外文翻译 文献综述 电力系统低频振荡和储能系统

电力系统振荡阻尼采用先进的统一潮流控制摘要-文章介绍了一种先进的控制器的设计。

上述非线性控制器的目的是使电力系统中正在使用的统一潮流控制器（UPFC）的一台多机的内在区域的振荡阻尼减少。

系统在日常运行时的发电机将会经历持续的负载变化，并且当系统中出现故障时会出现剧烈的变化。

因此，非线性控制器的运行时独立的，这种器件可以比线性的控制器产生更好的效果。

将之前所提到的器件安装在系统中两个区域之间。

在不同的负载条件下把统一潮流控制器与传统的比例积分（PI）控制器所产生的效果作比较。

关键词-暂态稳定；非线性控制；振荡系统；统一潮流控制器。

Ⅰ.引文今年来由于能源，环境，位置和成本的影响阻碍了新型传输线路和发电设备的建设，而电力功率的需求却在日益增长。

回顾传统的电力系统实践和概念对当前情形是必要的。

这样是为了获得更好的运行灵活性，并且也是为了当前的电力系统更好的利用率。

在相互协调的电力系统中电压稳定，暂态稳定和小干扰稳定约束了功率传输。

可用传输通道的完全利用率由这些约束条件所限制[1],[2]。

在很多系统里面，摆幅稳定性不是限制因素，而是系统的振荡阻尼。

传统的方法是在发电机的励磁系统中通过增加一个电力系统稳定器（PSS）以增加该系统的阻尼[3]。

PSS的主要功能是通过励磁系统引入调制信号处理来增加转子振荡阻尼。

然而，在一些运行条件中，这些设备可能不会产生足够的阻尼，尤其是内在区域模型[4]和与PSS之外其他有效的选择设备。

在上个20年期间，电力系统在控制技术和大功率半导体设备方面已经产生很大的发展。

静止无功补偿器（SVC）仅仅在所选择的传输线终端控制[5],[6]。

由Hingorani提出的柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)[7]或者灵活交流输电系统的概念有着很大的效益，例如，极大功率潮流控制，电力系统震荡阻尼，少量的环境影响，并且和有选择性的传输系统固定装置相比柔性装置拥有潜力，花费也少[8]。

统一潮流控制器（UPFC）是FACTS装置中最常用的。

EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS The commercial use of electricity began in the late1870s when arc lamps were used for lighthouse illumination and street lighting.The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison-the historic Pearl Street Station in New Y ork City which began operation in September 1882.This was a dc system consisting of a steam-engine-driven dc generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5km in radios. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of dc systems, they were almost completely superseded by ac systems. By 1886, the limitations of dc systems were becoming increasingly apparent .They could deliver power only a short distance from the generators. To keep transmission power losers (RI2) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.The development of the transformation and ac transmission by L. Gaulard and J.D. Gibbs of Paris, France, led to ac electric power systems. George Westinghouse secured rights to these developments in the United States. In 1886, William Stanley, an associate of Westinghouse, developed and tested a commercially practical transformer and ac distribution system for 150 lamps at Great Barrington, Massachusetts. In 1889, the first ac transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikolas Tesla, the ac system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on ac motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day ac systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on dc or ac. There were passionate arguments between Edison, who advocated dc, and Westinghouse, who favored ac. By the turn of the century, the ac system had won out over the dc system for the following reasons;●V oltage levels can be easily transformed in ac systems, thus providing the flexibility for use ofdifferent voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.●AC generators are much simpler than dc generators.●AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than dc motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893-a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. Around this time, ac was chosen at Niagara Falls because dc was not practical for transmitting power to Buffalo, about 30 km away. This decision ended the ac versus dc controversy and established victory for the ac system.In the early period of ac power transmission, frequency was not standardized. Many differentfrequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. This posed a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although many other countries use 50 Hz.The increasing need for transmitting larger amounts of power over longer distances created an incentive to use progressively higher voltage levels. The early ac systems used 12,44, and 60 kV(RMS line-to-line).This rose to 165 kV in 1922,220 kV in 1923,287 kV in 1935,330 kV in 1953,and 765 kV was introduced in the United States in 1969.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. The standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class.With the development of mercury arc valves in the early 1950s, high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission systems became economical in special situations. The HVDC transmission is attractive for transmission of large blocks of power over long distances. The cross-over point beyond which dc transmission may become a competitive to ac transmission is around 500 kV for around 500 km for overhead lines and 50 km for underground or submarine cables. HDVC transmission also provides an asynchronous link between systems where ac interconnection would be impractical because of system stability considerations or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. The first modern commercial application of HVDC transmission occurred in 1954 when the Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland were interconnected by a 96 km submarine cab le.With the advent of thyristor valve converters, HVDC transmission became even more attractive. The first application of an HVDC system using thyristor values was at Eel River in 1972-a back-to-back scheme providing an asynchronous tie between the power systems of Quebec and New Brunswick. With the cost and size of conversion equipment decreasing and its reliability increasing, there has been a steady increase in the use of HVDC transmission.Interconnection of neighboring utilities usually leads to improved security results from the mutual emergency assistance that the utilities can provide. Improved economy results from the need for less generating reserve capacity in each system. In addition, the interconnection permits the utilities to make economy transfers and thus take advantage of the most economical sources of power. These benefits have been recognized from the beginning and interconnections continue to grow. Almost all the utilities in the United States and Canada are now part of one interconnected system of enormous complexity. The design of such a system and its secure operation are indeed challenging problems.STRUCTURE OF THE POWER SYSTEMElectric power system varies in size and structural components. However, they all have the same basic characteristics:●Are comprised of three-phase ac systems operating essentially at constant voltage.Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment. Industrial loads are invariably three-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system.●Use synchronous machines for electricity. Prime movers convent the primary sources ofenergy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted toelectrical energy by synchronous generators.●Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. Thisrequires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels.Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices.It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems:1.Transmission system2.Subtransmission system3.Distribution systemThe transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load canters in the system. It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230kV and above).The generator voltage are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. These are stepped up to the transmission voltage levels, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltage are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 kV to 138 kV).The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system.The subtransmission system transmits power in smaller quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the substransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between substransmission and transmission circuits. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders are supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240V.翻译：电力系统的演化商业用电始于19世纪70年代后期，弧灯用于灯塔照明和街道照明。

