生态学(双语)

《生态学》双语教学实践及模式初探作者：蔡立君，彭凌飞，林胜，杨广来源：《教育教学论坛》 2014年第30期蔡立君，彭凌飞，林胜，杨广（福建农林大学植物保护学院，福建福州350002）摘要：开展生态学双语教学是现代高教的需要，有助于培养既懂专业知识又精通外语的国际化人才。

鉴于我国双语教学中普遍存在的问题，我们从生态学教学目标与双语教学的目的出发，以福建农林大学生物安全专业《生态学》课程双语教学实践为基础，从正确认识生态学双语教学、教学方法、课程考核方式、及组建教学团队等方面入手，探讨如何促进《生态学》双语教学工作科学高效开展并有效提高双语教学效果。

同时，对教学过程中出现的问题也提出了积极应对策略。

关键词：生态学；双语教学；教学实践；教学模式中图分类号：G642.0 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）30-0221-03随着我国经济的迅猛发展，中国参与国际竞争与经济全球化的进程持续加快，对既懂专业知识又精通外语的国际化人才的需求日益迫切。

为适应这一新形势的需要，双语教学作为可实现国际化人才培养目标的一种独特的教学手段与方法应运而生。

开展双语教学作为高等教育改革的一项重要举措，已成为衡量我国各高等院校本科教学水平的一项重要指标[1，2]。

迄今，我国高等院校开展双语教学已有十余年。

生态学作为农、林、牧、渔以及生物技术等专业重要的基础课程之一，目前在我国大部分综合性、农林类高等院校相关专业均有开设。

同时，作为研究生物与环境相互关系的学科，生态学也是当今发展最为迅速的学科之一。

随着社会的发展，人类正以前所未有的规模和强度影响环境，同时也面临着严峻的环境问题，诸如世界性的能源耗费、资源枯竭、人口膨胀、粮食短缺、环境退化、生态平衡失调等六大基本问题，以及外来生物入侵等问题。

环境问题、生态问题已成为人类社会可持续发展的重要威胁，而寻求解决的良方还有赖于生态学理论的指导。

因此，学习生态学一方面要掌握现代生态学理论和系统分析方法，从物质、能量运转的本质来认识、解析生态系统的组成、结构、功能等；另一方面，要以生态系统为武器，来探索、解决在特定约束条件下的生态问题，通过架构整体思维框架，将生物科学诸多学科的丰富知识合理的纳入生态学知识体系。

《生态学专业英语词汇》一、生态学基础词汇1. 生态系统（Ecosystem）2. 生物多样性（Biodiversity）3. 生态位（Niche）4. 食物链（Food Chain）5. 食物网（Food Web）6. 生物量（Biomass）7. 生产者（Producer）8. 消费者（Consumer）10. 环境因子（Environmental Factor）二、生态学过程与现象1. 竞争（Competition）2. 捕食（Predation）3. 共生（Symbiosis）4. 生物入侵（Biological Invasion）5. 生物放大（Biological Magnification）6. 生态演替（Ecological Succession）7. 生物地球化学循环（Biogeochemical Cycle）8. 碳循环（Carbon Cycle）9. 氮循环（Nitrogen Cycle）10. 水循环（Water Cycle）三、生态学分支与研究方向1. 景观生态学（Landscape Ecology）2. 生态系统生态学（Ecosystem Ecology）3. 行为生态学（Behavioral Ecology）4. 进化生态学（Evolutionary Ecology）5. 环境生态学（Environmental Ecology）6. 应用生态学（Applied Ecology）7. 恢复生态学（Restoration Ecology）8. 城市生态学（Urban Ecology）9. 乡村生态学（Rural Ecology）10. 海洋生态学（Marine Ecology）四、生态学实验与技术研究1. 生态调查（Ecological Survey）2. 样方调查（Quadrat Sampling）3. 实验设计（Experimental Design）4. 遥感技术（Remote Sensing）5. 地理信息系统（GIS）6. 生态模型（Ecological Model）7. 生态模拟（Ecological Simulation）8. 环境监测（Environmental Monitoring）9. 生态修复（Ecological Restoration）10. 生物指示物（Bioindicator）五、生态学政策与管理1. 生态保护（Ecological Conservation）2. 生态红线（Ecological Red Line）3. 生态补偿（Ecological Compensation）4. 生态规划（Ecological Planning）5. 生态风险评估（Ecological Risk Assessment）6. 可持续发展（Sustainable Development）7. 生态文明建设（Ecological Civilization Construction）8. 环境影响评价（Environmental Impact Assessment）9. 生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services）10. 自然保护区（Nature Reserve）六、生态学理论与概念深化1. 生态效率（Ecological Efficiency）描述能量或物质在生态系统中从一个营养级传递到下一个营养级的效率。

