Ant Colonies Discover Knight's Tours
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英语第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例: How much is the shirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。
1. How much money do the speakers have in all?A. $18.B. $28.C. $38.2. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Librarian and borrower.B. Customer and salesman.C. Father and daughter.3. When will the speakers get there for the concert?A. At 6: 00 pm.B. At 7: 00 pm.C. At 7: 30 pm.4. What was the matter with the man that day?A. He drove through heavy traffic.B. His car broke down on his way home.C. He drove carelessly and got a traffic ticket.5. What does the woman want to know?A. How long the man will be away.B. Why she can't go with the man.C. When the man is going to Chicago.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
邀请别人参加象棋俱乐部的英语作文初一全文共5篇示例,供读者参考篇1Hey friends! Do you love games that make you think? Games that are fun but also challenge your brain? Then you've got to join the awesome new chess club at our school!Chess is the coolest game ever. It's like an epic battle between two armies, but instead of swords and shields, you use your mind as a weapon! The game dates all the way back to the 6th century in India. That's super old - way older than video games or even computers!On the chessboard, you command an army of different pieces - the brave king and queen, the sneaky bishops that can only move diagonally, the knights that move in an L-shape, the solid rooks that control the rows and columns, and the pawns that lead the charge. The goal is to checkmate the other player's king using strategy and smart moves.At first, all the pieces and rules can seem really confusing. But that's why the chess club is perfect! We'll learn together, helpeach other out, and have a bunch of fun in the process. The best players in the world started out as beginners just like us.My friend Jake is the one who got me into chess. I'll never forget the first time he beat me - I couldn't believe someone my age could be so good! But instead of gloating, Jake showed me where I went wrong and gave me tips to improve. That's what's so great about chess - you're always learning and getting better.Last summer, my family went on a trip to New York City and we visited these legendary chess parks where grandmasters and street players gathered. I was totally intimidated at first, but the players were so nice and eager to teach the game they loved. An elderly Russian man named Viktor showed me some neat opening traps that helped me finally beat Jake!Speaking of Jake, at school we're always coming up with crazy chess variations during recess. Like Chess960 where the starting position of the pieces is randomized, or Bughouse where teams of two pass each other pieces. We've even tried playing blindfolded chess by calling out the moves! It gets pretty wild.The chess club meets every Wednesday after school in the library. We'll learn openings and endgame tactics, analyze great games from history, maybe even enter some local tournaments as we improve. But most of all, we'll have a blast making friendsand experiencing that unique feeling when your brain is maxed out figuring out the perfect move.If you've never played before, no worries at all! The chess club is for everyone from total beginners to seasoned pros. My friend Sophia just started a few weeks ago and she's already giving me tough games. The more the merrier because every opponent is a chance to learn something new.Chess develops your thinking skills, creativity, sportsmanship, and so much more. But most importantly, it's an amazing game that's impossible to truly master. There's always another challenge, another puzzle to solve over that 64-square battlefield of endless possibilities.So what are you waiting for? Join the chess club today and let's embark on an exciting journey to unlock the secrets of the greatest game ever created. Just don't blame me when you get addicted and can't stop thinking about your next move! See you on the chessboard, future grandmasters!篇2Hey friends! Do you want to join the coolest club in school? It's the Chess Club and you totally have to come check it out. Iknow what you might be thinking - "Chess? That's for nerds and grandpas!" But trust me, it's way more fun than you'd expect.First off, playing chess makes you feel like a genius mastermind. You get to make all these sneaky moves and trick your opponent into falling into your trap. It's like being a military commander planning out an epic battle strategy, except without all the violence and stuff. Just you against your friend, using your big brains to outmanoeuvre each other.But it's not just about brains - chess is also super cool and has this long, fascinating history dating back to ancient times. The pieces are basically little warriors - you've got the brave king and queen, the mighty rooks which used to be chariots, the tricky knights on horseback, and the pawns which were the foot soldiers. Playing chess makes you feel connected to legends and conquerers from long ago.Of course, the very best part is the chess club itself. We've got this awesome group of kids who love the game. Mr. Davis, the teacher who runs it, is the chillest adult you'll ever meet. He let's us crack jokes, brings us snacks, and really makes it feel like our own clubhouse hideout. The best days are tournament days when we split into teams and battle it out for intense matches.I remember the first time I went to the club, I was pretty nervous. I didn't know how to play and felt like all the other kids were going to be way better than me. But Mr. Davis taught me the basics and pretty soon I was picking it up. The other students were super welcoming and helped me get the hang of things. Now I'm one of the strongest players! (Well, maybe not quite yet but I'm getting there!)You don't have to be a grandmaster or anything to join. That's the great thing about chess club - you can be a total beginner and we'll show you the ropes. Or you can already know all the strategies and find some kids who can really challenge you. There's something for everyone.I can't stress enough how much fun it is. Whether you're cracking up at the silly jokes, trying to stay cool under pressure in a big tournament, or just hanging out with friends, you'll have a blast. Some of my closest friends now are the people I met at chess club. We help each other with homework, grab slices after meetings, and I even went to one of their houses for a sleepover birthday party.Okay, okay, I'm probably starting to sound like a late night infomercial at this point. "But wait, there's more!" You'reprobably thinking, what else could chess club possibly offer besides nerding out over chess?Well, let me tell you - being part of chess club looks awesome on a college application. Colleges love to see you pursuing your intellectual passions outside of class. It shows you're a motivated, smart, and well-rounded student. The chess club has won trophies at state competitions before, so you'll get a chance to be recognized for your skills.Oh, and did I mention there are snacks at every meeting? Donuts, cookies, chips - you name it, we've had it. Enough said there, am I right?Honestly, I can't recommend chess club highly enough. If you join, you'll instantly have a awesome group of new friends. You'll exercise your brain and maybe even get to travel for competitions someday. Most importantly, you'll have an absolute blast.Our next meeting is this Wednesday after school in Room 214. I'll be there playing a few games with the gang beforehand if you want to stop by early. Just come on in and introduce yourself!I really hope to see you there. We need some fresh blood to shake things up and bring our A-game against Valley Middle School's team. Join the chess club - you won't regret it!篇3Join the Cool Chess Club!Hi friends! Have you ever played the game of chess before? It's super fun and challenging. I recently joined the chess club at our school, and I think you should join too! Let me tell you all about it.Chess is a classic game that has been around for a really, really long time. It started way back in the 6th century in India! Can you believe people have been playing this game for over 1400 years? It's gone through some changes over the centuries, but the basic idea is still the same. Two players move their armies of pieces across a checkered board, trying to capture the other player's king.The pieces each have their own unique way of moving. The pawns can only move forward one square at a time (unless it's their very first move). The rooks are the tall castle towers that can move any number of squares horizontally or vertically. The knights are the funny horse-shaped guys that move in anL-shape, going two squares in one direction and then one more at a 90 degree angle. The bishops are the curved pieces that can only move diagonally across the board. The queen is the most powerful piece - she can move any number of squares in any one direction! And the king is the most important piece you have to protect. He can only move one square at a time in any direction.Playing chess takes a lot of thinking and strategy. You have to plan several moves ahead to try and outmaneuver your opponent. It's like your mind is having a little battle or war against the other player's mind! Sometimes games can last a really long time if both players are good. The longest game ever played went on for 20 hours over several months! That's crazy!But chess isn't just some boring old person's game. There are chess prodigies who are kids just like us who are amazing at it. The current world champion, a Russian guy named Ian Nepomniachtchi, has been playing chess since he was 4 years old! Maybe one of us could be a future champion too.Our school's chess club meets every Wednesday after classes in the library. Mr. Roberts, the really nice math teacher, is the supervisor. When you join, he'll teach you all the rules and how the pieces move if you don't already know. Then we split into groups based on our levels - the beginners learning together,the intermediates playing each other, and some of the real experts going head-to-head. We even have special clocks that count down the time so games don't go on forever!I was a total beginner when I first joined a few weeks ago. Mr. Roberts showed me how to set up the board properly with all the white pieces on one side and the black on the other. The kings and queens go in the middle, with the bishops next to them, then the knights, then the rooks in the corners. He taught me things like how the knight is the only piece that can jump over others, and that you always move first with the white pieces.After just a couple meetings of practicing the moves and strategies, I started playing full games against other beginners. I was so nervous at first, but it ended up being really fun! My mind was working so hard as I tried to think multiple