变电站概述中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译专业名称：电力系统自动化英文资料：INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING METHODSAbstract -Many methods can be used to start large AC induction motors. Choices such as full voltage, reduced voltage either by autotransformer or Wyes - Delta, a soft starter, or usage of an adjustable speed drive can all have potential advantages and trade offs. Reduced voltage starting can lower the starting torque and help prevent damage to the load. Additionally, power factor correction capacitors can be used to reduce the current, but care must be taken to size them properly. Usage of the wrong capacitors can lead to significant damage. Choosing the proper starting method for a motor will include an analysis of the power system as well as the starting load to ensure that the motor is designed to deliver the needed performance while minimizing its cost. This paper will examine the most common starting methods and their recommended applications.I. INTRODUCTIONThere are several general methods of starting induction motors: full voltage, reduced voltage, wyes-delta, and part winding types. The reduced voltage type can include solid state starters, adjustable frequency drives, and autotransformers. These, along with the full voltage, or across the line starting, give the purchaser a large variety of automotives when it comes to specifying the motor to be used in a given application. Each method has its own benefits, as well as performance trade offs. Proper selection will involve a thorough investigation of any power system constraints, the load to be accelerated and the overall cost of the equipment.In order for the load to be accelerated, the motor must generate greater torque than the load requirement. In general there are three points of interest on the motor's speed-torque curve. The first is locked-rotor torque (LRT) which is the minimum torque which the motor will develop at rest for all angular positions of the rotor. The second is pull-up torque (PUT) which is defined as the minimum torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. The last is the breakdown torque (BDT) which is defined as the maximum torque which the motor will develop. If any of these points are below the required load curve, then the motor will not start.The time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load is dependent on the inertia of the load and the margin between the torque of the motor and the load curve, sometimes called accelerating torque. In general, the longer the time it takes for the motor to accelerate the load, the more heat that will be generated in the rotor bars, shorting ring and the stator winding. This heat leads to additional stresses in these parts and can have an impaction motor life.II. FULL VOLTAGEThe full voltage starting method, also known as across the line starting, is the easiest method to employ, has the lowest equipment costs, and is the most reliable. This method utilizes a control to close a contactor and apply full line voltage to the motor terminals. This method will allow the motor to generate its highest starting torque and provide the shortest acceleration times.This method also puts the highest strain on the power system due to the high starting currents that can be typically six to seven times the normal full load current of the motor. If the motor is on a weak power system, the sudden high power draw can cause a temporary voltage drop, not only at the motor terminals, but the entire power bus feeding the starting motor. This voltage drop will cause a drop in the starting torque of the motor, and a drop in the torque of any other motor running on the power bus. The torque developed by an induction motor varies roughly as the square of the applied voltage. Therefore, depending on the amount of voltage drop, motors running on this weak power bus could stall. In addition, many control systems monitor under voltage conditions, a second potential problem that could take a running motor offline during a full voltage start. Besides electrical variation of the power bus, a potential physical disadvantage of an across the line starting is the sudden loading seen by the driven equipment. This shock loading due to transient torques which can exceed 600% of the locked rotor torque can increase the wear on the equipment, or even cause a catastrophic failure if the load can not handle the torques generated by the motor during staring.A. Capacitors and StartingInduction motors typically have very low power factor during starting and as a result have very large reactive power draw. See Fig. 2. This effect on the system can be reduced by adding capacitors to the motor during starting.The large reactive currents required by the motor lag the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. This reactive power doesn't create any measurable output, but is rather the energy required for the motor to function. The product of the applied system voltage and this reactive power component can be measured in V ARS (volt-ampere reactive). The capacitors act to supply a current that leads the applied voltage by 90 electrical degrees. The leading currents supplied by the capacitors cancel the laggingcurrent demanded by the motor, reducing the amount of reactive power required to be drawn from the power system.To avoid over voltage and motor damage, great care should be used to make sure that the capacitors are removed as the motor reaches rated speed, or in the event of a loss of power so that the motor will not go into a generator mode with the magnetizing currents provided from the capacitors. This will be expanded on in the next section and in the appendix.B. Power Factor CorrectionCapacitors can also be left permanently connected to raise the full load power factor. When used in this manner they are called power factor correction capacitors. The capacitors should never be sized larger than the magnetizing current of the motor unless they can be disconnected from the motor in the event of a power loss.The addition of capacitors will change the effective open circuit time constant of the motor. The time constant indicates the time required for remaining voltage in the motor to decay to 36.8% of rated voltage after the loss of power. This is typically one to three seconds without capacitors.With capacitors connected to the leads of the motor, the capacitors can continue to supply magnetizing current after the power to the motor has been disconnected. This is indicated by a longer time constant for the system. If the motor is driving a high inertia load, the motor can change over to generator action with the magnetizingCurrent from the capacitors and the shaft driven by the load. This can result in the voltage at the motor terminals actually rising to nearly 50% of rated voltage in some cases. If the power is reconnected before this voltage decays severe transients can be created which can cause significant switching currents and torques that can severely damage the motor and the driven equipment. An example of this phenomenon is outlined in the appendix.Ⅲ. REDUCED VOLTAGEEach of the reduced voltage methods are intended to reduce the impact of motor starting current on the power system by controlling the voltage that the motor sees atthe terminals. It is very important to know the characteristics of the load to be started when considering any form of reduced voltage starting. The motor manufacturer will need to have the speed torque curve and the inertia of the driven equipment when they validate their design. The curve can be built from an initial, or break away torque, as few as four other data points through the speed range, and the full speed torque for the starting condition. A centrifugal or square curve can be assumed in many cases, but there are some applications where this would be problematic. An example would be screw compressors which have a much higher torque requirement at lower speeds than the more common centrifugal or fan load. See Fig. 3. By understanding the details of the load to be started the manufacturer can make sure that the motor will be able to generate sufficient torque to start the load, with the starting method that is chosen.A. AutotransformerThe motor leads are connected to the lower voltage side of the transformer. The most common taps that are used are 80%, 65%, and 50%. At 50% voltage the current on the primary is 25% of the full voltage locked rotor amps. The motor is started with this reduced voltage, and then after a pre-set condition is reached the connection is switched to line voltage. This condition could be a preset time, current level, bus volts, or motor