什么是科学方法？What is a scientific method？Scientific method is a way of gaining information (facts) about the world by forming possible solutions to questions followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed solutions are valid.科学方法？（几个步骤）Scientific method（1）Observation (观察)Question formulation (提出问题)Hypothesis formation (提出假设)Test hypothesis (检验假设)Agreement or new laws (认同或提出新定律）Conclusion and communication ( 总结与交流)生物？What is Biology? Biology is a scientific disciplineDealing with living things细胞膜？what is Cell membrane? Cell membrane (细胞膜) are thin sheets composed primarily of phospholipids (磷脂）and proteins （蛋白质）渗透？The net movement (diffusion) of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is known as osmosis (渗透)异化扩散The rate of diffusion of a substance is increased in the presence of a carrier 载体, we call this facilitated diffusion (易化扩散).主动运输The process of using a carrier protein to move molecules up a concentration gradient is called active transport (主动运输，或叫主动转运).吞噬作用Is another name of for one kind of endocytosis (胞吞作用), that is the process cells use to wrap membrane around a particle (usually food ) and engulf it.酶？A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction is called an enzyme (酶).辅酶？Coenzyme is not protein but another kind of organic molecule.变性A denatured (变性) enzyme is one whose protein structure has been permanently changed so that it has lost its original biochemical properties中心法则the central dogmaDNA →DNA→RNA →Proteins→1. Structural proteins 2. Carrier3.Enzymatic/hormonalDNA DNA is a double molecule, consists of two flexible strands by hydrogen bonds (氢键): DNA复制DNA replicationDNA转录DNA transcription This operation is called transcription (转录) which means to transfer data from one form to another.翻译Translation or protein synthesis The information is used to assemble amino acids into proteins by a process called translation (转译)内含子meaningless和外显子meaningful RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of pre-mRNA (mRNA 前体) that initially include copies of both exons (外显子, meaningful) and introns (内含子, meaningless)细胞分化Differentiation细胞分化is the process of forming specialized cells within a multicellular organism.有性繁殖Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual by the union of two sex cells单倍体haploid (单倍体)，二倍体diploid (二倍体)ygote (受精卵) is the result from the union of an egg and a sperm, it has two sets of chromosomes called diploid (二倍体)The male gamete and female gamete only has one set of chromosomes called haploid (单倍体)同源染色体chromosomes (同源染色体).Huge variation is possible because each pair of homologous chromosomes assorts independently 独立分配of the other pairs of homologous chromosomes (同源染色体)基因A geneA gene (基因) is a portion of DNA that determines a characteristic 性状, it is composed of specific sequences of DNA nucleotides.基因型Genotype、表现性codePhenotypeGenotype (基因型): a listing of the genes present in a organism, consists of the cell’s DNA codePhenotype (表现型): the way each combination of alleles expresses itself基因表达Gene expressionGene expression (基因表达): refers to the degree to which a gene goes through transcription (转录) and translation (翻译) to show itself as an observable feature of the individual.X-linked genesX-linked genes (X连基因) are genes found together on the X chromosome物种A species、种群A populationA population (种群) is all the organisms of same species found within a specific geographic region (in a particular place at a particular time)A species (物种) is a population of all organisms potentially capable of breeding naturally among themselves and having offspring that also interbreed基因库gene poolAll organisms of a species are able to exchange genes, thus, all the genes of all the individuals of the same species is thought to be a giant gene pool (基因库)遗传多样性Genetic diversity （遗传差异）Genetic diversity 遗传差异is a term used to describe genetic differences among members of a populationHigh genetic diversity indicates many different kinds of alleles for each characteristicLow genetic diversity indicates nearly all the individuals in the population have same alleles 突变（变异）MutationsMutations introduce new genetic information into a population by modifying genes that are already present.进化Evolution进化is the continuous genetic adaptation of a population of organisms to its environment over time.Cultural meaning of evolution is progressive change.Only populations can involve in evolution自然选择Natural selection refers to various mechanisms that encourage the passage of beneficial genes to future generations and discourage harmful or less valuable genes from being passed to future generations生态学Ecology (生态学): the branch of biology, studies the relationships between organisms and their environments群落Community (群落): interacting populations of different species生产者、消费者Producers (生产者): organisms that convert simple inorganic compounds into complex organic compounds by photosynthesis; plant, algae, cyanobacteria 蓝藻Consumers (消费者): organisms that rely on other organisms as food; animals营养级Trophic level (营养级): each time the energy enters a different organism, it is said to entera different trophic level演替，分哪两大类Succession (演替): the process of changing from one type of community to another:1.Primary succession and2.secondary succession叫栖息地Habitat (栖息地): the kind of place, or part of an ecosystem, occupied by an organism生态位Niche (生态位): the specific functional role of an organism某一生物单元在生态系统中的功能地位繁殖能力Reproductive capacity (or biotic potential) 繁殖能力: theoretical maximum rate of reproduction出生率、死亡率Natality (出生率) Mortality (死亡率)Natality (出生率): the number of new individuals added to the population by reproduction per thousand individualsMortality (死亡率): the number of individuals leaving the population by death per thousand individuals行为Behavior (行为):how an animal acts, what it does, and how it does it.Behaviors are adaptive, they are the result of a long evolutionary process本能行为、学习行为Instinctive behavior (本能行为): inborn, automatic, and inflexible behavior.Learned behavior: requires experience, produces new behaviors, and can be changed.刺激反应Stimulus (刺激): some change in the internal or external environment of the organism that causes it to reactResponse (反应): the reaction of the organism to the stimulus基础代谢率Basal metabolic rate (BMR, 基础代谢率): the rate at which the body uses energy when at rest分类T axonomy (分类学):the science of identifying, naming and classifying all organisms and grouping them into logical categories病原体Only a minority of bacteria are pathogens2.二命名的写法Genus + specific epithet属名+ 种名（+ 定名人姓名缩写）体重指数weight in kilogramsBMI = ——————————(height in meter)^2Ideal BMI : 18.5~25kg/m^2组织的水平Biosphere 生物圈Ecosystem 生态系统Community 群落Population 种群Individual Organism 生物体Organ system 器官系统Organ 器官Tissue 组织Cell 细胞Molecules 分子Atoms 原子跨膜运动的特点Diffusion (扩散) Osmosis (渗透)Dialysis (透析) Facilitated diffusion (易化扩散), Active transport (主动运输）Phagocytosis (吞噬作用）10.酶的命名法则the third part of name is "-ase," the ending that tells you it is an enzyme.11.影响酶活性的因素T emperature（温度）PH。