steps ahead of my opponent. We had to be quiet in the library, but I was concentrating so intensely that I probably wouldn't have heard anything anyway! I ended up losing my first few games, but I learned a lot from my mistakes. A couple weeks later, I finally won my first real game against Jessica and it felt SO awesome!Now that I'm getting a little better, the games are becoming even more intense and exciting. The intermediate players are super good - they seem to always know the best places toposition their pieces and set up traps for me to fall into. I got my queen captured twice in one game by Danny last week because I wasn't paying close enough attention. That sneaky guy!The best part about chess club is that it's not just about playing games though. We learn about famous grandmasters from history and study classic games they played that went down as legendary matches. We have tournaments and prize competitions sometimes too. Next month, if you join, you can enter the "Beginner Blitz" tournament where we'll get to play with clocks that only give 5 minutes per player instead of the usual unlimited time! That should be a fun challenge.Chess doesn't just make you better at the game itself either. It's an amazing way to exercise your brain and improve your problem-solving skills. You have to plan ahead, think about multiple possibilities, and outwit your opponent through strategy. Those skills can help you in other areas like math, science, and even video games! Plenty of research has shown that kids who learn chess tend to get better grades and have higher test scores. Maybe because we're exercising our minds so much.So what do you say? Will you join the coolest, most cerebral club at school? You'll get to exercise your brain and make itsmarter. You'll make new friends who love the game as much as you do. You'll learn an ancient game that has been played for over a millennium. And who knows, one of us might even become the next big chess superstar! Just let Mr. Roberts know you want to join and he'll get you started. Looking forward to playing you across the board soon!篇4Hey there! My name is Jamie and I'm a student at Oakwood Middle School. I'm writing this to invite all of you to join the coolest club on campus - the Chess Club!Chess is honestly the best game ever invented. I know, I know, you might be thinking "Chess? That boring old game with the knights and kings and stuff?" But trust me, it's way more exciting than it looks!Just think about it - you're the general of an entire army. You've got your brave pawns marching forward, your sneaky knights jumping all over the place, your powerful rooks and bishops ready to strike from a distance, and of course, your brave king and queen leading the charge. It's like playing a real-life battle but without any of the violence or danger!And the best part is that no two games are ever the same. There are literally millions of possible moves and strategies to explore. It's like getting a brand new puzzle to solve every single time you play. How awesome is that?Let me tell you about some of the amazing kids that are already part of our Chess Club. There's Aidan, who's kind of like the Bobby Fischer of our school (look him up if you don't know who that is). Aidan can spot a checkmate opportunity from like a million moves away. It's actually kind of scary how good he is.Then there's Emily, who's an absolute master of opening moves. She always comes prepared with these crazy opening gambits that throw everyone else off their game. I never know what to expect when I'm playing her!And let's not forget about Ryan, who's basically a human chess computer. He can recite whole games from memory, move by move. Sometimes he'll just be sitting there, staring at the board, and you can almost see the calculations happening behind his eyes.Of course, we've also got plenty of newer players who are still learning the ropes. That's the great thing about chess - anyone can pick it up and get addicted, no matter your skill level.We're always happy to teach newcomers and help them improve their game.Honestly, the Chess Club has been one of the highlights of my middle school experience so far. Where else can you hang out with a bunch of friends, outwit each other in epic mind battles, and snack on pizza at the same time? (Yeah, we usually have pizza at our meetings. Pretty sweet deal, right?)But it's not just about the game itself. Being part of the Chess Club means joining this awesome community of kids who are all united by their love of chess. We look out for each other, we crack jokes, we debate crazy chess strategies until the teacher has to tell us to be quiet. It's just an all-around great time.Oh, and I should probably mention - joining the Chess Club will also make you smarter! No, seriously, there have been actual scientific studies showing that playing chess can improve your memory, problem-solving skills, concentration, and more. Who wouldn't want a fun after-school activity that also makes you a bigger brainiac?So what are you waiting for? Come to our next meeting and see what the Chess Club is all about! You don't need any prior experience or fancy equipment. Just bring yourself and awillingness to have your mind blown by the amazing world of chess.Who knows, you might just become the next Bobby Fischer yourself (but hopefully without the weird hermit phase at the end). Just give it a shot - I promise you won't regret it. Chess is life, and the Chess Club is where it's at!Let me wrap this up with a sneak peek at one of the coolest games from our last meeting. See if you can figure out the best move for white...I'll give you a hint: It involves a stunning queen sacrifice that opens up a deadly line of attack. But you'll have to come to the next meeting to see how it all plays out!Get ready to join the chess craze, my friends. Your mind will thank you later.Sincerely,Jamie (Future Grandmaster, probably)篇5Hi there! Are you a fan of chess? Do you love thinking up smart strategies and making clever moves? Or are you justgetting started with the game and want to learn? Well, either way, our school's chess club might be the perfect place for you!Imagine this - you walk into the chess club room and the first thing you see are rows of tables with chessboards set up, just waiting for players. The air is buzzing with excitement as kids of all ages chat about recent matches, analyze famous games from grandmasters, and plot their next strategic maneuvers.At the front of the room, the club president greets everyone with a warm smile. "Welcome back, chess champions!" she calls out. "And a very special welcome to any new members joining us today. We're so glad to have you!"The president is kind of like the queen on the chessboard - she helps keep everything organized and running smoothly. She'll introduce you to all the other members and explain how the club works. Maybe she'll even share some super helpful chess tips that she's picked up over the years!Once everyone has arrived, it's time to get playing! You can challenge a friend to a casual game, or if you're feeling brave, you can enter the weekly tournament. Don't worry if you're new to chess - the more experienced players are always happy to explain the rules and offer advice.As the matches kick off, the room fills with the sound of chess clocks ticking and pieces being strategically shuffled across the boards. You'll see some players furrowing their brows in intense concentration, while others can't help but grin when they make a brilliant move.During the games, you might hear someone call out, "Check!" followed by a flurry of whispers as their opponent scans the board, trying to figure out how to get out of that sticky situation. Or you could be the one delivering the sneaky check, leaving your friend flustered as they desperately search for a counter-attack!If you get stuck in a tricky position, don't sweat it. That's what the chess club is all about - learning from each other. One of the mentors (an older student who's basically a chess wizard) might wander over and ask if you'd like them to analyze your game. With their help, you'll be able to see where you went wrong, and how you could improve your strategy for next time.When the matches are over, the club might break out puzzles and chess books to study classic games andbrain-twisting positions. Or sometimes, they'll watch videos of famous players battling it out in intense tournaments. Seeing the grandmasters at work is super inspiring!But it's not all serious chess chat at the meetings. There's plenty of time to just hang out, snack on chess-themed treats (knight cookies, anyone?), and get to know the other members. Who knows, you might even make some new friends who share your passion for the game!At the end of the day, the president will wrap things up by congratulating the tournament winners and reminding everyone about upcoming events. Maybe there's a scholastic competition being held at a nearby school, or a simultaneous exhibition where you can challenge a grandmaster to multiple games at once! How cool would that be?As you're packing up your chess set, one of the mentors might pull you aside. "You know," they'll say with an encouraging smile, "with a little more practice, you could definitely become our next club champion." And you'll feel a surge of determination, already looking forward to your next meeting.So what do you think? Are you ready to join the ranks of the chess elite? Just imagine how much fun you'll have mastering strategic thinking, analyzing positions, and becoming a force to be reckoned with on the chessboard. Plus, you'll make a bunch of new friends who share your interests!Don't miss out - come along to the next chess club meeting. Who knows, you might just discover your new favorite hobby. Chess is a game of skill, intelligence, and patience, but most of all, it's a total blast! We'll be waiting for you with the boards ready. Check(mate) you there!。
寻人骑士的英文作文The Quest for the Missing Knight。
