the skeletal system

有关解剖学的英文句子1. Anatomy is the study of the structure and function of the human body.【解释】解剖学是研究人体结构和功能的学科。

2. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the soft tissues and internal organs of the body.【解释】骨骼系统为身体的软组织和内部器官提供支持和保护。

3. The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body and regulating its functions.【解释】神经系统负责在全身传递信号并调节其功能。

4. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which work together to transport oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.【解释】心血管系统包括心脏、血管和血液，它们共同作用将氧气和营养物质输送到身体的细胞。

5. The respiratory system is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide from the body.【解释】呼吸系统负责给血液供氧并从身体中排出二氧化碳。

6. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.【解释】消化系统将食物分解成可被身体吸收的营养物质。

①Functions of the skeletal system ?（骨骼系统的作用）1.Support :The skeletal provides a framework for the body2.Protection: many internal organs are protected from injury by the skeletal3.Movement: When the muscles which are attcched to contract the bones acting as levers produce movement,4.Mineral storage: Bones store several minerals that can be distributed to other parts of the body on demand.5.Blood cell production:Red marrow in certain is capable of producing blood cells ,a process called hematopoiesis.②Functions of the hypothalamus ?(下丘脑的功能)(1)Thus the hypothalamus exerts a major control over virtually all internal organs(2)The hypothalamus plays an essencial role in maintaining the body’s water balance(3)Thus the hypothalamus indirectly helps control the functioning of every cell in the body.(4)The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the mechanism for maintaining body temperature.(5)Regulation of water balance ,sleep cycles and the control of appetite and many emoions involved in pleasure ,fear ,anger ,and pain.③How do hemolysis and crenation take place ?(溶血与皱缩如何发生)If the plasma becomes hypotonic ,hemoglobin mixes with the water has diffused into the cells from the surrounding plasma ,causing hemolysis .In a hypertonic plasma the red blood cells shrink as a result of water leaving the cell body This shrinkage is called crenation.④How to control a hemorrhage?(如何控制出血)The most common are ligation or tying then ,clamping them with hemostats ,applying tourniquets ,and applying direct pressure over the wound.⑤What is hyperthyroidism and it’s three sympertion 甲亢及症状1.Hyperthyroidism or oversecretion of the thyroid hormones dramatically increases the metabolic rate .Food material is burned by the cells at an excessive rate2.lose weight have an increased appetite show signs of nervous irritability ⑥Functions of the kidneys?(肾的功能)(1)The kidneys play the central role in regulating the waterconcentration ,inorganic ion composition ,and volume of the internal environment.(2)The kidneys excrete metabolic waste products into the urine as fast as they are produced.(3)The excretion ,in the urine ,of some foreign chemicals.(4)Gluconeogenesis(5)Act as endocrine glands⑦Take about the process of the blood flow through the heart ?(心脏的血运过程)(1)The deoxygenated blood from the right atrium passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle .(2)The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk which routes the blood via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where gas exchange occurs .(3)The pulmonary veins then carry the oxygenated blood back to the heart and enters at the left atrium(4)From the left atrium ,the blood passes through the mistral valve to the left ventricle .(5)From the left ventricle the oxygenated blood passes into the aorta ,the largest artery in the body with brancles into smaller arteries for distribution to the rest of the body .[glomerular capsule / glomerulus /afferent arteriole / efferent arteriole /proximal convoluted tubule /distal convoluted tubule / collecting duct /loop of henle / peritublar capillaries】句子翻译1.The blood continually trades off calcium with the bone , removing calcium when it and other tissues are not receiving enough of this element and resupplying the bones with dietary calcium to keep them from losing too much bone mass.血液不停地与骨组织交换钙，在血液与其他组织钙不足是移走骨钙，同时从饮食中补充骨钙以避免丧失过多的骨组织。