生态学名词解释汇总1. 生态学（Ecology）：研究生物与环境相互作用关系的科学领域。

生态学关注生物与其非生物环境之间的相互作用、能量流动和物质循环。

2. 种群（Population）：指在同一地域范围内、同一时间内共同生活的同种个体的总体。

3. 群落（Community）：指在同一地域范围内生活并相互作用的不同种群的总体。

4. 生态系统（Ecosystem）：由生物群落与非生物环境（如地球的大气、水、土壤等）组成的一个相互作用的功能单元。

5. 氮循环（Nitrogen cycle）：指大气中的氮通过一系列的生物和非生物过程在生态系统中的循环。

包括氮的固定、氮的硝化、氮的还原和氮的硝化等过程。

6. 水循环（Water cycle）：指地球上水在不同形态（液态、气态、固态）之间循环的过程。

包括蒸发、降水、地表径流和地下水等过程。

7. 能量流动（Energy flow）：指能量在生态系统中从一个组分到另一个组分的传递过程。

能量最初来自太阳，通过光合作用转化为有机物，然后在食物链中从一级生产者到消费者再到更高级的消费者传递。

8. 生物多样性（Biodiversity）：指生物种类的丰富程度和种类的多样性。

生物多样性包括遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性。

9. 共生（Symbiosis）：指两个不同物种之间相互依赖、互利共生的关系。

共生关系可以是互惠共生、寄生共生或共生共生等形式。

10. 拟态（Mimicry）：指一种物种演化出与另一种物种相似的外貌或行为，以获得某种进化优势，如避免捕食或获得食物。

11. 生态位（Ecological niche）：指生物种群对于环境的特定方式利用的总体。

生态位描述了一个物种在生态系统中的角色和所占据的生活方式。

12. 天敌（Predator）：指以其他物种（猎物）为食的动物。

天敌与猎物之间存在着捕食和被捕食的关系。

13. 食物链（Food chain）：指描述食物关系中不同生物群落之间的能量流动和转化的一种图示形式。

任务一测试1.Traditional ecology includes ( ).A:PopulationB:CommunityC:EcosystemD:Organism答案:ABCD2.Experiments have some elements in common，including ( ).A:RandomizationB:Treatment GroupsC:All the aboveD:Control Groups答案:ABCD3.The study of environment influence on the evolution of organisms. Naturalselection, evolution of populations is ( ).A:Community ecologyB:Landscape ecologyC:Evolution EcologyD:Behavioral ecology答案:C4.The study of how groups of individuals (belonging to the same species) grow(or shrink) and reproduce. Depending on the nature of the species, manyfactors (food availability, competition, predation etc.) may affect population growth is ( ).A:Community ecologyB:Landscape ecologyC:Ecosystem ecologyD:Population ecology答案:D5. A ecosystem consists of two basic interacting components of Biotic andAbiotic.（）A:对B:错答案:A任务二测试1.In a hydrologic cycle, there are processos of ( ).A:InfiltrationB:PrecipitationC:InterceptionD:Groundwater recharge答案:ABCD2.What factors determine the population growth?（）A:emigration rateB:immigration rateC:birth rateD:death rate答案:ABCD3.Freshwater is hyperosmotic. ( )A:错B:对答案:B4.Saltwater is hypoosmotic. （）A:错B:对答案:B5.when a system deviates from the normal or desired state, mechanismsfunction to restore the system back to that state， it is called negativefeedback.（）A:错B:对答案:B任务三测试1.Assume a population, at t=0, population size is N(0), ratio of population sizechange in one year to the size of the proceeding year. This model is ( ).A:geometric growth modelB:logistic growth modelC:liner growth modelD:exponential growth model答案:A2.The proportions of each individual in each age class is age structure.( )A:错B:对答案:B3.The purpose of life table is to provide a clear and systematic picture ofmortality and survival within a population. Can also be used to simulatepopulation size change.（）A:错B:对答案:B4.Intrinsic rate of increase can NOT be estimated from the life table.（）A:错答案:B5.Birth rate and survivorship determine net reproductive rate. ( )A:错B:对答案:B6.The number of individuals of a population the environment can support isCarrying capacity. （）A:对B:错答案:A任务四测试1.Interactions benefit both species is Mutualism. ( )A:错B:对答案:B2.Benefit one, but do no harm on another is commensalism. （）A:对B:错答案:A3. A relationship of two organisms living together (symbiosis) and one derivesits nourishment at the expense of the other is called Parasitism. （）A:对B:错答案:A4.Two consumers share the same resource, each reduces the availability ofresources of the other. It is called competition. （）A:对B:错答案:A5.Dynamics of consumer-resource interactions reflect mutual evolutionaryresponses. ( )A:对B:错答案:A任务五测试1.Populations are limited by the single resource that is most scarce relative todemand is called Liebig’s law of minimum. （）A:对答案:A2.The theory of competition and coexistence is an extension of logistic growthmodel is called Lokta-Volterra Model. （）A:对B:错答案:A3.Space is Non-renewable resource.（）A:错B:对答案:B4.Lokta-Volterra Model is derived from logistic growth equation and addinfluence of another species (a competition component.（）A:对B:错答案:A5.Interspecific competition reduces the equilibrium level of a population belowthe carrying capacity.( )A:对B:错答案:A6.The theory of competition and coexistence is an extension of logistic growthmodel (Lokta-Volterra Model).（）A:错B:对答案:B7.Unstable situation, both inhibit in a density dependent manner. Dependingon initial density, either can make other extinct，competition can go either way.（）A:对B:错答案:A8.Each species inhibits its own population growth more than competitor.Neither can eliminate competitor, it is coexistence.（）A:对B:错答案:A9.Asymmetric competition can NOT occur when different factors limit thepopulations of competitors.（）A:对答案:B10.There are（）possible outcomes of interspecific competition. ( )A:threeB:OneC:fourD:Two答案:C任务六测试1.Many predator and prey populations increase and decrease in regular cycles.（）A:对B:错答案:A2.Lotka-Volterra model can NOT be stabilized by predator satiation. （）A:错B:对答案:A3.Consumer-Resource system can have ONLY one stable state. ( )A:错B:对答案:A4.Factors can INCREASE oscillation of predator-prey models.（）A:对B:错答案:B5.There is a cyclical rise and fall in both the predator and prey populationswith time. （）A:对B:错答案:A6. A surprising prediction of the pradation model is that increase in r of preygrowth leads to an increase in predator population, not the prey.（）A:对B:错答案:A7.An increase in the birth rate of prey increases the predator population, butno the prey population.（）A:错答案:B8.Consumer-Resource system can have two or more stable states. （）A:错B:对答案:A9.Pathogen-host dynamics can be described by S-I-R model.（）A:对B:错答案:A10.The change in predator and prey populations together follows a closed cyclethat combines the individual changes in the predator and prey population, itis called joint population trajectory. （）A:错B:对答案:B任务七测试1. A group of species that coexist in a space and time and interact with oneanother directly or indirectly is called community.（）A:错B:对答案:B2.Places where many species reach the edges of their distributions is calledEcotons.（）A:对B:错答案:A3.The indirect effects of consumer-resource interactions extend throughadditional trophic levels of a community is called Trophic cascade.（）A:对B:错答案:A4. A species that has a disproportionate不成比例impact on the communityrelative to its abundance is called Keystone species.（）A:错B:对答案:B5.Relative abundance means counting all individuals of each species in anumber of sample plots within a community and determining whatpercentage each contributes to the total number of individual of all species. ( )B:对答案:B6.Species richness means number of species within the community. ( )A:对B:错答案:A7.Energy flow web means connections between species are quantified by theflux of energy between a resource and its consumer. ( )A:对B:错答案:A8.Functional web means influence on the growth rate of other speciespopulation. ( )A:错B:对答案:B9.Connectedness web emphasize feeding relationships among species,portrayed描绘as links in food web. ( )A:错B:对答案:B任务八测试1.The process of gradual and (seemingly) directional change in the structuralof the community through time is called Succession. ( )A:对B:错答案:A2.Primary succession occurs on newly exposed substrates. ( )A:对B:错答案:A3.Monoclimax hypothesis view community as a highly integratedsuperorganism, the process of succession represents gradual and progressive development of community to ultimate or climax stage. ( )A:错B:对答案:B4.Succession becomes self-limiting as it approaches the climax. ( )A:对答案:A5.Succession is a series of changes leading to a stable climax, whose characteris determined by local environment. Once established, a beech-maple forestperpetuates itself, and its general appearance changes little despite constant replacement of individuals within the community. ( )A:对B:错答案:A任务九测试1.Biotic community and abiotic environment functioning as a system. Includesorganism-complex and whole complex of physical factors is called ecosystem.( )A:对B:错答案:A2.Ratio of carbon fixed (photosynthesis) per unit of water lost (transpiration)is called Water Use Efficiency. ( )A:错B:对答案:B3.The ratio of dry matter production to the assimilation of a particular nutrientelement, usually expressed as grams per gram is called Nutrient useefficiency ( NUE). ( )A:错B:对答案:B4.Standing crop biomass is amount of accumulated organic matter in an area ata given time. ( )A:错B:对答案:B5.Photosynthetic efficiency is the percentage of the energy in sunlight that isconverted to net primary production during the growing season. ( )A:对B:错答案:A6.Only 5%– 20% of assimilated energy passes between trophic levels. ( )A:对B:错答案:A7.Ecosystem have ( ) major food chains( ).A:OneB:TwoC:threeD:Four答案:B任务十测试1.Assimilatoiry process is the transformation of inorganic forms of elementsinto the molecules of organisms, such as photosynthesis. ( )A:错B:对答案:B2.Dissimilatory process is the transformation of organic form of elements backto inorganic form, such as respiration. ( )A:对B:错答案:A3.Phosphorus cycle has no atmospheric pool. ( )A:对B:错答案:A4.Sulfur exists in many oxidized and reduced forms cycle. ( )A:对B:错答案:A5.Sulfur cycle is both sedimentary and gaseous. ( )A:错B:对答案:B。