It was a dark and stormy night when I received a distress call from the kingdom of Camelot. One of their knights had gone missing, and they needed my help to find him. Without hesitation, I set off on my trusty horse, determined to solve this mystery and bring the missing knight home.As I rode through the countryside, I couldn't help but wonder what could have happened to the missing knight. Was he kidnapped? Had he been taken by a rival kingdom? Or was there something more sinister at play? These questions raced through my mind as I made my way to Camelot.Upon my arrival, I was greeted by the king himself, who thanked me for coming and explained the situation. The missing knight, Sir Galahad, had been last seen on the outskirts of the kingdom, near the enchanted forest. Theking feared that he had been taken by the dark forces that lurked within the forest, and he begged me to find him.With the king's blessing, I set out into the forest, determined to find Sir Galahad and bring him home. The forest was thick and dark, and I could feel the presence of evil all around me. But I pressed on, my senses heightened and my sword at the ready.As I delved deeper into the forest, I came across a clearing where I found a group of bandits. They were rough-looking men, armed with swords and shields, and they didn't look friendly. But I knew that I had to face them if I wanted to find Sir Galahad.Without hesitation, I charged into battle, my sword flashing in the moonlight. The bandits were fierce, but I was determined to win. After a long and grueling fight, I emerged victorious, and the bandits fled into the night.As I continued my search, I came across a small cottage in the woods. It was old and rundown, and I could feel thepresence of dark magic emanating from within. But I knew that I had to investigate, so I cautiously entered the cottage.Inside, I found an old witch, cackling over a cauldron of bubbling potion. She cackled as she noticed me, and I knew that I was in danger. But I stood my ground, ready to face whatever she had in store for me.The witch lunged at me, her long fingernails reaching for my throat. But I was too quick for her, and I dodged her attack, striking her with my sword. She let out a piercing scream, and I knew that I had defeated her.As I searched the cottage, I found a hidden room where Sir Galahad was being held captive. He was weak and battered, but alive. I freed him from his bonds, and we made our way back to Camelot.When we arrived, the king was overjoyed to see Sir Galahad alive and well. He thanked me for my bravery and offered me a reward for my services. But I refused, knowingthat the true reward was seeing Sir Galahad reunited withhis family and friends.And so, my quest for the missing knight had come to an end. It was a dangerous and perilous journey, but one thatI would never forget. For I had proven myself to be a true knight, one who would stop at nothing to help those in need.。
正篇Goodsprings重回马鞍,这里有你初期需要的一切,食物、水、弹药、以及医生,只要你不破坏它。
当你结束微笑姐对你训练的时候,回到酒吧,你会看见老板娘和某人在争执,那个穿着NCRCP衣服的人要求老板娘交出一个叫Ringo的人。
如果对话没看仔细把NCRCP当警察并且帮他了,到时候有你后悔的。
和老板娘聊聊他会告诉你Ringo在加油站并希望你保密,NCRCP实际上是附近powder gang(火药帮)的成员,是一群越狱犯。
下面选边吧Ghost Town Gunfight阵营对抗任务帮助镇里和Ringo对付火药帮,获得Goodsprings声望去加油站和Ringo说帮忙,之后去酒吧找微笑姐。
她会马上同意帮忙。
同时希望你能像镇里人求援。
求援对象包括酒吧女老板Trudy (25 speech/25 sneak)成功她会加入战斗杂货店老板chet (25 barter)给你一些装备酒馆前的easy pete (25 explosive)炸药以及医生mitchell(官方上说需要25 medic,但是我没玩出来)他直接同意给我一些治疗针。
另外还可以和救你的机器人victor聊聊他答应帮忙,但是打架的时候根本不会出现.....-_-!准备好后和Ringo说话,之后前往酒吧附近全灭敌人。
Run Goodsprings Run阵营对抗任务帮助火药帮得到小镇获得powder gang声望去找那个ncrcp 告密,之后去加油站杀掉Ringo。
之后去镇民家里抢东西,杂货店需要[25 barter/25 speech]去医生那里威胁下之后返回ncrcp那里,带着火药帮成员全灭抵抗镇民。
后果是你难以获得镇子的服务,特别是医生,他是整个地图西南唯一的医生似乎....valuable item学校的保险箱,建议不要微笑姐给你开锁杂志,等到primm有大用酒吧女老板家有本sneak技能书lone wolf radio 在镇子南边,有survival技能书NCR Correctional Facility以前的监狱,现在逃犯乐园。
向你的朋友推荐一款软件的英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Sure, here's an essay about recommending software to a friend, written in the voice of an elementary school student, around 2000 words long, in English:My Awesome Friend, You Gotta Try This App!Hey bestie! How's it going? I've got something super cool to tell you about. You know how we're always looking for fun new games and apps to try? Well, I found one that's totally awesome, and I just have to share it with you!It's called "Cosmic Crusaders," and it's this amazing space adventure game where you get to be the captain of your own spaceship! Can you believe it? Your very own spaceship! And not just any old spaceship, but a fully customizable one that you can deck out with all sorts of cool weapons, shields, and gadgets.But that's not even the best part! The game takes you on these epic missions across the galaxy, where you have to battle against evil alien forces, solve mind-bending puzzles, anduncover ancient mysteries. It's like being a real-life space explorer, but without the danger of getting lost in a black hole or anything.Now, I know what you're thinking: "Sounds great, but isn't it just another boring space shooter game?" Nope, nope, nope! This game is so much more than that. For starters, the graphics are out of this world (pun intended). The planets, stars, and nebulas look so realistic, it's like you're actually flying through space. And the character designs are super cool, too. You can choose from all sorts of different alien races, each with their own unique abilities and backstories.But what really sets "Cosmic Crusaders" apart is the storytelling. The game has this amazing overarching narrative that spans multiple galaxies and thousands of years. And as you progress through the missions, you'll uncover more and more pieces of the puzzle, until you finally get to the mind-blowing conclusion that will blow your socks off (or tentacles, if you're an alien).Oh, and did I mention that the game has a multiplayer mode? That's right, you and I can team up and go on space adventures together! We can take on missions as a duo, or even form ourown crew and explore the galaxy with a bunch of our other friends. How cool is that?But wait, there's more! "Cosmic Crusaders" also has this awesome built-in level editor, where you can create your own custom missions and share them with other players. So, if you ever get bored with the main storyline (which, let's be real, is pretty much impossible), you can just whip up your own crazy space adventure and keep the fun going forever!Now, I know what you're thinking: "This all sounds great, but isn't it super expensive?" Nope, not at all! The base game is totally free to download, and you can play through a bunch of the early missions without spending a single penny. And even if you do want to unlock some of the premium content, like extra character skins or bonus levels, the in-app purchases are super reasonably priced.So, what do you say, bestie? Are you ready to join me on the ultimate space adventure? Just download "Cosmic Crusaders" from the app store, and we can blast off together! Trust me, this game is going to be our new favorite thing. We'll be talking about it for years to come, just like we still reminisce about that time we discovered "Candy Land Crush Saga" back in second grade.Anyway, let me know if you have any other questions about the game. I've been playing it non-stop for the past week, so I'm pretty much an expert at this point. Oh, and if you do decide to give it a try, be sure to let me know what you think! I can't wait to hear your thoughts on all the different alien races, gadgets, and plot twists.Alright, that's all for now. I'll catch you later, space cadet!Your BFF,[Your Name]篇2My Awesome Friend Todd,Guess what?! I just found the coolest new app and I have to tell you all about it. It's so much fun and I know you're going to love it as much as I do!The app is called Roblox and it's a game where you can play tons of different games made by other players. It's kind of like a huge online playground with all sorts of adventures to go on. You can be a police officer chasing bad guys, a warrior fighting dragons and monsters, a race car driver speeding around a track,or even a chef cooking up yummy treats in your own restaurant. There are literally millions of games to choose from!What's really neat is you get to create your own avatar that's a little character version of yourself. You can make it look however you want - give it cool hair, fun clothes, accessories like hats or backpacks. My avatar has spiky blue hair, a ninja headband, and these awesome sneakers that light up. You'll have to show me your avatar when you get Roblox!Not only can you play all the games, but you can actually build your own too using Roblox Studio. It's like getting to be a real game developer! You can design the whole world, make up the rules, add obstacles and power-ups. It's super creative. I'm still learning how to build but some of the games by other players are crazy elaborate and original.Another thing I love about Roblox is you can chat with your friends while you play. My buddy Jake and I like to go into different Roblox games together and go on adventures as a team. Sometimes we'll play together and sometimes we'll just hang out and chat. You can make new friends too by talking to other players. Just be sure not to give out any personal info to people you don't know!Roblox is free to download and play, but you can also buy Robux which is the money used in the games. With Robux you can get cool gear for your avatar, access to special games, and other fun benefits. It's not too expensive though - you can get some Robux for just a few bucks or earn them for free by playing certain games.My favorite part about Roblox is how there's always something new. The creators are constantly adding fresh games and updates so you never get bored. Plus it's on absolutely everywhere - you can play it on your phone, tablet, Xbox, computer, whatever! So no matter where I am, I can just fire up Roblox for some fun.That's why I really think you need to download Roblox right now, Todd! There's seriously something for everybody on there. We can create our own awesome universe to explore and battle bosses together. Or I can hire you to be a waiter in my restaurant game and you'll have to take orders correctly to get tips. The possibilities are endless!Just wait until you see all the amazing games and worlds people have made. The creativity and imagination is so cool. You're going to be blown away when you first drop into theRoblox universe. It's like getting a whole toy chest filled with new adventures every single day!It's hard to put into words how awesome Roblox is, but I guess the bottom line is: it's just pure fun. Simple as that! You're definitely missing out if you haven't tried it yet. So what are you waiting for?! Go ask your parents if you can download it and make an account. I'll be looking for your new avatar online!Your friend,[Your Name]篇3Hi Jack!Guess what? I found the coolest new app and I just have to tell you all about it! It's called Explorando and it's seriously so much fun. You've got to download it right away so we can use it together.Explorando is an app that lets you go on amazing adventures and quests in a huge fantasy world called Azurimia. It's filled with friendly dragons, wizards, knights, and all sorts of magical creatures. The best part is you get to create your very own character - you can make them look however you want withdifferent clothes, hairstyles, armor, and even let them have cool powers like shooting fireballs or talking to animals.Once you've designed your character, that's when the real fun begins. You get to explore Azurimia and go on epic quests. There are massive castles to sneak into, dark forests filled with creepy creatures, underground mines with treasure to find, and bustling cities with fun mini-games to play. Everywhere you go, there are new characters to meet who will give you missions and tasks to complete.The missions are my favorite part. One time, I had