KeyUnit 1 IntroductionPart OneSituational Dialogues1. Hello; Please call; nurse; How can2. Hello; What’s your problem; please call; am nurse ; Can I help you.Part TwoText AI. 1. antibodies 2. accessory 3. tactile 4. skeleton system 5. exhale6. evaporation7. cartilage8. Striated muscles9. ova 10. residues II. 1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary 3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea/difficulty in respiration8. saliva 9. histology 10. blood circulation 11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive system 15. nervous cells16. immunology 17. indigestion/ poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologyText BI. 1. endemic disease 2. provoked, addiction 3. succumb to 4. ward off5. mental retardation6. An acute disease7. susceptible to8. potential , assumes9. epidemic diseaseII. 1. to impair proper function 2. to contaminate the environment3. malfunction4. causative agent5. vulnerable groups6. localized infection7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibodyUnit 2 The skeletal SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesproblems; pain; buttock ; X-ray ; mobilePart TwoText AI. I. Text Comprehension1. The skeletal system is composed of various types of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage.2. The skeletal system have four basic functions. They are support, protection, movement, Mineral storage and blood cell production.3. calcium and phosphorus4. In males, calcium loss typically does not begin until after age 60.5. Because age on the skeletal system is decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix. As a consequence, bone matrix accumulates a lesser proportion of organic matrix and a greater proportion of inorganic matrix. In some elderly individuals, this process can cause their bones to become quite brittle and more susceptible to fracture.II. Vocabulary1. C2.B3.D4.A5.BText BI. I. Text Comprehension1.Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the tissue lining the joints.2.Young children, as well as grown men and women, may suffer from it.3.He has swelling, redness, heat and pain in one or more joints.4.In older adults, the disease is usually of long standing, and varying degree of deformity andpermanent damage.boratory examination, X-ray films and biopsy.I.Word Formation1. 关节风湿病风湿病学家风湿痛风湿（性）致风湿病的风湿病风湿病样的风湿性硬化风湿疹2. 关节水肿骨关节炎滑膜关节膜炎骨关节病滑膜瘤关节病骨癌成滑膜细胞关节镜骨细胞产生滑液的关节切除术切骨术滑膜炎II.TranslationA. 1. Rheumation arthritis is a chronic and general disease, the cause of which is not certain.2. The joints of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis are usually swollen and painful.3. As the disease progresses, joint pain and swelling increase and muscular stiffnessbecomes even more marked.4. In joints which have been immobilized by pain and muscular spasm, fibrous or bonyankylosis may take place.5. In more advanced cases pain and muscle spasm give rise to flexion deformities in theaffected joints.B. Rheumatoid arthritis is a poly-articular affection, often bilateral and symmetrical, mostcommonly involving the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands and the smaller joints generally. The wrist, ankle, shoulder, and the temporomandibular joints are also subject to the disease.Part ThreeWriting Skills1. 判断下列标题的书写格式是否正确，并将错误的标题改正。

身体结构的英文单词The human body is an intricate system composed of various parts, each with a specific function. From the head to the toes, each segment plays a vital role in our overall well-being.The skeletal system, for instance, is made up of bones that provide support and structure. Joints are the points where bones meet, allowing for movement and flexibility.Muscles, on the other hand, are responsible for generating force and enabling motion. They are attached to bones and work in conjunction with the skeletal system.Inside the body, we have organs such as the heart, which pumps blood, and the lungs, which facilitate breathing. These organs work together to maintain life.The nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, is responsible for sending signals throughout the body. It controls our thoughts, movements, and senses.Lastly, the skin is the largest organ, serving as a protective barrier against the external environment. It also plays a role in temperature regulation.Understanding these body parts and their functions isessential for appreciating the complexity and wonder of human anatomy.。