K-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n—dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位 n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r—strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi—desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect变异性 variability标志重捕法 mark recapture methods标准频度图解 frequency diagram表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation并行的 simultaneous并行同源 paralogy捕食 predation不重叠的 non-overlapping残存斑块 remnant patch残余廊道 remnant corridor操作性条件作用 operant conditioning草原生态系统 grassland system层次性结构 hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学 industry ecology长日照植物 long day plant超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche成本外摊 externalized cost程序化死亡 programmed cell death尺度效应 scaling effect抽彩式竞争 competive lottery臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction出生率 natality或birth rate初级生产 primary production初级生产力 primary productivity初级生产者 primary producer传感器 sensor串行的 serial垂直结构 vertical structure春化 vernalization次级生产 secondary production次级生产力 secondary productivity次生演替 secondary successon粗密度 crude density存活曲线 survival curve存活值 survival value存在度 presence搭载效应 hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群 mainland—island metapopulation 带状廊道 strip corridor单联 single linkage单体生物 unitary organism单位努力捕获量 catch per unit effort单元的 monothetic淡水生态系统 fresh water ecosystem氮循环 nitrogen cycling等级（系统）理论 hierarchy theory等级的 hierarchical底内动物 infauna底栖动物 benthos地表火 surface fire地带性生物群落 biome地理信息系统 geographic information system地面芽植物 hemicryptophytes地上芽植物 chamaephytes地植物学 geobotany第三纪 Tetiary period第四纪 Quaternary period点突变 genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器 charge coupled device, CCD顶极阶段 climax stage顶极群落 climax community顶极种 climax species动态率模型 dynamic pool model动态平衡理论 dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表 dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数 counts of animal signs动物计数 counts of animals冻原 tundra短日照植物 short day plant断层 gaps多波段光谱扫描仪 multichannel spectrum scanner, MSS 多度 abundance多样化 variety多元的 poly thetic厄尔尼诺El Nino反馈feedback反射reflex泛化种generalist防卫行为defennce behavior访花昆虫flower visitor非等级的non-hierarchical非空间模型non—spatial model非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium habitat—tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位non-niche非生物环境physical environment非线性关系nonlinear分布dispersion分解者decomposer分支过程branching process分子分类学molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论the neutral theory of molecular evolution分子生态学molecular ecology分子系统学molecular systematics浮游动物plankton负反馈negative feedback）负荷量carrying capacity负相互作用negative interaction负选择negative selection附底动物epifauna复合种群metapopulation富营养化现象eutrohication改良relamation盖度coverage盖度比cover ratio干扰disturbance干扰斑块disturbance patch干扰廊道disturbance corridor干扰作用interference高度height高斯假说Coarse's hypothesis高斯理论Coarse’s theory高位芽植物phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动Grenville Orogenesis 个体individual个体论概念individualistic concept更新renewal功能生态位functional niche攻击行为aggressive behavior构件modules构件生物modular organism关键种keystone species关联系数association coefficients光饱和点light saturation point光补偿点light compensation point光周期photoperiod过滤器filter哈德-温伯格原理Hardy-Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统Ocean ecosytem寒武纪Cambrian period旱生植物siccocolous河流廊道river corridor恒有度contancy红树林mangrove呼吸量respiration互利mutualism互利素synomone互利作用synomonal化感作用allelopathy化学防御chemical defence化学生态学chemical ecology化学物质allelochemicals化学隐藏chemocryptic划分的divisive环境environment环境伦理学environmental ethics环境容纳量environmental carryin capacity环境资源斑块environmental resource patch环境资源廊道environmental resource corridor 荒漠desert荒漠化desertification荒漠生态系统desert ecosystem黄化现象eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学restoration ecology混沌学chaos混合型mixed type活动库exchange pool获得性行为acquired behavior机体论学派organismic school基础生态位Fundamental niche基质matrix极点排序法polar ordination集群型clumped寄生parasitism加速期accelerating phase价值value价值流value flow间接排序indirect ordination间接梯度分析indirect gradiant analysis减速期decelerating phase简单聚合法lumping碱性植物alkaline soil plant建群种constructive species接触化学感觉contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌Phosphate—solubiIizing Microorganisms, PSM 进化适应evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群classic metapopulation经济密度economic density景观landscape景观格局landscape patten景观过程模型process based landscape model景观结构landscape structure景观空间动态模型spatial dynamic landscape model景观生态学landscape ecology净初级生产量net primary production竞争competition竞争排斥原理competition exclusion principle静态生命表static life table局部种群local population距离效应distance effect聚合的agglomerative均匀型uniform菌根mycorrhiza抗毒素phytoalexins可持续发展sustainable development 空间结构spatial structure空间模型spatial model空间生态位spatial niche空间异质性spatial heterogeneity 库pool矿产资源mineral resources廊道corridor离散性discrete利己素allomone利己作用allomona利他行为altruism利他作用kairomonal连续体continuum联想学习associative learning猎食行为hunting behavior林冠火crown fire磷循环phosphorus cycling零假说null hypothesis领悟学习insight learning领域性territoriality流flow绿色核算green accounting逻辑斯谛方程logistic equation铆钉假说Rivet hypothesis密度density密度比density ratio密度制约死亡density－dependent mortality 面积效应area effect灭绝extinction铭记imprinting模拟hametic模型modeling牧食食物链grazing food chain内禀增长率intrinsic rate of increase内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organisms内源性endogenous内在的intrinsic耐阴植物shade－enduring plants能量分配原则principle of energy allocation 能量流动energy flow能源资源energy resources能值emergy泥盆纪Devonian period拟寄生parasitoidism逆分析inverse analysis年龄分布age distribution年龄结构age structure年龄性别锥体age—sex pyramid年龄锥体age pyramids偶见种rare species排序ordination配额quota配偶选择mate selection偏害amensalism偏利commensalism频度frequency平衡选择balancing selection平台plantform平行进化parallel evolution栖息地habitat期望值外推法extrapolation by expected value 气候驯化acclimatisation器官organs亲本投资parental investment亲族选择kin selection趋光性phototaxis趋化性chemotaxis趋同进化convergent