to help a group of dwarves mine for magical gems in their cave. Another time, I snuck into an evil sorcerer's lair and had to solve a bunch of puzzles and riddles to steal back this powerful magic staff. And just yesterday, I went on an epic dragon flight over the mountains! No matter what you're doing, it's always super exciting.What's really cool is you can team up with your friends and go on quests together. We could form our own party and take on the toughest monsters and bosses. Or we could split up and race to see who can complete their mission first. You can even trade armor and weapons to make your characters stronger. Just imagine how much fun it would be to slay an ogre together!But it's not just battling monsters. You can also just hang out and explore the different areas, which are all incredibly detailed and beautiful. The shimmering waterfalls, the northern lights in the sky, the butterflies floating around - it's like being transported to a real-life storybook world. And the music and sound effects are so immersive, making you feel like you're really there.There's even a mode where you can just build stuff without doing quests. You can construct your dream castle complete with a working drawbridge and torture chamber! Or design a magical tree village for woodland folks. The possibilities are endless for unleashing your creativity.What I love most though is how Explorando has actually taught me a bunch of new things in a fun way that doesn't even feel like learning. I've learned about geography from navigating the world map and ecosystems. I've picked up new vocabulary from reading ancient scrolls and magic spells. I've even learned mythological stories from chatting with characters. And any time I get stuck on a quest, I have to put my problem-solving skills to the test to figure out the solution.Best of all, Explorando is constantly getting updated with new lands to visit, fresh characters and storylines, seasonalevents, and expanded building tools. That means the fun will just never end! There's always some new adventure waiting around the corner.So in summary, you absolutely NEED to download Explorando right now. It combines my favorite things - adventure, magic, creativity, and learning - into one super awesome package. Just promise me two things: 1) You'll make your character look really cool, like maybe a barbarian warrior with glowing blue hair. And 2) You'll team up with me so we can reunite and go on epic quests as partners!Let me know as soon as you get it so we can start playing together in Azurimia. This is seriously the best game ever and I can't wait to share it with my best friend. See you online!Your pal,Chris篇4My Favorite Software: ScratchHi buddy! Do you know what Scratch is? It's the coolest software ever! I'm going to tell you all about it so you can try it too. Get ready to be amazed!Scratch is a programming language, but it's way more fun than those boring code languages adults use. With Scratch, you can create your own interactive stories, games, and animations. It's like being a movie director, video game designer, and artist all at once!The best part is, you don't need to know crazy math or memorize a bunch of confusing commands. Scratch uses blocks that you simply drag and drop to make things happen. The blocks are color-coded and have pictures on them, so it's super easy to figure out what each one does.Let me give you an example of how it works. Let's say you want to make a cat dance across the screen. You'd grab a purple "events" block that says "when green flag clicked" and snap it onto the coding area. This means your program will start running when you click the green flag.Then you'd pick up a blue "motion" block that says "move 10 steps" and connect it to the first block. This tells your sprite (the cat character) to start moving. You can change the number to make it move faster or slower.Next, grab a "control" block that makes your sprite move in a loop, so the cat keeps dancing forever! Just snap on as many"move" blocks as you want to make a cool dance routine. You can even make the cat meow by adding "sound" blocks.Isn't that awesome? And that's just the start of what you can create with Scratch. I made an entire adventure game where you have to help a knight battle dragons and rescue a princess. My friend Jacob coded a crazy driving game with loops and explosions!But Scratch isn't just about games. You can make animated stories, music videos, or almost anything else you can imagine. One time in my coding club, we made an interactive birthday card for our teacher. When you clicked on the present, it played her favorite song!The sprites are so much fun too. There are hundreds of characters, costumes, and backgrounds to pick from. You can even upload your own images or create new sprites from scratch (pun intended!). I made an awesome unicorn sprite that farts rainbows when you run the code.Coding with Scratch is like playing with building blocks, but a million times cooler because your creations can move and make noise. It's crazy how easily you can bring stuff to life!I started using Scratch in my school's computer lab, but you can use it anywhere. It's a free website and app, so you can code at home, the library, or even on a road trip. All your projects automatically save too.Seriously dude, Scratch is the best thing ever for kids who love technology. It gets your brain working on problem-solving, but it's just as fun as playing video games. You'll be hooked from the moment you snap your first blocks together!Grown-ups love it too because it helps teach coding skills early. Who knows, maybe making games with Scratch will inspire us to become software engineers or video game developers when we're older. We'll be way ahead of the game!So what do you say? Are you ready to join the Scratch coding revolution? We can create wild games and animations together. You'll be a pro in no time!Just create a free account at and start tinkering. I'm working on a superhero game right now where you have to stop an evil cloud from raining kryptonite on the city. I'll share the link so you can try it and give me ideas.Code you later, alligator! Let me know when you join Scratch so we can start our next crazy coding adventure. This is just the beginning of us becoming the next tech genius billionaires!Your friend,[Your name]篇5My Favorite Software: Scratch!Hi friend! I want to tell you about my absolute favorite software program. It's called Scratch and it's the coolest thing ever! Scratch lets you make your own games, animations, and stories by dragging and dropping code blocks together. It's like putting Lego bricks together, but instead of building houses or cars, you build awesome computer programs!I first learned about Scratch in my school's computer lab. My teacher showed us the Scratch website and said we could make our own projects. At first, I was a little nervous because coding seemed really hard. But then I realized with Scratch, you don't have to type out any complicated code. All the commands are right there as colored blocks you can click and drag. Blue blocksare for motion, purple is for looks, green is for sound - it makes it super easy!The first thing I made was a simple animation of a cat walking across the screen. I used the blue motion blocks to make it move step-by-step and the purple looks blocks to choose the cat sprite and costumes. It was so satisfying to hit the green flag and see my code come to life! From there, I got more adventurous and made an entire Pokemon battle game complete with 3D Pokemon models, health bars, and fun attack animations. Scratch has tons of free sprites, sounds, and backgrounds you can use, or you can upload your own. The possibilities are endless.But Scratch isn't just for games! You can also make interactive stories, music videos, educational tutorials - pretty much anything you can dream up. My friend created an awesome virtual tour of our city with maps and info on landmarks. Another kid coded up a cool science simulation explaining how planets orbit the sun. Scratch makes coding fun and brings your wildest ideas to the screen.One of my favorite things about Scratch is the online community. You can share your projects, give feedback on others, and even remix and build upon other people's work.There are millions of projects to check out for inspiration. I've learned so many new tricks from studying how others use the blocks. The community is really supportive and there are tons of tutorials if you get stuck.Coding with Scratch has been an awesome creative outlet for me. Not only is it crazy fun, but I'm also learning super valuable skills for the future. Coding is one of the most important skills kids can have nowadays with how much technology impacts our lives. And Scratch makes it easy to start learning from a young age through hands-on creating.I've become such a Scratch expert that I even help teach younger kids at my school's coding club. It's amazing to see their eyes light up as they make their first project and build their confidence. Coding also helps you practice problem-solving, step-by-step thinking, and getting creative. Those are skillsthat'll help in any career or part of life.So yeah, Scratch is seriously the best! You've gotta try it out. Don't be intimidated if you're new to coding - that's what makes Scratch so genius. The visual blocks make it a perfect intro to coding concepts before moving to more advanced text-based languages. I'm actually working on a crazy fun platformer gameright now. Maybe I'll develop the next hit app and become a billionaire! A kid can dream...Anyway, I can't recommend Scratch enough. Go to and make an account. Join the Scratching community and prepare to get hooked! Let me know when you make your first project so I can try it out. Who knows, we might code the next world-changing program together! Well, talk to you later friend. Hurry up and get Scratching!