speed. The change over can be done in either a closed circuit transition, or an open circuit transition method. In the open circuit method the connection to the voltage is severed as it is changed from the reduced voltage to the line level. Care should be used to make sure that there will not be problems from transients due to the switching. This potential problem can be eliminated by using the closed circuit transition. With the closed circuit method there is a continuousVoltage applied to the motor. Another benefit with the autotransformer starting is in possible lower vibration and noise levels during starting.Since the torque generated by the motor will vary as the square of the applied voltage, great care should be taken to make sure that there will be sufficient accelerating torque available from the motor. A speed torque curve for the driven equipment along with the inertia should be used to verify the design of the motor. A good rule of thumb is to have a minimum of 10% of the rated full load torque of the motor as a margin at all points of the curve.Additionally, the acceleration time should be evaluated to make sure that the motor has sufficient thermal capacity to handle the heat generated due to the longeracceleration time.B. Solid State or Soft StartingThese devices utilize silicon controlled rectifiers or Scars. By controlling the firing angle of the SCR the voltage that the device produces can be controlled during the starting of the motor by limiting the flow of power for only part of the duration of the sine wave.The most widely used type of soft starter is the current limiting type. A current limit of 175% to 500% of full load current is programmed in to the device. It then will ramp up the voltage applied to the motor until it reaches the limit value, and will then hold that current as the motor accelerates.Tachometers can be used with solid state starters to control acceleration time. Voltage output is adjusted as required by the starter controller to provide a constant rate of acceleration.The same precautions in regards to starting torque should be followed for the soft starters as with the other reduced voltage starting methods. Another problem due to the firing angle of the SCR is that the motor could experience harmonic oscillating torques. Depending on the driven equipment, this could lead to exciting the natural frequency of the system.C. Adjustable Frequency DrivesThis type of device gives the greatest overall control and flexibility in starting induction motors giving the most torque for an amount of current. It is also the most costly.The drive varies not only the voltage level, but also the frequency, to allow the motor to operate on a constant volt per hertz level. This allows the motor to generate full load torque throughout a large speed range, up to 10:1. During starting, 150% of rated current is typical.This allows a significant reduction in the power required to start a load and reduces the heat generated in the motor, all of which add up to greater efficiency. Usage of the AFD also can allow a smaller motor to be applied due to the significant increase of torque available lower in the speed range. The motor should still be sizedlarger than the required horsepower of the load to be driven. The AFD allows a great degree of control in the acceleration of the load that is not as readily available with the other types of reduced voltage starting methods.The greatest drawback of the AFD is in the cost relative to the other methods. Drives are the most costly to employ and may also require specific motor designs to be used. Based on the output signal of the drive, filtered or unfiltered, the motor could require additional construction features. These construction features include insulated bearings, shaft grounding brushes, and insulated couplings due to potential shaft current from common mode voltage. Without these features, shaft currents, which circulate through the shaft to the bearing, through the motor frame and back, create arcing in the bearings that lead to premature bearing failure, this potential for arcing needs to be considered when applying a motor/drive package in a hazardous environment, Division2/Zone2.An additional construction feature of a motor used on an AFD may require is an upgraded insulation system on the motor windings. An unfiltered output signal from a drive can create harmonic voltage spikes in the motor, stressing the insulation of the motor windings.It is important to note that the features described pertain to motors which will be started and run on an AFD. If the drive is only used for starting the motor, these features may not be necessary. Consult with the motor manufacturer for application specific requirements.D. Primary Resistor or Reactor StartingThis method uses either a series resistor or reactor bank to be placed in the circuit with the motor. Resistor starting is more frequently used for smaller motors.When the motor is started, the resistor bank limits the flow of inrush current and provides for a voltage drop at the motor terminals. The resistors can be selected to provide voltage reductions up to 50%. As the motor comes up to speed, it develops a counter EMF (electro-magnetic field) that opposes the voltage applied to the motor. This further limits the inrush currents. As the inrush current diminishes, so does t>e voltage drop across the resistor bank allowing the torque generated by the motor to increase. At a predetermined time a device will short across the resistors and open the starting contactor effectively removing the resistor bank from the circuit. This provides for a closed transition and eliminates the concerns due to switchingtransients.Reactors will tend to oppose any sudden changes in current and therefore act to limit the current during starting. They will remain shorted after starting and provide a closed transition to line voltage.E .Star delta StartingThis approach started with the induction motor, the structure of each phase of the terminal are placed in the motor terminal box. This allows the motor star connection in the initial startup, and then re-connected into a triangle run. The initial start time when the voltage is reduced to the original star connection, the starting current and starting torque by 2 / 3. Depending on the application, the motor switch to the triangle in the rotational speed of between 50% and the maximum speed. Must be noted that the same problems, including the previously mentioned switch method, if the open circuit method, the transition may be a transient problem. This method is often used in less than 600V motor, the rated voltage 2.3kV and higher are not suitable for star delta motor start method.Ⅴ. INCREMENT TYPEThe first starting types that we have discussed have deal with the way the energy is applied to the motor. The next type deals with different ways the motor can be physically changed to deal with starting issues.Part WindingWith this method the stator of the motor is designed in such a way that it is made up of two separate windings. The most common method is known as the half winding method. As the name suggests, the stator is made up of two identical balanced windings. A special starter is configured so that full voltage can be applied to one half of the winding, and then after a short delay, to the second half. This method can reduce the starting current by 50 to 60%, but also the starting torque. One drawback to this method is that the motor heating on the first step of the operation is greater than that normally encountered on across-the-line start. Therefore the elapsed time on the first step of the part winding start should be minimized. This method also increases the magnetic noise of the motor during the first step.IV .ConclusionThere are many ways asynchronous motor starting, according to the constraints of power systems, equipment costs, load the boot device to select the best method. From the device point of view, was the first full-pressure launch the cheapest way, but it may increase the cost efficiency in the use of, or the power supply system in the region can not meet their needs. Effective way to alleviate the buck starts the power supply system, but at the expense of the cost of starting torque.These methods may also lead to increased motor sizes have led to produce the required load torque. Inverter can be eliminated by the above two shortcomings, but requires an additional increase in equipment costs. Understand the limitations of the application, and drives the starting torque and speed, allowing you for your application to determine the best overall configuration.英文资料翻译：异步电动机起动的方法摘要：大容量的交流异步电动机有多种启动方法。

Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, and total loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distributionHVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system without skin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common cooling tower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。

Faults on Power SystemsEach year new design of power equipment bring about increased reliability of operation. Nevertheless, equipment failures and interference by outside sources occasionally result in faults on electric power systems. On the occurrence of a fault , current an voltage conditions become abnormal, the delivery of power from the generating station to the loads may be unsatisfactory over a considerable area, and if the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment.A faulty is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more conductors which ordinarily operate with a difference of potential between them. The connection between the conductors may be by physical metallic contact or it may be through an arc. At the fault, the voltage between the two parts is reduced to zero in the case of metal-to-metal contacts, or to a very low value in case the connection is through an arc. Currents of abnormally high magnitude flow through the network to the point of fault. These short-circuit currents will usually be much greater than the designed thermal ability of the condition in the lines or machines feeding the fault . The resultant rise in temperature may cause damage by the annealing of conductors and by the charring of insulation. In the period during which the fault is permitted to exist, the voltage on the system in the near vicinity of the fault will be so low that utilization equipment will be inoperative. It is apparent that the late conditions that exist during a fault, and provide equipment properly adjusted to open the switches necessary to disconnect the faulted equipment from the remanding of the system. Ordinarily it is desirable that no other switches on the system are opened, as such behavior would result in unnecessary modification the system circuits.A distinction must be made between and an overload. An overload implies only that loads greater than the designed values have been imposed on system. Under such a circumstance the voltage at the overload point may be low, but not zero. This undervoltage condition may extend for some distance beyond the overload point into the remainder of the system. The current in the overload equipment are high and may exceed the thermal design limits. Nevertheless, such currents are substantially lower than in the case of a fault. Service frequently may be maintained, but at below-standard voltage.Overloads are rather common occurrences in homes. For example, a housewife might plug five waffle irons into the kitchen circuit during a neighborhood part. Such an overload, if permitted to continue, would cause heating of the wires from the power center and might eventually start a fire. To prevent such trouble, residential circuits are protected by fuses or circuit breakers which open quickly when currents above specified values persist. Distribution transformers are sometimes overloads as customers install more and more appliances. The continuous monitoring of distribution circuits is necessary to be certain that transformers sizes are increased as load grows.Faults of many types and causes may appear on electric power systems. Many of us in our homes have seen frayed lamp cords which permitted the two conductors of the cord to come in contact with each other. When this occurs, there is a resulting flash, and if breaker or fuse equipment functions properly, the circuit is opened.Overhead lines, for the most part, are constructed of bare conductors. There are sometimes accidentally brought together by action of wind, sleets, trees, cranes, airplanes, or damage to supporting structures. Overvoltages due to lighting or switching nay cause flashover of supporting or from conductor to conductor. Contamination on insulators sometimes results in flashover even during normal voltage conditions.The conductors of underground cables are separated from each and from ground by solid insulation, which nay be oil-impregnated paper or a plastic such polyethylene. These materials undergo somedeterioration with age, particularly if overloads on the cables have resulted in their operation at elevated temperature. Any small void present in the body of the insulating material will results in ionization of the gas contained therein, the products of which react unfavorably with the insulation. Deterioration of the insulation may result in failure of the material to retain its insulating properties, and short circuits will develop between the cable conductors. The possibility of cable failure is increased if lightening or switching produces transient voltage of abnormally high values between the conductors.Transformer failures may be the result of insulation deterioration combined with overvoltage due to lightning or switching transients. Short circuit due to insulation failure between adjacent turns of the same winding may result from suddenly applied overvoltage. Major insulation may fail, permitting arcs to be established between primary and secondary windings or between winding and grounded metal parts such as the core or tank.Generators may fail due to breakdown of the insulation between adjacent turns in the same slot, resulting in a short circuit in a single turn of the generator. Insulation breakdown may also occur between one of the winding and the grounded steel structure in which the coils are embedded. Breakdown between different windings lying in the same slot results in short-circuiting extensive section of machine.Balanced three-phase faults, like balanced three-phase loads, may be handled on a lineto-neutral basis or on an equivalent single-phase basis. Problems may be solved either in terms of volts, amperes, and ohms. The handing of faults on single-phase lines is of course identical to the method of handing three-phase faults on an equivalent single-phase basis.Faults may be classified as permanent or temporary. Permanent faults are those in which insulation failure or structure failure produces damage that makes operation of the equipment impossible and requires repairs to be made. Temporary faults are those which may be removed by deenergizing the equipment for a short period of time, short circuits on overhead lines frequently are of this nature. High winds may cause two or more conductions to swing together momentarily. During the short period of contact. An arc is formed which may continue as long as line remains energized. However, if automatic equipment can be brought into operation to service as soon as the are is extinguished. Arcs across insulators due to overvoltages from lighting or switching transients usually can be cleared by automatic circuit-breaker operation before significant structure damage occurs.Because of this characteristic of faults on lines, many companies operate following a procedure known as high-speed reclosing. On the occurrence of a fault, the line is promptly deenergized by opening the circuit breakers at each end of the line. The breakers remain open long enough for the arc to clear, and then reclose automatically. In many instances service is restored in a fraction of a second. Of course, if structure damage has occurred and the fault persists, it is necessary for the breakers to reopen and lock open.电力系统故障每年新设计的电力设备都使系统的可靠性不断提高，然而，设备的使用不当以及一些偶然遇到的外在因素均会导致系统故障的发生。