evolution趋性taxis趋异进化divergent evolution趋异适应radiation adaptation取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法sampling methods去除取样法removal sampling全联法complete linkage全球global全球变暖global warnning全球定位系统global Positioning System全球生态学global ecology确限度fidelity群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory群丛组association group群落community群落的垂直结构vertical structure群落生态学community ecology群落水平格局horizontal pattern群落外貌physiognomy群落演替succession群系formation群系组formation group热带旱生林tropical dry forest热带季雨林tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原tropical savanna热带雨林tropical rainforest热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 人工斑块introduced patch人工廊道introduced corridor人口调查法cencus technique人口统计学human demography日中性植物day neutral plant冗余redundancy冗余种假说Redundancy species hypothesis三叠纪Triassic period森林生态系统forest ecosystem熵值entropy value上渐线upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为defence behavior社会优势等级dominance hierarchy摄食行为feed behavior生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活小区biotope生活型life form生活周期life cycle生境habitat生境多样性假说habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率physiological natality生理死亡率physiological mortality生命表life table生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态反作用ecological reaction生态幅ecological amplitude生态工程ecological engineering生态工业ecological industry生态规划ecological planning生态恢复ecological restoration生态经济ecological economics生态旅游ecotourism生态密度ecological density生态农业ecological agriculture生态入侵ecological invasion生态设计ecological design生态适应ecological adaptation生态死亡率ecological mortality生态位niche生态位宽度niche breadth生态位相似性比例niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠niche overlap生态文明ecological civilization生态系统ecosystem生态系统产品ecosystem goods生态系统多样性ecosystem diversity生态系统服务ecosystem service生态系统生态学ecosystem ecology生态系统学ecosystemology生态型ecotype生态学ecology生态因子ecological factor生态元ecological unit生态作用ecological effect生物organism生物地球化学循环biogecochemical cycle生物多样性biodiversity生物量biomass生物潜能biotic potential生物群落biotic community,biome生物群落演替succession生殖潜能reproductive potential剩余空间residual space失共生aposymbiosis湿地wetland湿地生态系统wetland ecosystem湿地植物hygrophyte时间结构temporal structure实际出生率realized natality实际死亡率realized mortality食草动物herbivores食肉动物carnivores食物链food chain食物网food wed矢量vector适合度fitness适应辐射adaptive radiation适应值adaptive value适应组合adaptive suites收获理论harvest theory收益外泄externalized profit衰退型种群contracting population 水平格局horizontal pattern水土流失soil and water erosion 水循环water cycling瞬时增长率instantaneous rate死亡率mortality & death rate松散垂直耦连loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连loose horizontal coupling溯祖过程coalescent process溯祖理论coalescent theory酸性土理论acid soil plant酸雨acid rain随机型random碎屑食物链detritus food chainK-对策者K—strategistisn维超体积资源空间n-dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律Law of Frequencyr—对策者r-strategistis奥陶纪Ordovician period白垩土草地chalk grassland斑块patch斑块性patchiness斑块性种群patchy population半荒漠semi-desert半矩阵或星系图constellation diagrams伴生种companion species饱和密度saturation density饱和期asymptotic phase保护哲学conservation philosophy北方针叶林northern conifer forest被动取样假说passive sampling hypothesis本能instinct本能行为instinctive behavior避敌avoiding predator边缘效应edge effect变异性variability标志重捕法mark recapture methods标准频度图解frequency diagram表现型适应phenotypic adaptation并行的simultaneous并行同源paralogy捕食predation不重叠的non—overlapping残存斑块remnant patch残余廊道remnant corridor操作性条件作用operant conditioning草原生态系统grassland system层次性结构hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 产业生态学industry ecology长日照植物long day plant超体积生态位hyper—volume niche成本外摊externalized cost程序化死亡programmed cell death尺度效应scaling effect抽彩式竞争competive lottery臭氧层破坏ozone layer destruction出生率natality或birth rate初级生产primary production初级生产力primary productivity初级生产者primary producer传感器sensor串行的serial垂直结构vertical structure春化vernalization次级生产secondary production次级生产力secondary productivity次生演替secondary successon粗密度crude density存活曲线survival curve存活值survival value存在度presence搭载效应hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群mainland-island metapopulation 带状廊道strip corridor单联single linkage单体生物unitary organism单位努力捕获量catch per unit effort单元的monothetic淡水生态系统fresh water ecosystem氮循环nitrogen cycling等级(系统)理论hierarchy theory等级的hierarchical底内动物infauna底栖动物benthos地表火surface fire地带性生物群落biome地理信息系统geographic information system 地面芽植物hemicryptophytes地上芽植物chamaephytes地植物学geobotany第三纪Tetiary period第四纪Quaternary period点突变genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器charge coupled device， CCD顶极阶段climax stage顶极群落climax community顶极种climax species动态率模型dynamic pool model动态平衡理论dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数counts of animal signs动物计数counts of animals冻原tundra短日照植物short day plant断层gaps多波段光谱扫描仪multichannel spectrum scanner， MSS多度abundance多样化variety多元的poly thetic厄尔尼诺El Nino反馈feedback反射reflex泛化种generalist防卫行为defennce behavior访花昆虫flower visitor非等级的non-hierarchical非空间模型non—spatial model非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium habitat—tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位non-niche非生物环境physical environment非线性关系nonlinear分布dispersion分解者decomposer分支过程branching process分子分类学molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论the neutral theory of molecular evolution 分子生态学molecular ecology分子系统学molecular systematics浮游动物plankton负反馈negative feedback）负荷量carrying capacity负相互作用negative interaction负选择negative selection附底动物epifauna复合种群metapopulation富营养化现象eutrohication改良relamation盖度coverage盖度比cover ratio干扰disturbance干扰斑块disturbance patch干扰廊道disturbance corridor干扰作用interference高度height高斯假说Coarse’s hypothes is高斯理论Coarse's theory高位芽植物phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动Grenville Orogenesis个体individual个体论概念individualistic concept更新renewal功能生态位functional niche攻击行为aggressive behavior构件modules构件生物modular organism关键种keystone species关联系数association coefficients光饱和点light saturation point光补偿点light compensation