篇6My Favorite App: Animal JamHi friend! I want to tell you about the coolest app ever - Animal Jam! It's an online virtual world for kids where you can create an animal character and go on awesome adventures. Animal Jam is my absolute favorite game and I play it every single day after school. Let me explain why it's so fun!First of all, you get to make your own animal avatar when you start playing. You can choose to be all sorts of different creatures like bunnies, wolves, pandas, tigers and even weird made-up animals. My avatar is a snow monkey named Coldilocks. Isn't that a funny name? You can customize how your animal looks by changing its colors, patterns, clothes and accessories. Imade Coldilocks bright purple with a pink flower on her head. So silly!Once you create your animal, you enter the massive world of Animal Jam. It's like an entire planet for only animal characters. There are different awesome lands to explore like a freezing arctic area, a spooky ancient ruins zone, a sunny beach area and my favorite - the festive candy wonderland! Each area is filled with fun mini-games, cool den houses you can build, and special playing fields where you run around with your friends' avatars.Speaking of friends, you can chat with them while playing using fun animal phrases and emojis. We have our own little language in Animal Jam! You can also go on multiplayer quests together to battle monster bugs or explore secret areas. It's so exciting when you team up on adventures with your buddies' animal characters.But that's not even the best part about Animal Jam! What I love most is collecting all the rare item prizes and upgrading my den house. You earn rewards like gems, furniture and clothing for playing mini-games and completing quests. I've got a huge stash of cool stuff for Coldilocks! Her den is decked out with a trampoline, a lava pit, magical trees and waterfalls, and all sorts of silly knick-knacks everywhere. It's like my dream animal home!There's also a new awesome area added to Animal Jam every few weeks, so you never get bored. Just when you think you've seen everything, BOOM, a new land to explore with fresh games and rewards. Right now there's a super neat fantasy area with baby dragons you can raise as pets. How cool is that?! I'm working on getting a fire dragon pet right now.Animal Jam is educational too, not just fun. By playing, you learn about different cultures, environments, and animal biology in a really entertaining way. Like in the desert area, you can explore ancient Egyptian tombs while picking up facts about the Nile river and hieroglyphics. Who knew learning could be so exciting?Basically, Animal Jam combines the best things ever - cute animal characters, epic adventuring, talking with friends, collecting prizes, and even some learning. What's not to love? That's why I'm totally obsessed with it. Moms and dads don't need to worry about Animal Jam either because it's a completely safe and monitored online world just for kids. No inappropriate stuff allowed!The only downside is that you need to pay a little bit to become a full member and get all the coolest perks. But it's totally worth a few bucks to have access to everything in AnimalJam and be able to chat with your friends. Just use your allowance money or do extra chores to pay for it. Your parents will understand once they see how awesome it is!So in summary, Animal Jam is my number one favorite game of all time because:You make an adorable cartoon animal characterYou explore these massive, magical worldsYou play fun mini-games and go on questsYou collect a jillion rare items and decorate your animal denYou get to chat and adventure with all your friendsIt's educational but doesn't feel like learningIt's completely kid-safe so parents don't have to stressNew areas and features are always being added to keep it freshSeriously, you need to download Animal Jam right now and make an account! Once you start playing, I can give you a tour of the animal world and show you all the cool stuff I've collected. We can go on quests together and decorate each other's dens. It'll be a total blast!What are you waiting for? Animal Jam is insanely fun and you're going to be hooked. Download it tonight and create your cute little animal avatar. Then send me a message so I can friend you and we can start adventuring! Trust me, this'll become your new favorite game ever. It's just that unbelievably awesome. Let's jam!。
探索火车奥秘,致敬蓝色火焰英语作文Exploring the Enigmatic Allure of Trains: A Tribute to the Blue Flame.The allure of trains remains an enigma that has captivated generations, their rhythmic chugging anirresistible call to adventure and discovery. From their humble origins as iron horses to their sleek, modern incarnations, trains have woven themselves into the fabricof human civilization, transporting dreams, shaping destinies, and leaving an enduring mark on our collective imagination. This essay will delve into the enigmatic mystique of trains, exploring their historical significance, technological advancements, and cultural impact, while paying homage to the iconic blue flame that symbolizestheir indomitable spirit.Iron Horses: The Birth of an Era.The invention of the steam locomotive in the early 19thcentury ushered in a transformative era in transportation. These iron behemoths, with their billowing smoke and thunderous roar, revolutionized long-distance travel, opening up new frontiers for trade, exploration, and human connection. They became symbols of industrial progress, their relentless chugging powering the engines of economic growth and societal change.Steam's Golden Age: The Romance of the Rails.The mid-to-late 19th century marked the golden age of steam locomotion. Trains became more powerful, efficient, and comfortable, transporting not only goods but also a growing number of passengers eager to witness the wonders of the world. The romance of the rails took hold, as people flocked to train stations, their hearts filled with anticipation and the promise of adventure. The rhythmic clickety-clack of wheels on tracks became a lullaby to travelers, inspiring dreams and fueling imaginations.The Blue Flame: Symbol of Progress.In the early 20th century, a technological breakthrough emerged that would forever alter the face of rail travel: the diesel locomotive. These sleek, streamlined machines, powered by the combustion of diesel fuel, offered greater efficiency, speed, and cleanliness than their steam-powered predecessors. But it was the piercing blue flame that erupted from their exhaust pipes that became their defining characteristic, a symbol of progress and innovation.Diesel's Reign: Modernization and Efficiency.Diesel locomotives quickly replaced steam engines as the dominant force on the rails, ushering in an era of modernization and efficiency. They hauled vast quantities of freight, connecting cities and industries across vast distances. They also became the preferred mode of passenger transportation, offering faster and more comfortable journeys. The blue flame, once a novelty, became an emblem of reliability and dependability, guiding trains across the countryside and through the bustling urban landscapes.Cultural Impact: Trains in Art, Literature, and Music.The transformative power of trains extended far beyond the realm of transportation. They became a ubiquitous presence in art, literature, and music, capturing the imagination of creative minds. Impressionist painters immortalized the smoky haze of train stations, while writers used trains as metaphors for journeys of both the physical and metaphorical kind. The evocative whistle of a train became a recurring motif in music, evoking both nostalgia and the thrill of adventure.Trains in the 21st Century: Innovation and Sustainability.In the 21st century, trains continue to evolve, embracing new technologies and seeking sustainable solutions. High-speed rail networks connect major cities, offering passengers lightning-fast journeys. Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains hover above the tracks, promising even greater speeds and efficiency. At the same time, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability, with trains powered by electricity or alternative fuels.Conclusion.The allure of trains lies in their ability to transport not only people and goods but also dreams and aspirations. They have been witnesses to history, shapers of nations, and catalysts for cultural expression. From the roaring steam engines of the past to the sleek, blue-flamed diesels of today, trains have left an enduring mark on our world. As we journey into the future, may we continue to cherish the enigmatic mystique of trains and honor the indomitable spirit symbolized by the iconic blue flame.。
作者:兔子萝卜云端软件宝库转载本游戏的主要目标:找找宝石,解解谜题,造造房子,打打怪物。
----------------------------------我是罗嗦的分界线------------------------------------游戏开始前的小贴士为了能收集齐全所有物品(包括所有宝石)且一定程度上保护视力,建议大家在开始游戏前作如下修改:(这是萝卜我血的教训,到时候找不全宝石,别说没提醒你)a) 先将Totem Tribe Gold\data\texture\game目录下的item和structure这两个文件夹备份。
(为什么要备份?除了以防因修改后造成未知后果,还有个原因,本萝卜先卖个关子)再将item这个文件夹中的所有图片,以及structure文件夹中comcry_m1、comcry_m2、comcry_m3这三个图片的背景色变成鲜红色,例:最简单的修改方法是使用windows自带的画图软件(用油漆桶改成红色,倾倒背景就可以了)a) 然后开始游戏吧----------------------------------我是正文的分界线------------------------------------1. 概述游戏总共20关建筑共有19种(随着游戏的进行和解谜获取的特殊物品会逐步揭开)兵种共有9种(由相应的建筑单位提供)2. 建筑介绍:(为了此攻略统一名称,萝卜先公布出来)Hut:小屋,训练Worker(工人)X3Scout Lodge:侦察屋,训练Scout(侦察兵)X2Barracks:兵营,训练fighter(战士)X6Tower:塔楼,扩展视野,可以发射石块,攻击力低,塔可以升级﹣Arrow Tower:箭塔,发射箭,速度快,攻击高﹣Mud Tower:泥塔,减缓敌人行动﹣Fire Tower:火塔,可以融冰和火属性攻击﹣Frost Tower:冰塔,可以熄火和冰属性攻击﹣Thunder Tower:雷塔,雷电攻击﹣Guardian Tower:护卫塔,训练Guardian(护卫)X4,注意护卫只在塔附近活动,除非有怪去骚扰他,然后追着怪跑,否则他们是走不远的Hunter Camp:猎人营帐,训练Hunter(猎人)X3Workshop:车间,升级弓箭手攻击力和防御力各3个等级,升级箭塔攻击力Archery Range:靶场,训练Archer(弓箭手)X6Witch Doctor Shack:巫医室,训练Witch Doctor(巫医)X6Smithy:铁匠铺,增加战士和穴居人的攻击力和防御力,各3个等级Wiseman's House:智慧屋,升级基础塔的攻击力,泥塔的攻击力和范围,工人工作效率Laboratory:实验,增加升级火塔和冰塔Market:市场,每个兵种建筑+1人口,增加所有兵种移动速度Shaman Tent:萨满帐篷,训练Shaman(萨满)X3Sky Hall:天空大厦,增加雷塔攻击力Hall of Mysteries:奥术大厅,增加萨满攻击Training Grounds:训练场,增加战士、穴居人、猎人的战斗力Herb Garden:药草园,增加所有兵种的基础血量,提升巫医的治疗效率Cave of Trials:审判洞穴,训练Caveman(穴居人)X6Temple:神庙,可以学习使用提升攻击力,恢复,增加防御力,雷电,火雨,冰风暴这6种法术之一小贴士:ú注意如果游戏时发现有些建筑图案是灰色的,那是必需造好前置建筑,才可以造。
如何让历史学习变的有趣英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1How to Make Learning History FunHistory class can sometimes feel super boring. It's just a bunch of old stories about people who lived a really long time ago. Who cares about all that stuff, right? Well, as I've gotten older, I've realized that history is actually pretty cool if you learn it the right way. It's like one big, never-ending adventure story spanning thousands of years!The first key to making history fun is to find a topic you're interested in and dig deeper. There are so many amazing stories throughout history. You've got brave explorers charting new lands, epic battles with heroes and villains, brilliant inventors who changed the whole world with their creations. The possibilities are endless!One topic I got really into was the Age of Exploration when Europeans were sailing all over and discovering new continents. It was awesome learning about daring captains like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan. These guys were real-lifeaction heroes! They spent years at sea, facing treacherous storms, threat of starvation and mutiny from their own crews. And all to find new trade routes and spread European influence. The journals explorers kept about the incredible new civilizations and creatures they encountered read like something out of a fantasy novel.I also couldn't get enough of the Wild West era in America. Just imagine living back in those rough and tumble frontier days. Cowboys, sharpshooting gunslingers, native tribes, lawless boomtowns springing up overnight after gold strikes. My friends and I even started dressing up like cowboys at recess. We'd pretend to get in showdowns at the OK Corral, with me playing the role of the infamous Wyatt Earp. Maybe not the most educational