（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, andtotal loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distribution HVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system withoutskin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common coolingtower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。

毕业论文（设计）英文翻译论文题目：电力系统的特殊保护方案系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：年月日电力系统的特殊保护方案Michal VARGONČÍK, Michal KOLCUN电气工程与信息学院，电力工程系科希策技术大学，Mäsiarska 74041 20科希策，电话.055/602 3650，电子邮件：Michal.Vargoncik @ tuke.sk 电气工程与信息学院，主管电力工程的科希策技术大学Mäsiarska 74041 20科希策，电话.055/602 3650，电子邮件：Michal.Kolcun @ tuke.sk摘要：这份报告初步研究,针对SPS(系统保护计划设计) 具有以下特点:1)广泛的途径;2)系统的广泛性对一个或多个危险的现象有缓解能力（如电压不稳，频率不稳定等）；3）紧急保护功能（由SCADA / EMS系统提供预防性保护）；4）执行控制，不仅监督电力系统行为变化的影响，并控制输入（减载负荷等）; 5 )综合公用事业。

这份报告简要总结可利用的信息在该地区的SPS控制器。

它是根据科学文献(会议论文集，期刊调查），部分作者的个人经验（公用事业和研发工作会议在这方面的代表）与重点上述列出的功能。

本报告的结构如下。

第一章简单介绍。

第二章定义问题和概述近期内的一些基本问题。

第三章分为几个电力系统的特殊保护方案部分。

每部分集中一个主要的不稳定现象，不稳定原则予以描述，采取相应的对策予以概述- 研究相应的事业和学术环境，强调最终结果。

第四章是结论。

关键词:不稳定、保护、故障、方案。

1．简介：在这篇文章中介绍了危险的电力系统不稳定地现象和定义，发展的历史背景；以及特别保护这种情况的简要分析，和现有安装的特点，SPS设计的主要准则。

2．广域系统：简称SPS是广域系统经常出现的术语。

广域系统有平台服务的各种用途。

它获取的数据（可同步）传达到一个中央位置并处理它们。

院系：电气与电子工程学院专业班级：电气0913学生姓名：裴子霞指导教师：薛安成学号：1091181305 译文成绩：≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）译文部分原文著作（期刊）名称：Supplementary Control for Damping Power Oscillations due to Increased Penetration of Doubly Fed Induction Generators in Large Power Systems作者：Durga Gautam原文出版单位：Power System Engineering Research Center原文出版时间：2011原文出版地点：美国大型电力系统中由于双馈感应发电机的渗透增加引起的阻尼功率振荡的辅助控制摘要本文主要研究在一个大型互联电力系统中双馈感应发电机（DFIGs）的增加渗透对机电振荡模式的影响。

这项工作提出了一种控制机制，旨在为一个类似双馈感应发电机（DFIG）的同步机的PSS设计一个电力系统稳定器（PSS）。

风力发电机的功率输出作为PSS 的输入。

有功功率命令是对电力系统振荡的相位相反的调制，被馈送到双馈感应发电机的有功功率控制回路，以双馈感应发电机的端电压为PSS输入的一个额外控制信号被馈送到的无功功率控制环路。

该机制的作用是提高采用特征值分析验证临界模式的阻尼。

这项工作还比较了两种不同的控制机制可以采用的阻尼低频跨区域振荡模式。

后者考虑到电网频率变化以修改的双馈感应发电机的转矩设定点的想法为基础。

该篇文章所提出的技术会在一个代表着美国中西部互联部分的大的测试系统上进行测试。

关键词：双馈感应发电机，风力发电机组，暂态稳定，小信号稳定，灵敏性，惯性第1章简介环境问题的日益严重，人类试图减少对化石燃料的依赖，使可再生能源成为电力行业的主流。

电力系统电力系统介绍随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。

这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。

应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。

生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。

但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。

显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。

没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。

因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。

然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。

事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。

这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。

当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。

相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。

尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。

三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。

大规模电力生产的能源有：1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的蒸汽；2.水；3.石油中的柴油动力。

其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。

在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。

涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。

转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。

蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。

中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。

冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。

而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。

电力系统低频振荡研究综述韩军;田俊生【摘要】文章从电力系统低频振荡的产生机理着手,综述了目前广泛应用的抑制低频振荡方法,主要包括采用电力系统稳定器、灵活交流输电系统附加稳定器以及飞轮储能系统稳定器,阐述了采用各种稳定器抑制低频振荡的基本原理和优缺点,最后对该领域的发展方向做出了展望。

%Under the circumstance of power system scale larger and power grid operation closed to the stability limit,the probability happening the low frequency oscillation spreads,which brings great threats to the safe and stable operation of power system.Analyzing and controlling lower frequency oscillation is one of the hot topics in the field of researching power system stability.The methods of suppressing low frequency oscillation are summarized from the views of mechanism of production,including PSS,FACTS and FESS,and the theory and characteristic of suppressing low frequency oscillation are illustratedrespectively.Finally,the research tendency in the field of low frequency oscillation research is point out.【期刊名称】《长治学院学报》【年(卷),期】2012(029)005【总页数】5页(P61-65)【关键词】低频振荡;产生机理;抑制策略【作者】韩军;田俊生【作者单位】长治供电公司调控中心,山西长治046000;长治供电公司大用户所,山西长治046000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM70 引言20世纪60年代北美的西北、西南联合系统由于低频振荡造成的联络线过流跳闸事故引起了各界人士的广泛关注，此后研究者在低频振荡的产生机理、分析方法以及抑制措施等方面做了大量的研究。