point光周期photoperiod过滤器filter哈德-温伯格原理Hardy—Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统Ocean ecosytem寒武纪Cambrian period旱生植物siccocolous河流廊道river corridor恒有度contancy红树林mangrove呼吸量respiration互利mutualism互利素synomone互利作用synomonal化感作用allelopathy化学防御chemical defence化学生态学chemical ecology化学物质allelochemicals化学隐藏chemocryptic划分的divisive环境environment环境伦理学environmental ethics环境容纳量environmental carryin capacity环境资源斑块environmental resource patch环境资源廊道environmental resource corridor 荒漠desert荒漠化desertification荒漠生态系统desert ecosystem黄化现象eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学restoration ecology混沌学chaos混合型mixed type活动库exchange pool获得性行为acquired behavior机体论学派organismic school基础生态位Fundamental niche基质matrix极点排序法polar ordination集群型clumped寄生parasitism加速期accelerating phase价值value价值流value flow间接排序indirect ordination间接梯度分析indirect gradiant analysis减速期decelerating phase简单聚合法lumping碱性植物alkaline soil plant建群种constructive species接触化学感觉contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌Phosphate-solubiIizing Microorganisms， PSM 进化适应evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群classic metapopulation经济密度economic density景观landscape景观格局landscape patten景观过程模型process based landscape model景观结构landscape structure景观空间动态模型spatial dynamic landscape model 景观生态学landscape ecology净初级生产量net primary production竞争competition竞争排斥原理competition exclusion principle静态生命表static life table局部种群local population距离效应distance effect聚合的agglomerative均匀型uniform菌根mycorrhiza抗毒素phytoalexins可持续发展sustainable development空间结构spatial structure空间模型spatial model空间生态位spatial niche空间异质性spatial heterogeneity库pool矿产资源mineral resources廊道corridor离散性discrete利己素allomone利己作用allomona利他行为altruism利他作用kairomonal连续体continuum联想学习associative learning猎食行为hunting behavior林冠火crown fire磷循环phosphorus cycling零假说null hypothesis领悟学习insight learning领域性territoriality流flow绿色核算green accounting逻辑斯谛方程logistic equation铆钉假说Rivet hypothesis密度density密度比density ratio密度制约死亡density－dependent mortality 面积效应area effect灭绝extinction铭记imprinting模拟hametic模型modeling牧食食物链grazing food chain内禀增长率intrinsic rate of increase内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organisms内源性endogenous内在的intrinsic耐阴植物shade－enduring plants能量分配原则principle of energy allocation 能量流动energy flow能源资源energy resources能值emergy泥盆纪Devonian period拟寄生parasitoidism逆分析inverse analysis年龄分布age distribution年龄结构age structure年龄性别锥体age-sex pyramid年龄锥体age pyramids偶见种rare species排序ordination配额quota配偶选择mate selection偏害amensalism偏利commensalism频度frequency平衡选择balancing selection平台plantform平行进化parallel evolution栖息地habitat期望值外推法extrapolation by expected value 气候驯化acclimatisation器官organs亲本投资parental investment亲族选择kin selection趋光性phototaxis趋化性chemotaxis趋同进化convergent evolution趋性taxis趋异进化divergent evolution趋异适应radiation adaptation取食促进剂oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法sampling methods去除取样法removal sampling全联法complete linkage全球global全球变暖global warnning全球定位系统global Positioning System全球生态学global ecology确限度fidelity群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory群丛组association group群落community群落的垂直结构vertical structure群落生态学community ecology群落水平格局horizontal pattern群落外貌physiognomy群落演替succession群系formation群系组formation group热带旱生林tropical dry forest热带季雨林tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原tropical savanna热带雨林tropical rainforest热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 人工斑块introduced patch人工廊道introduced corridor人口调查法cencus technique人口统计学human demography日中性植物day neutral plant冗余redundancy冗余种假说Redundancy species hypothesis三叠纪Triassic period森林生态系统forest ecosystem熵值entropy value上渐线upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为defence behavior社会优势等级dominance hierarchy摄食行为feed behavior生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活小区biotope生活型life form生活周期life cycle生境habitat生境多样性假说habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率physiological natality生理死亡率physiological mortality生命表life table生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态反作用ecological reaction生态幅ecological amplitude生态工程ecological engineering生态工业ecological industry生态规划ecological planning生态恢复ecological restoration生态经济ecological economics生态旅游ecotourism生态密度ecological density生态农业ecological agriculture生态入侵ecological invasion生态设计ecological design生态适应ecological adaptation生态死亡率ecological mortality生态位niche生态位宽度niche breadth生态位相似性比例niche proportional similarity 生态位重叠niche overlap生态文明ecological civilization生态系统ecosystem生态系统产品ecosystem goods生态系统多样性ecosystem diversity生态系统服务ecosystem service生态系统生态学ecosystem ecology生态系统学ecosystemology生态型ecotype生态学ecology生态因子ecological factor生态元ecological unit生态作用ecological effect生物organism生物地球化学循环biogecochemical cycle 生物多样性biodiversity生物量biomass生物潜能biotic potential生物群落biotic community，biome生物群落演替succession生殖潜能reproductive potential剩余空间residual space失共生aposymbiosis湿地wetland湿地生态系统wetland ecosystem湿地植物hygrophyte时间结构temporal structure实际出生率realized natality实际死亡率realized mortality食草动物herbivores食肉动物carnivores食物链food chain食物网food wed矢量vector适合度fitness适应辐射adaptive radiation适应值adaptive value适应组合adaptive suites收获理论harvest theory收益外泄externalized profit衰退型种群contracting population水平格局horizontal pattern水土流失soil and water erosion水循环water cycling瞬时增长率instantaneous rate死亡率mortality ＆ death rate松散垂直耦连loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连loose horizontal coupling溯祖过程coalescent process溯祖理论coalescent theory酸性土理论acid soil plant酸雨acid rain随机型random碎屑食物链detritus food chainK—对策者K—strategistisn维超体积资源空间n—dimensional hyper—volume n维生态位n—dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律Law of Frequencyr—对策者r—strategistis奥陶纪Ordovician period白垩土草地chalk grassland斑块patch斑块性patchiness斑块性种群patchy population半荒漠semi—desert半矩阵或星系图constellation diagrams伴生种companion species饱和密度saturation density饱和期asymptotic phase保护哲学conservation philosophy北方针叶林northern conifer forest被动取样假说passive sampling hypothesis 本能instinct本能行为instinctive behavior避敌avoiding predator边缘效应edge effect。