thing, but it definitely brought history to life in a memorable way!Another trick for getting into history is watching movies, TV shows or even playing video games set in different historical eras. Yes, I know a lot gets fictionalized in the Hollywood version. But seeing the time periods visualized with period costumes,old-timey music and cool battlefields makes you feel like you're there. It's a gateway to becoming hooked on learning more about what really happened.One of my favorite history video games let me lead ancient Greek armies into combat as a general. Yes, it got bloody and graphic at times. But slashing through Spartan phalanxes or bombarding cities with flaming catapult projectiles made me want to dive into reading actual accounts of those early wars and civilizations. That hands-on experience sparked my curiosity.As for movies, who doesn't love swashbuckling pirate adventures? After seeing the Pirates of the Caribbean flicks, I went down a research rabbit hole about the golden age of piracy in the 1600 and 1700s. Those salty sea dog pirates were basically the outlaws of the high seas, establishing their own lawless society. I couldn't believe some of the crazy stuff I read about fierce pirate captains like Blackbeard and real-life pirate/folk heroes like Sir Henry Morgan.Getting into novel series based in historical settings is another brilliant hack for loving history. It's like getting sucked into an immersive time machine story where the characters and drama feel so real, you can't put the books down.Plus, the authors usually do loads of research to accurately portray the customs, issues and famous figures from that era. So in a fun, entertaining way, you absorb tons of factual historical details and context.Some of my favorites are the His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman which takes place in a parallel universe version of our world with things like the Catholic Church-sponsored Crusades still going on. The Leviathan series by Scott Westerfeld is an alt-history steampunk world set in World War 1 where countries battle using genetically-modified Darwinist creatures and mechanical war machines. Super imaginative and chock full of clever nods to turn of the 20th century technology and events.At the end of the day, the best motivation for making history engaging is finding connections to your own life and the modern world. Once you start tracing how the beliefs, decisions and accomplishments of people in the past laid the foundations for our present society, everything clicks into place.If you think about it, we inherited basically everything from previous generations. Our laws, traditions, cultures, ideas about human rights and democracy. Even the latest smart phones and gadgets we love using today came from historic breakthroughs made by curious inventors and scientists long ago. All the good stuff and yes, even the bad things like racism, discrimination and conflict have roots buried deep in our shared human story over the centuries.So the next time you're stuck copying out of a dusty old textbook and feeling bored in history class, look for ways to liven things up. Read some juicy historical fiction for a fun, engaging way to experience the time period. Or watch a dramatized movie or play an immersive video game that'll spark your imagination and make you want to learn more about what actually went down.Because the real history of humankind is absolutely full of jaw-dropping tales of adventure, innovation, upheaval and progress. There's so many captivating stories of leaders, freedom fighters, pioneers and common folks who changed the course of the world in big and small ways. Once you find a topic or era you're interested in, don't just read about the key names and dates. Dig deeper and get the full context so you can connect to their struggles, emotions and motivations on a human level.That's when you'll go from zoning out to being completely captivated by history. Trust me, it'll blow your mind how these ancient events and personalities still shape and influence every aspect of your modern life today. Get hooked on those personal tales from the past, and you'll never look at history as a snooze-fest again!篇2Title: Making History Fun and Exciting!Have you ever felt bored while learning about history in school? I know I have! Sometimes, it can feel like a bunch of dates, names, and events that don't really matter to us. But what if I told you that history is actually full of amazing stories, interesting people, and exciting adventures? It's true! Learning about history doesn't have to be dull and dry. In fact, it can be one of the most fascinating subjects ever! Let me share some tips on how to make history fun and exciting.Imagine Yourself in the PastOne of the best ways to make history come alive is to imagine yourself living in that time period. Close your eyes and picture yourself as a young child in ancient Egypt, running through the bustling markets and gazing up at the towering pyramids. Or maybe you're a brave knight in medieval England, training with swords and preparing for a jousting tournament. By putting yourself in the shoes of people from the past, you can better understand what life was like for them and how different it was from today.Read Exciting History Books and StoriesThere are so many amazing books and stories out there that bring history to life in thrilling ways. Instead of just reading dry textbooks, try finding historical fiction novels or biographies about fascinating historical figures. These books weave facts and real events into gripping tales of adventure, mystery, and courage. You'll be on the edge of your seat as you follow the exploits of daring explorers, brave warriors, or brilliant inventors. Who knew learning about history could be so exciting?Watch Historical Movies and ShowsAnother great way to make history fun is to watch movies and TV shows set in different time periods. Not only are these entertaining, but they also give you a glimpse into what life was like back then. You'll see the clothing, architecture, and customs of different eras brought to life right before your eyes. Plus, many historical movies and shows are based on real events and people, so you'll be learning while you're being entertained!Visit Historical Sites and MuseumsOne of the best ways to truly experience history is to visit the places where it happened. Imagine standing inside an ancient castle or walking through a battlefield where a famous war took place. You can almost feel the ghosts of the past surrounding you. Museums are also fantastic places to explore history. Youcan see actual artifacts, weapons, and treasures from long ago, and learn about the stories behind them.Get Hands-On with Historical ActivitiesWhy just read about history when you can experience it yourself? Try your hand at some historical activities and crafts. You could learn how to make pottery like the ancient Greeks, or try your skills at calligraphy like medieval monks. You could even put on a play about a famous historical event or person. Getting hands-on with history makes it way more fun and memorable than just reading about it in a book.Play Historical Games and SimulationsWho says learning about history can't be a game? There are lots of fun games and simulations out there that let you step into historical roles and situations. You could play a strategy game where you lead armies into battle, or a simulation where you have to make tough decisions as a famous leader. Not only are these games super engaging, but they also teach you a lot about history in a really interactive way.Share Your Passion with Friends and FamilyFinally, one of the best ways to make history fun is to share your passion for it with friends and family. Tell them about the cool stories and people you've learned about, or篇3How to Make Learning History FunHistory is one of those subjects that can be really boring for kids like me. All those dates, names, and events can make your head spin! But you know what? Learning about the past doesn't have to be a snooze-fest. In fact, it can be super exciting and fun if you approach it the right way. Here are some tips to make history come alive and keep you from dozing off in class:Imagine Yourself ThereOne of the best ways to make history interesting is to put yourself in the shoes of the people who lived back then. Instead of just reading about the American Revolution, imagine what it would have been like to be a kid living in those times. What kind of clothes would you wear? What games would you play? What would you eat for breakfast, lunch, and dinner? Thinking about the daily life of people from long ago can make history feel much more real and relatable.Read Awesome BooksThere are so many great books out there that make history come alive through stories and adventures. My favorite is the "Magic Tree House" series by Mary Pope Osborne. In each book, Jack and Annie travel back in time and have all sorts of exciting adventures. They've met Vikings, ninjas, pirates, and even walked among the dinosaurs! Reading books like these can help you see history as one big, exciting story instead of a bunch of boring facts and dates.Watch Cool Movies and ShowsMovies and TV shows can also make history super fun and engaging. Who doesn't love watching knights jousting or pirates battling on the high seas? Some of my favorite history movies are "Night at the Museum," "The Prince of Egypt," and "Mulan." And shows like "Horrible Histories" and "Liberty's Kids" make learning about the past hilarious and entertaining.Play Awesome GamesDid you know that you can learn history through games? There are all sorts of cool board games, video games, and online games that let you explore different time periods and historical events. One of my favorites is "Oregon Trail," where you have toguide a wagon train across the Wild West. It's so much fun, but you also learn about what life was like for pioneers back then.Go on Field TripsField trips to museums, historical sites, and reenactments can make history jump off the page and come to life. Seeing real artifacts, walking through old buildings, and watching people dressed up in period costumes can make you feel like you've traveled back in time. Plus, it's way more interesting than just reading about it in a textbook.Get CreativeHistory doesn't have to be all about memorizing dates and names. You can also get creative and have fun with it. Make a diorama of an ancient Egyptian pyramid or a model of a medieval castle. Write a short story or comic strip about a famous historical figure. Or create a board game based on a specific time period or event. Getting creative with history can help you remember it better and make it way more enjoyable.Talk to Older RelativesYour grandparents, great-grandparents, or other older relatives lived through some pretty incredible historical events. Why not ask them about their experiences? They can tell youfirsthand what it was like to live through things like World War II, the Civil Rights Movement, or the Moon Landing. Hearing their stories can make history feel much more personal and meaningful.So there you have it – seven awesome ways to make learning history a blast instead of a bore. Remember, history is all about exploring the fascinating stories and adventures of people who lived before us. If you approach it with an open mind and a sense of curiosity, you might just find that history is one of the coolest subjects ever!