电力与能源第３５卷第１期２０１４年２月电力系统低频振荡综述徐千茹１，文一宇２，张旭航３，朱　凯１，庄　凯２，黄　淼２（１．上海电力学院电气工程学院，上海　２０００９０；２．国网重庆市电力公司电力科学研究院，重庆　４０１１２３；３．国网上海市电力公司电力经济技术研究院，上海　２００００２）摘　要：随着互联电网规模的扩大，高放大倍数快速励磁技术的广泛采用以及电力市场的逐步推进，低频振荡问题越发成为影响电力系统安全稳定和制约互联电网电能传输的重要因素。

通过对电力系统低频振荡问题的溯源，研究低频振荡的产生机理、分析方法和抑制方式等要素，认为在工程实践中不仅要从全局的角度协调参数的整定，而且要注意多种抑制方式的配合，并且对低频振荡问题未来的研究进行了探讨。

关键词：低频振荡；ＰＳＳ；高压直流输电；协调配合中图分类号：ＴＭ７１１ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：２０９５－１２５６（２０１４）０１－００３８－０５Ａ　Ｓｕｒｖｅｙ　ｏｆ　Ｐｏｗｅｒ　Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ　Ｌｏｗ　Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ　ＯｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎＸｕＱｉａｎｒｕ１，Ｗｅｎ　Ｙｉｙｕ２，Ｚｈａｎｇ　Ｘｕｈａｎｇ３，Ｚｈｕ　Ｋａｉ１，Ｚｈｕａｎｇ　Ｋａｉ２，Ｈｕａｎｇ　Ｍｉａｏ２（１．Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌ　Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ　ｏｆ　Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ　Ｐｏｗｅｒ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ　２０００９０，Ｃｈｉｎａ；２．Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ　Ｐｏｗｅｒ　Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，ＣＭＥＰＣ，Ｓｔａｔｅ　Ｇｒｉｄ，Ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ　４０１１２３，Ｃｈｉｎａ３．Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ　Ｐｏｗｅｒ　Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ　Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ　Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，ＳＭＥＰＣ，Ｓｔａｔｅ　Ｇｒｉｄ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ　２００００２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｉｎｔｅｒｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄ　ｐｏｗｅｒ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ　ａｄｏｐｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｈｉｇｈ　ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｆａｓｔ　ｅｘ－ｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｇｒａｄｕａｌ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙ　ｍａｒｋｅｔ，ｔｈｅ　ｌｏｗ　ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ　ｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ（ＬＦＯ）ｂｅ－ｃｏｍｅｓ　ａ　ｍｏｒｅ　ａｎｄ　ｍｏｒｅ　ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ　ｆａｃｔｏｒ　ｔｈａｔ　ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ　ａｎｄ　ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ　ｏｆ　ｐｏｗｅｒ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ　ａｎｄ　ｌｉｍｉｔｓ　ｐｏｗｅｒｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｉｎｔｅｒｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄ　ｇｒｉｄｓ．Ｆｉｒｓｔ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，ａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ　ａｎｄ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｉｎｇｍｅａｎｓ　ｏｆ　ＬＦＯ　ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ　ｔｒａｃｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ＬＦＯ　ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ，ｔｈｅｎ　ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｎｏｔ　ｏｎｌｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｃｏｏｒ－ｄｉｎａｔｅｄ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ　ｏｆ　ｇｌｏｂｅ，ｂｕｔ　ａｌｓｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｍｉｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｐａｉｄ　ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｉｎｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ　ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅ　ｆｕｔｕｒｅ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｌｏｗ　ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ　ｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｈａｖｅ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ．Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｌｏｗ　ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ　ｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ；ＰＳＳ；ＨＶＤＣ；Ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ０　引言电力系统低频振荡是指在联络线上发生频率为０．１～２．５Ｈｚ之间的功率自发波动现象。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMABSTRACTThe basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balancepoint to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distributionTEXTThe revolution of electric power system has brought a new big round construction,which is pushing the greater revolution of electric power technique along with the application of new technique and advanced equipment. Especially, the combination of the information technique and electric power technique, to great ex- tent, has improved reliability on electric quality and electric supply. The technical development decreases the cost on electric construction and drives innovation of electric network. On the basis of national and internatio- nal advanced electric knowledge, the dissertation introduces the research hotspot for present electric power sy- etem as following.Firstly, This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribution automation(DA), and brings forward two typical construction modes on DA construction, integrative mode and fission mode .It emphasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration, the main station scheme, the feeder scheme, the optimized communication scheme etc., which is for DA research reference.Secondly, as for the (DA) trouble measurement, position, isolation and resume, This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and current for line problem, gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase and works out equation and several parameter s U& , s I& and e I& table on problem . It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan, realizes auto isolation and network reconstruction, reduces the power off range and time and improves the reliability of electric power supply through problem self- diagnoses and self-analysis. It also introduces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a model on network reconstruction and computer flow.Thirdly, electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key techniques in DA realization. The dissertation recommends the resolvent of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground of describing state estimate way. It also advances a practical test and judging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data test and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate .As for real time monitor and control problem, the dissertation introduces a new way to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis, and the way has been tested in Weifang DA.Fourthly, about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasting, big parameter scatter limit and something concerned, the dissertation introduces some parameters, eg. weather factor, date type and social environment effect based on analysis of routine load