生物学英语中英对照1. 遗传学 Genetics基因 Gene染色体 Chromosome遗传变异 Genetic variation2. 细胞生物学 Cell Biology细胞 Cell细胞核 Nucleus细胞膜 Cell membrane3. 生态学 Ecology生态系统 Ecosystem生物多样性 Biodiversity生物群落 Biome4. 分子生物学 Molecular Biology蛋白质 Protein核酸 Nucleic acid酶 Enzyme5. 发育生物学 Developmental Biology胚胎发育 Embryonic development细胞分化 Cell differentiation形态发生 Morphogenesis6. 植物学 Botany叶绿体 Chloroplast光合作用 Photosynthesis根系 Root system7. 动物学 Zoology器官 Organ组织 Tissue神经系统 Nervous system8. 微生物学 Microbiology细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus真菌 Fungus9. 生物化学 Biochemistry代谢 MetabolismATP（三磷酸腺苷） ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)酶促反应 Enzymatic reaction10. 生理学 Physiology心脏 Heart肺 Lung肝脏 Liver生物学英语中英对照（续）11. 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology自然选择 Natural selection物种形成 Speciation进化树 Evolutionary tree12. 行为生物学 Behavioral Biology繁殖行为 Reproductive behavior领域行为 Territorial behavior社会行为 Social behavior13. 神经生物学 Neurobiology神经元 Neuron突触 Synapse神经递质 Neurotransmitter14. 免疫学 Immunology抗体 Antibody免疫系统 Immune system炎症 Inflammation15. 营养学 Nutrition蛋白质 Protein碳水化合物 Carbohydrate脂肪 Fat16. 遗传工程 Genetic Engineering基因克隆 Gene cloning基因编辑 Gene editing转基因技术 Genetic modification 17. 生态遗传学 Ecological Genetics种群 Population环境适应性 Environmental adaptation遗传漂变 Genetic drift18. 生物信息学 Bioinformatics基因组学 Genomics蛋白质组学 Proteomics生物数据挖掘 Bioinformatics data mining19. 生物统计学 Biostatistics实验设计 Experimental design数据分析 Data analysis显著性检验 Significance test20. 环境生物学 Environmental Biology环境污染 Environmental pollution生态修复 Ecological restoration生物降解 Biodegradation这份生物学英语中英对照文档旨在帮助您更全面地了解生物学领域的专业术语。