篇4How to Make Learning History FunHistory is one of those subjects that can be really boring. I mean, who wants to just memorize a bunch of dates and old dead people's names? Not me! But you know what? History doesn't have to be a big snoozefest. There are actually lots of ways to make learning about the past super interesting and even fun. Let me share some of my favorite tips and tricks.One of the best ways to get into history is through stories. True stories about real people and events from long ago can be just as exciting as fiction. My teacher sometimes reads us picturebooks about famous historical figures like Abraham Lincoln, Amelia Earhart, or Ruby Bridges. Hearing their amazing life stories really brings history to life. It's much more memorable than just reading dry facts from a textbook.Another cool way to experience history is by going on field trips. There's nothing like visiting an actual historic site to make you feel connected to the past. My class went to an old colonial village last year and we got to see what life was like back in the 1700s. We watched blacksmiths making tools, weavers spinning cloth, and candlemakers dipping wicks into hot wax. It was like being transported back in time!Museums are also pretty neat places to learn history. They have all sorts of artifacts and exhibits that show you what people in different eras used for clothes, transportation, weapons, and more. Sometimes museums will even have interactive displays where you can try on costumes, play old games, or use replica tools. The best part is you can touch and experience things instead of just reading about them.If you're more of an arts and crafts person, making historical projects and models can make the past feel much closer. One year for our ancient civilizations unit, we made salt dough and sculpted little Mesopotamian figurines. I formed mine to looklike one of the famous Sumerian stone carvings. For the Egyptian unit, we constructed model pyramids out of sugar cubes. Simple hands-on projects like these really help cement what you're learning.Dressing up in period costumes and reenacting scenes from the past is super fun too. Every year for our school's living museum day, we each pick a famous person from history to research. Then we create a costume to look just like them and put together a monologue to perform in character. I've been Sacagawea, Harriet Tubman, and Wilbur Wright so far. Stepping into their shoes, even just for a day, helps me understand what their lives were really like.Historical fiction is another great way to discover lessons about the past while still enjoying a good story. Some of my favorite books that bring history alive are Number the Stars by Lois Lowry about kids in World War II, Sarah, Plain and Tall which tells about life on the prairie, and Gentle Ben about a boy and his bear during the Great Depression. When you read stories set in different eras, you learn so much without even realizing it!Movies and TV shows can teach you about history too if you pay close attention. Of course, some of them twist the facts or exaggerate things for entertainment value. But well-madehistorical dramas like Apollo 13, The Patriot, or John Adams can still give you a pretty realistic glimpse into major moments from the past.Even video games can have an educational history element these days. My friend has one where you get to go on cool adventures and quests inspired by ancient Greek myths and legends. Some games will also let you reenact famous historical battles or be the leader building up a whole civilization from scratch. They definitely make you think about geography, strategy, resources and other things that were important back then.If you're lucky enough to have family stories and old relics passed down, listening to your relatives talk about their childhood experiences is an awesome way to connect with history on a personal level. My grandparents grew up during World War II and have shared some wild tales about rationing, air raid drills, and soldiers coming home. Just hearing theirfirst-hand accounts makes me appreciate how fortunate we are today.Overall, the key to making history fun is using a variety of approaches to engage as many senses as possible - not just reading or listening. The more you can see, touch, discuss, andexperience historical times and places, the more relevant and fascinating those long-ago stories become. So don't be afraid to use your imagination and get interactive with the past. Who knows, you might just spark a lifelong interest in archaeology, anthropology, or become a great historian yourself someday!篇5How to Make History Learning FunHistory is the study of the past and how things used to be way back when. Some kids think history is really boring because it's just a bunch of old stuff that happened a long time ago. But I think history can actually be really fun and interesting if you look at it the right way!One thing that makes history fun for me is learning about all the crazy stories and adventures from long ago. History is full of tales of daring explorers, heroic warriors, powerful kings and queens, and epic battles and wars. It's like getting to read a never-ending book of mythology and legends, except it's all true!One of my favorite historical stories is about Leif Erikson, a Viking explorer who travelled across the Atlantic Ocean almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Can you imagine sailingthose huge wooden ships with just wind and oars to power them? And they didn't even have modern maps or navigation tools back then. Erikson and his crew were sailing into totally uncharted territory. That must have been both terrifying and thrilling! I love picturing what it must have been like when they first caught sight of the shores of North America.Or take Joan of Arc for example. She was just a young peasant girl in the 1400s when she claimed she started hearing voices from God telling her to help lead France to victory against the English in the 100 Years' War. Instead of ignoring her visions like most people would, Joan actually managed to convince nobles and soldiers to follow her lead. She helped rally the French troops, lift a siege, and get the heir to the throne officially crowned king. A teenage girl commanded armies and turned the tide of a massive war! That's an almost unbelievable true story.Besides the exciting tales, another篇6How to Make Learning History FunHistory is one of those subjects that can seem really boring sometimes. All those dates, names, and events to remember can make your head spin! But you know what? With a littleimagination and the right approach, learning history can actually be a lot of fun. Trust me, I used to think history was just a bunch of boring facts, but then I discovered some cool ways to make it come alive. Let me share some of my favorite tips with you!One thing that really helps is to create vivid mental pictures of the events you're learning about. Instead of just memorizing dry facts, try to imagine what it would have been like to actually live through those times. For example, when learning about the American Revolution, don't just read about the battles and dates. Picture yourself as a colonial soldier, marching through the bitter cold, your feet wrapped in rags, fighting for your freedom. Or imagine being a child in a family of patriots, hiding in the cellar as the dreaded Redcoats search your home. Making those personal connections can really bring history to life!Another fun way to learn is through storytelling. Most historical events have some pretty incredible stories behind them – stories of courage, sacrifice, betrayal, and adventure. Instead of just reading the textbook, look for books, movies, or even comics that dramatize those events in an exciting way. I recently read an awesome graphic novel about the Lewis and Clark expedition that made me feel like I was right there with them, battling raging rivers and encountering strange new tribes. Getting sweptup in a good story is not only entertaining, but it can also help you remember all the important details.If you're a hands-on kind of person, trying historical reenactments or living history museums can be a blast. There's something about dressing up in period costumes, trying out old-fashioned tools and games, and experiencing what daily life was like back then that really makes the past feel real. Just don't be surprised if you start talking like you're from the 1800s and people give you weird looks!For all you creative types out there, making projects and models can also turn learning history into a fun challenge. Build a replica of an ancient Greek temple out of Popsicle sticks, sculpt famous historical figures out of clay, or design your own board game based on a historical event. Not only will you learn a ton in the process, but you'll end up with a cool memento to show off your hard work.Speaking of games, don't underestimate the power of good old-fashioned playing to bring history alive. Computer games, mobile apps, and even board games these days can transport you right into the middle of epic historical battles, daring adventures, or famous civilizations. Just be careful – some ofthose games are so much fun and addictive that you might lose track of time and spend hours engrossed in that virtual world!Lastly, one of the best ways to truly appreciate history is to go out and experience it for yourself. Take field trips to historic sites, museums, battlefields, or living history villages. Walk in the footsteps of famous historical figures, touch artifacts from centuries ago, and see remnants of the past with your own eyes. For me, nothing makes history feel more real than standing in an ancient castle, picturing brave knights charging into battle, or visiting the very spots where momentous events took place.So there you have it – my personal tips for turning the seemingly dull subject of history into an exciting, immersive adventure. By using your imagination, getting hands-on, playing games, and experiencing history firsthand, those dusty old facts can truly come to life. Who knows, you might just discover a newfound passion for the past and become a history buff yourself! Just don't blame me if you start spending all your time reading about ancient civilizations instead of playing video games. Learning history the fun way can be addictive!。