介绍身体构成英文作文英文回答：The human body is a complex and fascinating structure that is composed of various systems and organs. Let me introduce the different components of the body.Firstly, let's talk about the skeletal system. This system provides support and structure to the body. It is made up of bones, which are connected by joints. The bones protect our internal organs and allow us to move. For example, the skull protects our brain, and the ribcage protects our heart and lungs.Next, we have the muscular system. Muscles are responsible for movement and provide strength to the body. There are three types of muscles: skeletal muscles, which control voluntary movements like walking and running; smooth muscles, which control involuntary movements like digestion; and cardiac muscles, which make up the heart andpump blood throughout the body.Moving on to the circulatory system, it is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs, while the blood vessels carry the blood. This system ensures the transportation of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.Now, let's discuss the respiratory system. This system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. It includes the lungs, trachea, and bronchial tubes. When we inhale, oxygen enters the lungs and is then transported to the bloodstream. On the other hand, carbon dioxide is expelled from the body when we exhale.Moving on to the digestive system, it is responsiblefor breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. It includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The process starts with chewing and swallowing food, which then travels through thedigestive tract. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, while waste products are eliminated as feces.Next, let's talk about the nervous system. It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This system controls and coordinates all bodily functions. For example, the brain sends signals to the muscles to move or to the heart to beat. The spinal cord acts as a pathway for messages between the brain and the rest of the body.Lastly, we have the endocrine system, which consists of glands that produce hormones. These hormones regulate various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. For example, the thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism, while the adrenal glands produce hormones that help the body respond to stress.中文回答：人体是一个复杂而神奇的结构，由各种系统和器官组成。

介绍身体英语作文Title: The Marvelous Machinery of the Human BodyThe human body, a complex and intricate masterpiece of nature, is a testament to the ingenuity and harmony that exists within the universe. This intricate machinery, consisting of billions of cells working in perfect synchrony, performs an array of functions that enable us to live, think, feel, and interact with the world around us. In this essay, we will delve into the wonders of the human body, exploring its fundamental systems, organs, and the incredible processes that keep us alive and thriving.The Skeletal System: The Foundation of LifeAt the very core of our being lies the skeletal system, the framework that supports and protects our bodies. Composed primarily of bones, cartilage, and ligaments, this system provides structure, allowing us to stand tall, move gracefully, and protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and brain. Bones also serve as a reservoir for minerals like calcium and play a crucial role in blood cell production within the bone marrow.The Muscular System: The Engine of MotionParallel to the skeletal system is the muscular system, which comprises muscles, tendons, and fascia. These powerful engines of motion enable us to perform a wide range of physical activities, from the simplest gestures like lifting a cup to the most complex athletic feats. Muscles work in concert with bones and joints, transforming chemical energy into mechanical work, allowing us to move, lift, and even express emotions through facial expressions.The Nervous System: The Command CenterNestled within our skulls and spinal column is the nervous system, the central command center of the body. This vast network of neurons and glial cells transmits information throughout the body in the form of electrical and chemical signals. The brain, the most complex organ in the human body, processes this information, orchestrating everything from basic reflexes to complex thought processes and emotions. The spinal cord, a vital extension of the brain, serves as a conduit for these signals, ensuring swift communication between the brain and the rest of the body.The Circulatory System: The Life-Giving FlowThe circulatory system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood itself, is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The heart, a powerful muscular pump, propels blood through a network of arteries, capillaries, and veins, ensuring that every cell in thebody receives the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly. This life-giving flow is essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting all life processes.The Respiratory System: Breathing Life InThe respiratory system, including the nose, throat, lungs, and diaphragm, is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. As we inhale, air rich in oxygen enters the lungs through the nose or mouth, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is exhaled out of the body. This continuous cycle of gas exchange is vital for sustaining life.The Digestive System: Breaking Down for Building UpThe digestive system, stretching from the mouth to the anus, is responsible for breaking down food into smaller, absorbable molecules that can be used by the body for energy, growth, and repair. This complex process involves mechanical and chemical means, including chewing, the action of digestive enzymes, and absorption through the intestinal wall. The nutrients extracted from food are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.The Endocrine System: The Chemical MessengersThe endocrine system, comprising glands and hormones, regulates many of the body's functions through the release of chemical messengers into the bloodstream. These hormones, such as insulin, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones, play a crucial role in growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. By fine-tuning these processes, the endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis and ensure the smooth functioning of the body.In conclusion, the human body is a marvel of engineering, a symphony of systems and organs working in perfect harmony to sustain life. From the foundation of our bones to the intricate workings of our brains, every aspect of our being is a testament to the infinite wisdom and creativity of nature. As we continue to explore and understand the wonders of the human body, we gain a deeper appreciation for the incredible machine that we are.。

Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。