究中心
Office: 504 CCER Phone: 6275-4803 Email: yhzhao@ Office Hours: Wednesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems? – Which variables are determined outside
the model (exogenous) – Which variables are to be determined by
Suppose (simplifying assumptions)
– apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical
– distant apartments rents are exogenous and known
– many potential renters and landlords, i.e., competitive market
the model (endogenous) At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon?
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Modeling the Apartment Market
Central question: How are apartment rents determined?
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
A Normative Question
Will the allocation of apartments be desirable? Need to know: – Who will rent close apartments? – At what price?
2020/8/1
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Course Outline
Consumer theory (1-15) Producer theory (18-27) Market equilibrium (16-17, 30-32) Special topics on equilibrium
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Edition)
by Hal R. Varian W. W. Norton， 2003
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
作业Байду номын сангаас
几乎每次课后都有作业 周一的作业在周四课前交 周四的作业在周一课前交 课后领回作业 不交或迟交作业将不得分
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
考试
两次测验，一次期中，一次期末 注意考试日期 测验和期中考试只考阶段内容 期末考试将考全部课程内容 除极特殊情况以外，缺考者得零分 没有补考或者缓考
4.4
Private/public School
3.9
Law Firm
3.5
Other
9.8
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Jobs for Economists
Business economists Government economists Academic economists
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Two Principles in Economics
Optimization: Each person tries to choose the best alternative available to him or her. Equilibrium: Market price adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
中级微观经济学
Microeconomics
Theory Applications – Labor economics – Economics of education – Development economics – Agricultural economics – Industrial organizations – Health economics – ……
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
成绩
家庭作业: 20％ 测验: 20％ 期中考试: 20％ 期末考试: 40％
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
The Theory of Economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique of thinking which helps its possessor to draw correct conclusions
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Economics Graduates
Type of Employer
% Graduates
Traditional Business
23.3
Government
18.4
Financial Business
17.7
Graduate School
13.7
Consulting Services