个体（英语：individual），一般指一个人或是一个群体中的特定主体，指人时也称个人。

在生物学中，每一只动物、一棵植物、甚至一个能以单细胞生存的生命形式都可称为单一个体。

——wikiAn individual is a person or a specific object.种群（英语：Population，或称种群）在生态学上，是在一定空间范围内同时生活着的同种生物的全部个体；或者说是有个体组成，能够而且确实进行交配的群体。

——wiki种群（population）指在一定时间内占据一定空间的同种生物的所有个体。

——baiduA population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, who live in the same geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.群落群落（英语：Biocoenosis）或称为“生物群落”。

生存在一起并与一定的生存条件相适应的动植物的总体群落生境是群落生物生活的空间，一个生态系统则是群落和群落生境的系统性相互作用。

——wiki群落community 亦称生物群落(biological community)。

生物群落是指具有直接或间接关系的多种生物种群的有规律的组合，具有复杂的种间关系。

我们把在一定生活环境中的所有生物种群的总和叫做生物群落，简称群落。

——baidu生态学定义：在相同时间聚集在同一地段上的各物种种群的集合[1]。

A biocenosis (biocenose, biocoenose, biotic community, biological community, ecological community), coined by Karl Möbius in 1877, describes the interacting organisms living together in a habitat (biotope).生态系统生态系统(Ecosystem)是指在一个特定环境内，其间的所有生物和此一环境的统称。