forecasting and means. It presents the way for electricity load forecasting founded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by examp le and made to be good practical effect.Fifthly, concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting concordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on compensation, there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds flat proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile, it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of electric network tre- nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu- gh counting example.Sixthly, not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the magrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in China and fair trade under the government surveillance, that is group competitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantityharmony, but also puts forward combination arithmetic, math model of trading plan and safty economical restriction. It can solve the original contradiction between medium and long term contract price and short term competitive price with improvement on competitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of electric factory, at the same time, it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.The distribution network is an important link among the power system. Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security and stability of the power system directly. At the same time, the problem about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment, device fabrication and operation. For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning, insulating structure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neutral grounding mode Conversely, neutral grounding mode affects design, operation, debugs and developing. Generally in the system higher in grade in the voltage, the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment. It is very remarkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating level. Usually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding and adopt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability. On the contrary, the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral none grounding to raise power supply reliability. So it is an important subject to make use of new- type earth device to apply to the distribution network under considering the situation in such factors of various fields as power supply reliability, safety factor, over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection, investment cost, etc.The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. The neutral grounding mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding, grounding by arc suppressing coil, grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding. The best grounding mode is confirmed through the technology comparison. It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate device and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive small ground current. The paper introduces and analyzes the characteristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first. With the comparison with technological and economy, the conclusion is drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode shows a very big development potential.Then, this paper researches and introduces some operation characteristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. And then the paper putemphasis on how to extinguish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance principle. This paper combines the development of domestic and international technology and innovative achievement, and introduces the computer earth protection and autotracking compensate device. It proves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability, personal security, security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also researched in this paper.Finally, the paper summarizes this topic research. As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode, it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the future.The way of thinking, project and conclusions in this thesis have effect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not only in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, all costumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable. To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network con- struction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic, between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. The thesis analyses on the economic and the reliable of the various line modes, according to the characteristics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in foshan..First, the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV electric distribution net and in some foreign countries. Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distribution net, and telling us how important and necessary that analyses are.Second, it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimization subsection, elaborating how it influences on the economy and reliability. Then by building up the calculation mode of the number of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply projects on the different line modes in brief. Third, it carries on the calculation andanalyses towards the reliability and economy of the different line modes of electric distribution net, describing drafts according by the calculation. Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.At last, the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability of different line modes, as well as, its application situation. Accordion to the actual circumstance, the thesis puts forward the beneficial suggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan. Providing the basic theories and beneficial guideline for the programming design of the lOkV electric distribution net and building up a solid net, reasonable layout, qualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net.References[1] Wencheng Su. Factories power supply [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House. 1999.9[2] Jiecai Liu. Factories power supply design guidance [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House.1999.12[3] Power supply and distribution system design specifications[S].China plans Press. 1996[4] Low-voltage distribution design specifications [S].China plans Press. 1996.6供配电系统摘要电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。

