介词-高考英语必考语法点
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2023年高中英语语法知识精讲:常用介词考点分析
一、shoot to, shoot at 及其他
有网友问:在语法书和教辅书上,读到有关shoot to和shoot at的区别,都说shoot to用于距离远、体积大的物体;shoot at用于距离近、体积小的物体。请问,是这样的吗?
这种说法很牵强,属于只看到现象,未触及本质。用shoot to还是shoot at与物体的远、近、大、小,没有直接的关系。以下是我的理解和看法:
shoot作“射击”讲,既是及物动词,也是不及物动词。及物时表示“射中”,如:shoot the tiger(射中老虎);不及物时,跟不同介词搭配有不同的含义,例如:
shoot at the wolf 朝着狼射击
shoot to the woods 朝着森林方向射击
shoot into the house 朝房内射击
通过比较,我们发现:shoot本身没有变化,差别就在于,不同的介词有不同的含义。
at 表示“目标”;to表示“方向”;into表示“朝…….里面(有容积的物体)”。所以,它们的区别与射击目标的“远、近、大、小”没有直接关系。比方说,“朝着东方射击”,就用shoot to,因为to表示“方向”,这时不能用at;wolf是目标就用at,但woods用at就不合适。类似的用法,也适应于look,point等词,请读者仔细体味:
look at the blackboard (看黑板)
look to the west(向西看)
look into the water(向水里望去)
point at the picture (指着图片)
point to the wall (朝墙的方向指去)
point into the sky(向空中指去)
during the night与in the night的区别
有朋友在本站“答疑中心”询问 during the night 与 in the
名校版高考高中英语语法详解 介词和副词的behind的用法及考点
单词behind可以用作介词和副词,我们都知道它可以做“在……后面”讲,除此之外,它还有其他的意思。
1.behind用作介词,一般由下面四个意思,它后面可以跟名词或代词。
1)behind表示“在/向……后面”。比如:
They were parked behind the truck...
他们停在了卡车后面。Who's the girl standing behind Jan?
站在简身后的女孩是谁?Stay close behind me. 紧跟在我后面。a small street behind the station 车站后面的小街。She glanced behind her.
她扭头朝背后扫了一眼。The sun
disappeared behind the clouds.
太阳消失在云层里。
2)behind指“落后于,劣于,低于”。比如:
He's behind the rest of the class in reading. 他的阅读能力不及班上其他人。We're behind schedule. 我们的工作进度落后了。The trains are running behind schedule.那几班列车已晚点了。这里的behind常与schedule搭配使用。
3)behind指“支持,赞成,做……后盾”。比如:She knew that,
whatever she decided, her family was right behind her.
她知道,无论她做出什么决定,她的家人肯定会支持她的。We
are behind you all the way!我们自始至终支持你!
4)behind指“对…来说成为过去;抛到…的脑后”。比如:
She put the nightmare behind her.她已将噩梦抛诸脑后。He
名词性从句
区别什么从句应看主句,主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时,从句可能是定语从句,状语从句,或者同位语从句。
需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成份时,指人用who/whom,指物用what; 不缺意思和成份时用that。That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。
缺成分时,what和whatever是第一高频答案!
引导主、宾、表语从句时,what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分,that不作任何成分,只在语法上起连接的作用。
◆____ we can’t get∧ seems better than ____ we have∧.
A. What; what
B. what; that C. That; that
D. That; what
本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句,且两个从句都缺乏宾语,可见两个引导词都必须充当成分,所以答案是A。
◆____ ∧caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What
B. That C. How D. Where
该题答案是A,what在主语从句中作主语,即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中,that不充当任何成份,只起语法连接作用(因为句子本身不缺成分):
That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.
〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known
we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A.this B.that C.what D.which
考察宾语从句和主语从句。村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥,后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物,所以选择what。答案:C
介词
介词又叫做前置词,是一种虚词,不能单独在句子当中担当成分,它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配(介词+宾语)构成介词短语;和动词搭配构成短语动词,然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。
介词分为简单介词,如:at, in, on, besides, since, for等;合成介词,如:inside, outside, without,
within, into, onto等;短语介词(或成语介词),如:because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等;二重介词,如:from behind, until after等。
一、介词短语的句法功能
介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。
1. 作定语
介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。
The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.
2. 作表语(或称为:主语的补足语)
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3. 作宾语补足语(或称为:宾语的表语)
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning?
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4. 作状语
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (时间状语)
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地点状语)
3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. (伴随状语)