变电站中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述XXXns are an essential part of electrical power systems。

servingas the interface een high-voltage n lines and lower-voltage n lines。

They play a critical role in XXX homes。

businesses。

and industries.Types of nsThere are several types of ns。

including n ns。

n ns。

and customer XXX to the end-users and step down the voltage for n to XXX a single customer or group of customers.XXXns consist of us components。

including transformers。

circuit breakers。

switches。

XXX are used to step up or step down thevoltage of the electricity。

XXX are used to control the flow ofXXX to the system.XXXXXX stages。

including site n。

layout design。

equipment n。

XXX n lines。

land availability。

and environmental ns。

The layout design involves determining the placement of equipment。

XXX appropriate transformers。

circuit breakers。

and other components。

综述1、Modeling, Control, and Implementation of DC–DC Converters for Variable Frequency Operation频率可变的DC-DC变换器的建模，和实现Abstract—In this paper, novel small-signal averaged models for dc–dc converters operating at variable switching frequency are derived. This is achieved by separately considering the on-time and the off-time of the switching period. The derivation is shown in detail for a synchronous buck converter and the model for a boost converter is also presented. The model for the buck converter is then used for the design of two digital feedback controllers, which exploit the additional insight in the converter dynamics. First, a digital multiloop PID controller is implemented, where the design is based on loop-shaping of the proposed frequency-domain transfer functions. And second, the design and the implementation of a digital LQG state-feedback controller, based on the proposed time-domain state-space model, is presented for the same converter topology. Experimental results are given for the digital multiloop PID controller integrated on an application-specified integrated circuit in a 0.13μmCMOS technology, as well as for the statefeedback controller implemented on an FPGA. Tight output voltage regulation and an excellent dynamic performance is achieved, as the dynamics of the converter under variable frequency operation are considered during the design of both implementations.本文中利用小信号的平均值通过变频开关实现DC-DC的变换，通过单独控制导通和关断时间，并建立了back拓扑模型和boost拓扑模型，该模型的buck转换器用于两个数字反馈控制器，实现变换器的动态控制。