游戏名称主人1817学长1830多多1849学长1853多多1856学长1862:Railway Mania in the Eastern Counties卡莲1944莱茵竞速多多1960美国大选多多2019 the Arctic蓝葵221B Baker street Q马3d撞桶王冷雨3D撞桶王图南7 wonders:duel 7大对决游民7 wonders:duel-Pantheon 7大对决扩游民7AGE冷雨7wonders七大奇迹血染A Victory Denied 功亏一篑卡莲AA同盟国与轴心国1940(太平洋)血染About Time 关于时间游民Age of Conan柯南时代冷雨Age of empires Q马Age of steam蒸汽时代血染Agora Q马Agoricola Q马AH魔镇惊魂+1大扩(敦威治村版图扩)+1小扩(黄金之王)血染Akrotiri冷雨Alchemists学长Alchemists Q马Alchemists 炼金术师游民Alesia 阿莱西亚卡莲Alhambra big box Q马Alhambra big box游民Amerigo亚美利哥血染andean abyss蓝葵AOS+蒙特利尔地铁扩+月球扩+柏林墙扩+西藏扩+塞浦路斯扩 学长Aquaretto 水族馆D-Phantom AquaSphere 水球游民AquaSphere水球血染Arboretum 植物园游民Archon执政官(超花美工的那个冷雨Article 27Q马Artus 亚瑟王游民Ascension 暗杀神 全扩+全推广Zasgard蓝葵ASL SK1卡莲Athlas Q马Auf den Spuren von Marco Polo 马可波罗游民Augsburg 1520 游民BAB巴比伦血染Bandu Q马Battalia: the Creation Q马Belle of the ball美人舞会血染Betrayal at house of the hill Q马Between Two Cities 两城之间D-Phantom blackbeard蓝葵Black-Handed Henry's Potion Party游民blood bound 鲜血盟约游民blood bound鲜血盟约血染Blueprints 蓝图游民BO+扩学长Bora Bora游民Bounce Off 兵乓球游民Brass工业革命-铜板蓝葵Brass工业革命-铜板血染Broom Service Mini-Expansion游民Broom Service:The Card Game游民C.C. Higgins Rail Pass冷雨cacao游民cacao:Chocolatl游民Camel up Q马Camel Up Supercup 骆驼快跑超级杯扩游民Camel Up 骆驼快跑游民Camel up: super cup Q马can't stop游民Carcassonne 2.0游民Carcassonne South Seas 卡卡颂南海游民Card City 卡牌城市D-Phantom Caribbean加勒比海血染Carson City:Big Box 卡森城大盒游民Castles of mad king Ludwig Q马Castles of mad king Ludwig游民Castles of mad king Ludwig:Secrets游民Caverna Q马CCA+1扩,2&3合扩冷雨CCN+全扩冷雨Celestia 空中之城(Cloud 9重置版)游民Chandragupta 孔雀王朝卡莲Chariots of Fire 烈火战车卡莲Chicago Express游民Chinese Civil War 中原大战冷雨Chronicle 编年史游民Clinic学长CO2Q马COC克苏鲁战争血染Codenames Q马Codenames Pictures游民Codenames 行动代号游民COH:Awakening the Bear蓝葵Coloretto 变色龙游民coloretto:10 jahre变色龙10周年冷雨Colt Express 科尔特快车游民Colt Express: North Pole Station 柯尔特大宝盒Promo游民Concept Q马Concept语破天机血染Concordia 坑坑爹游民Concordia:Britannia/Germania 地图扩游民Concordia:Salsa 盐扩游民Confusion Q马Conquest of Gaul 高卢战记卡莲Coup 城市叛变 游民Coup: Reformation 政变扩游民CV磊哥CV Q马CV人生履历+绯闻扩展血染Cyclades基克拉迪群岛 父神泰坦 扩展血染Cyclades基克拉迪群岛 冥王哈迪斯 扩展血染Cyclades基克拉迪群岛 诸神之战 基础血染D&D: Donquest of nerath Q马D2深入绝地第二版+6副官扩血染Dakota达他州血染Dark Darker Darkest Q马Dead man's Draw游民Dead of winter Q马Dead of Winter 死亡寒冬D-Phantom Dead of Winter死亡寒冬+科迪亚克科尔比扩展血染Descent: Journeys in the dark Q马Devil's Horsemen 恶魔骑兵卡莲DICE DUEL小邱diner小餐馆(未到冷雨Discworld: Ankh-Morpork 碟形世界游民Dixit 1-6Q马DL地城领主血染dogs of war冷雨Dominat species Q马Dominion adventures Q马Dominion big box(base+alchemist+prosperity)Q马Dominion cornucopia Q马Dominion dark ages Q马Dominion guilds Q马Dominion hinterlands Q马Dominion intrigue Q马Dominion seaside Q马Dragon Slayer 游民Dream Factory梦工厂血染Duck Dealer 鸭子商人游民Duck Dealer预购学长Dues游民Dungeon lords: happy anniversary Q马Dungeon petz Q马Earth Reborn地球重生血染Eclipse Q马Eight minutes empire Q马el grande big box大领主大盒德版冷雨ElfenLand精灵国度血染Elysium Q马Elysium游民factory fun尸体Fairy Tale游民Fantasy Frontier鬼鬼Felinia菲林尼亚血染Fiasco学长fields of arle阿勒农场德版冷雨Fight for Olympus 游民Fire in the lake Q马Firefight 火力战卡莲Five tribes Q马Five Tribes 五大部落游民Five tribes: the Artisans of Naqala Q马Five Tribes:The Artisans of Naqala 五大扩游民Florenza 佛罗伦萨游民Fluxx学长Food Chain Magnate游民Food Chain Magnate预购学长Forbidden Star学长Forbidden stars Q马France'40 法国40卡莲Francis Drake海盗勋爵基础+1扩冷雨Fresco big box Q马Friedrich蓝葵Fungi游民Galaxy Trucker银河卡车 基础血染Galaxy Trucker银河卡车 扩展血染Gem dealer 宝石商人游民GJ杂志 No.18 项羽X刘邦卡莲GJ杂志 No.36 真田军记卡莲GJ杂志 No.44 龙虎三国志卡莲GJ杂志 No.46 谦信上洛卡莲GJ杂志 No.51 关原/武田遗产争夺卡莲GJ杂志 No.52 信玄上洛卡莲Glass Road 玻璃之路(含promo)游民Glass road: 大宝盒promo游民Glen more 摩尔谷 游民gloom克苏鲁+1扩冷雨GOA磊哥Gravwell: escape from the 9th dimension Q马Greed Q马Grimoire Q马H ab & Gut 期货时代D-Phantom Hamburgum Expansion: Antverpia 汉堡地图扩游民Hamburgum 汉堡游民Hanabi 花火游民Hansa Teutonica 汉莎商会游民Havana 哈瓦那游民Hawaii Q马Hawaii 夏威夷游民heart land蓝葵Hengist游民Here I stand蓝葵Hey,That's my fish游民High Society 上流社会游民Historia Q马Hit The Hat 头脑风暴游民Hoplite 重装步兵卡莲Horus Heresy蓝葵Hoyuk Q马Ilvecchio 长者游民Imperial Assault Q马Imperial Assault: Return to hoth expansion Q马I mperial Settlers 帝国开拓者D-Phantom Impossible Machine不可能的机器血染Indigo 靛蓝之谜游民Isle of Skye: From Chieftain to King – Brettspiel Adventskalen游民Isle of Skye: From Chieftain to King 斯凯岛游民Jaipur 斋普尔游民Jamaica Q马Julius Caesar蓝葵K2 Broad Peak K2扩游民K2 第二高峰游民K2: Lawina游民Kahuna游民KALEIDOS冷雨Kanban Q马Karuba 游民Kemet圣域蓝葵Keyflower Q马Khan Q马K igi 锦树D-Phantom King of Tokyo Q马King of Tokyo power up expansion Q马Kingdom Builder: Big Box王国建设者大盒(未到冷雨kingdom of heaven蓝葵La Course des Tortues 跑跑龟游民La Granja 游民La Granja: 2nd Edition Promo Cards游民La isla 珍奇小岛游民Ladies & Gentlemen游民Ladies and Gentlemen女士们先生们冷雨lagoon ks冷雨Lanterns Q马Las Vegas Boulevard 拉斯百老汇扩游民Las Vegas 拉斯维加斯游民Las Vegas: The Slot Machine游民Last will Q马Le Fantome de l'opera Q马Le Havre 游民Le Havre勒阿弗尔血染Leaders of Small World 小小领袖扩游民Legendary encounters: An alien DBG Q马Lift it! 两人三筑游民Lift Off! Get Me Off This Planet! 逃离星球ZLoop inc.Q马Loop Inc.游民Loop Inc.: Expansion Cards 游民Lords of waterdeep Q马Lost City失落之城血染Louis XIV 游民Love Letter 情书ZLuna 露娜游民Machi koro(with expansion)Q马Mage Knight蓝葵Mage knight Q马Mage Knight游民Mage knight: the lost legion expansion Q马Mangrovia游民manifest destiny蓝葵Manila马尼拉血染Marco Polo:Die Neuen Charaktere 马可波罗人物Promo游民Mcmulti Q马Memoir' 44Q马Memoir' 44 Equipment pack Q马Memoir' 44 Terrain pack Q马Mice & Mystics Heart of Glorm ZMice & Mystics 鼠侠ZMines Q马mom疯狂诡宅血染Monster&Mythen + 扩蓝葵Mount everest Q马Murano 穆拉诺岛游民Mystery of the Abbey 修道院的秘密游民Mythotopia 神秘乌托邦游民Nantucket游民Naruto Shippuden Q马nations磊哥Nations Q马New Bedford游民New Bedford: Rising Tide游民nexus磊哥No Thanks! 游民N oah 诺亚方舟D-Phantom Noah诺亚方舟血染North Wind 北风游民Notre Dame 巴黎圣母院游民oddville蓝葵Odin's Ravens游民okko奥卡血染One Night Ultimate Werewolf 一夜终极狼人游民Ops SI#3 Fury in the East卡莲Ora et Labora游民origin 冷雨Orleans Q马Pagoda Q马Palazzo游民Pandemic Q马Pandemic Contagion Q马Pandemic expansion: in the lab Q马Pandemic expansion: on the brink Q马Pandemic expansion: state of emergency Q马Pandemic the cure Q马Parade游民Parade 仙境梦游ZParfum Q马Patchistory游民Patchwork 拼布游民Patchwork拼布血染Pi mal Pflaumen 游民Planet Steam 游民Polterfass游民Popular Front+1扩冷雨Portal of Morth 游民Power Grid deluxe游民Power Grid deluxe 电力公司十周年冷雨Power Grid电力公司血染Prodigals Club游民Progress: evolution of technology Q马Puerto Rico 波多黎各游民Quadropolis游民Quilt Show被子秀血染Qwixx游民Ran 乱卡莲Rattus鼠疫+扩展+推广血染RA太阳神轮回Red Storm over the Reich蓝葵Red7 虹7D-Phantom rex 帝国之末日蓝葵Ricochet Robots 碰撞机器人游民Riff Raff学长Riff Raff Q马Robinson Crusoe Q马Robinson Crusoe expansion Q马Rockwell学长Rococo 洛可可游民Rococo: Fancy dresses promo游民Rococo: jewelry box游民Rokoko: The Festivity Dresses 游民Rommel in the desert蓝葵Rune war符文战争 基础血染RuneAge符文时代+誓言与铁毡扩展血染Russian Railroads游民Russian Railroads: German Railroads 游民Russian Railroads: Mini-Expansion游民Saint malo 圣马洛游民Saint Petersburg 游民Samurai 侍卡莲San Juan 圣胡安游民Sandiego de cuba 圣地亚哥古巴游民Scoville游民Scoville:Labs游民Shadows over Camelot Q马Shadows Over Camelot Merlin's Company 梅林扩 游民Shadows over Camelot 卡梅洛的阴影游民Sheriff of Nottingham 游民Sheriff of Nottingham 诺丁汉警长+推广冷雨Sherlock Holmes蓝葵Sherlock holmes Q马Shipyard Q马Shogun Q马Signorie 意大利贵族游民six days of glory蓝葵Sky Tango游民Small city学长Small world Q马Small World Realms 小小世界:领域游民Small World Underground 小小世界:地下游民Small World 小小世界游民Small World: Tales and Legends 小小传奇扩游民Small World:A Spider's Web 小小世界:蜘蛛扩游民Small World:Be Not Afaid 小小甭儿怕扩游民Small World:Cursed! 小小诅咒扩游民Small World:Grand Dames of Small World 小小不知道什么扩游民Small World:Royal Bonus 小小皇室扩游民Space Alert太空警报 血染SPACE HULK太空废舰冷雨Spell caster Q马Splender Q马Splendor 璀璨宝石D-Phantom Splendor 璀璨宝石游民S pyfall 间谍危机D-Phantom S tar Realms 星域奇航D-Phantom Steampunk Rally游民Steam蒸汽血染Stone Age:Casino游民Stone Age石器时代血染StrongHold 2游民StrongHold要塞血染Sushi Go Party!游民Sushi Go 寿司狗游民Sushi Go!: Soy Sauce Promo 游民Sword of Rome 罗马之剑卡莲Takenoko Q马Takenoko游民Takenoko + Chibis 御竹园+扩D-Phantom Takenoko expansion Q马Takenoko: Chibis 游民Targi 塔基游民Targi: The Action Tokens 游民Tash-kalar Q马Tash-kalar游民Tash-kalar:Everfrost游民Tash-kalar:Nethervoid游民Tash-Kalar+冰雪扩+美化包冷雨Telestrations 传情画意游民Terra mystica Q马Terra Mystica游民Terra Mystica:Fire & Ice游民Terraforming Mars游民Terraforming Mars: Launch Kit Promo游民The castle of Burgundy Q马The Castles of Burgundy 勃艮第游民The Castles of Burgundy: The Card Game游民The Cave 洞穴游民The Convoy磊哥The Gallerist 画廊游民The Gallerist:KS Pack #2游民The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Adventure Game冷雨The Rose King游民The Staufer Dynasty 斯陶芬王朝游民the unification of japan蓝葵The Walled City 城寨(含promo)游民The Werewolves: the fact Q马Thebes 底比斯游民Through the ages: a story of civilization Q马Through the Desert游民Through the Desert穿越沙漠血染Thurn et Taxis 驿站马车 游民Thurn und Taxis Q马tichu毛线Ticket to ride Q马Ticket to ride map collection 1 Asia Q马Ticket to Ride: 10th Anniversary 车票之旅十周年 游民Ticket to ride: Europe Q马Ticket to ride: Europe游民Ticket to ride: Nordic countries Q马Tikal蒂卡尔古城血染Time 'n' space Q马TM神秘大地基础血染TM神秘大地扩展+推广卡血染Tokaido Q马Tokaido 东海道D-Phantom Tokaido东海道血染Tragedy looper Q马Trains Q马Trains and stations Q马Trajan Q马Trajan 图拉真游民Trambahn游民tribune+1扩冷雨Trickerion: Legends of Illusion 幻术游民Trickerion: Magician Powers Expansion 幻术扩 游民Trophy Buck蓝葵Troyes+ 扩蓝葵Tsuro Q马Tsuro of the sea Q马Tsuro of the seas 海道游民Tsuro 通路游民TTA历史巨轮血染TTR车票之旅血染TTR十周年小邱Tzolk'in: the mayan calendar Q马Tzolk'in: the mayan calendar游民Tzolk'in: Tribes and Prophecies游民Uchronia蓝葵unconditional surrender蓝葵UNO小邱Urbion磊哥Vampireology Q马Vanuatu游民Vasco da Gama 达伽马游民Vici Q马vinhos蓝葵Vinhos Deluxe Edition游民VOLT:Robot Ballte Arena学长War Galley 战舰卡莲Wie verhext! 女巫的酝酿游民Witch of Salem赛伦女巫冷雨Wiz-war夺宝奇巫 基础血染Wombat rescue Q马World of Yo-Ho游民World Without End冷雨World without end Q马Wrong Chemistry游民yomi毛线Zhanguo Q马Zombicide丧尸围城血染Zooloretto 游民Zooloretto 动物园大亨D-Phantom Zooloretto Mini D-Phantom Zoowaboo 动物泛舟D-Phantom 阿尔罕布拉宫磊哥阿瓦隆+扩轮回埃及考古磊哥埃及艳后与建筑师图南矮人矿工+扩展血染矮人矿工1小邱暗杀神+邪神归来+灵魂风暴小邱暗杀神2扩(灵魂风暴)血染奥尔良学长奥古斯都图南澳门尸体八分钟帝国蓝葵八分钟帝国传奇轮回八分钟帝国传奇血染巴别塔轮回巴黎圣母院尸体巴拿马多多白教堂来信蓝葵白教堂血案毛线白教堂血案小邱爆炸猫毛线悲剧轮回多多北方乐土尸体变异编年史磊哥冰与火之歌版图二版血染冰与火之歌版图一版血染波多黎各+扩展血染波拉波拉轮回波拉波拉图南Boar boar 波拉波拉星空勃艮第图南勃艮第小邱勃艮第+小扩轮回The Castles of burgundy 勃艮第城堡星空勃艮第城堡尸体布鲁日+扩图南步步为营尸体步步为营小邱查理大帝磊哥虫虫蜂房+蚊子扩小邱初阵冷雨传情画意毛线创新磊哥吹牛多多刺杀苏丹王毛线从前从前加两扩毛线璀璨宝石图南村庄+酒馆扩图南达芬奇密码小邱达伽马磊哥大城市磊哥大地秘境多多大地秘境轮回大国崛起2030多多大国崛起2030蓝葵大力士棋小邱大卫与歌利亚轮回大五月花号轮回德古拉之怒磊哥德国心脏病小邱抵抗危机加三扩毛线抵抗组织学长抵抗组织血染抵抗组织+阿瓦隆小邱地城宠物轮回地城领主+扩磊哥地城领主大盒轮回地球重生(未到冷雨帝国崛起磊哥帝国开拓者多多帝国时代尸体帝国曙光+一扩+二扩多多蒂卡尔古城蓝葵蒂卡尔古城轮回东方幻祈札(全扩)尸体东海道尸体东海道图南东海道(竹子店冷雨东京之王加两扩毛线动物大战毛线动物泛舟轮回洞穴农夫小邱哆宝毛线躲猫猫蓝葵二人三筑小邱法师战争磊哥犯罪现场毛线房地产拍卖磊哥房地产拍卖血染奋进号图南疯狂诡宅蓝葵疯狂诡宅毛线疯王堡轮回符文战争冷雨富饶之城血染高丽尸体哥布林公司血染哥布林公司血染革新-创世发明血染古巴圣地亚哥磊哥古战阵尸体关原1600卡莲光荣之路蓝葵鬼戏-法驾道引血染贵族图南国王堡+1扩冷雨过江龙毛线汉尼拔:罗马对迦太基冷雨航海家尸体浩瀚领土尸体荷鲁斯(未到冷雨黑帮老大毛线横冲直撞毛线红色十一月血染花火多多花火鬼鬼回转寿司血染火车和车站冷雨火山棋轮回激光法老棋血染极速融合轮回间谍危机spyfall轮回间谍危机spyfall毛线酱爆市场血染角斗士(2人)小邱锦鲤+月坛扩展血染进化小邱劲爆篮球血染禁闭岛轮回救生艇+黄夫人+人吃人毛线救生艇+黄夫人+人吃人小邱巨兽竞技场轮回巨兽竞技场血染决战苏富比毛线卡卡城+河流扩展小邱卡卡城+扩展血染卡森城磊哥卡坦岛+海洋扩小邱开膛手杰克(纽约、伦敦)小邱开膛手杰克在 伦敦血染开膛手杰克在 纽约血染凯吕斯尸体克罗兹大师:竞技场卡莲克洛兹大师竞技场毛线克洛兹大师竞技场血染克苏鲁迷踪毛线克苏鲁战争冷雨坑坑爹蓝葵恐惧舰队冷雨魁北克图南昆虫棋轮回The Castles of Burgundy: 1st Expansion – New Player Boards星空The Castles of Burgundy: 2nd Expansion – New Hex Tiles 星空The Castles of Burgundy: 4nd Expansion – Monastery Boards 星空The Castles of Burgundy: 5th Expansion – Pleasure Garden 星空The Castles of burgundy 勃艮第城堡 卡牌版星空La Granja 拉格兰哈庄园星空莱伯塔利海盗多多兰开斯特轮回蓝月传奇冷雨狼人毛线狼人杀小邱狼人新月血染乐园多多雷霆之石进阶版+化身扩血染里亚托图南历史巨轮毛线两河流域多多灵魂之战尸体领土-暗潮汹涌扩展血染领土-海国图志扩展血染领土-基础(皇与争霸)血染领域磊哥龙的午餐毛线龙年尸体龙杀神血染龙翼编年史毛线隆中对血染鲁宾逊漂流+扩展血染鲁滨逊漂流记+1扩(扩未到冷雨路易十四图南路与船 基础+扩学长罗马共和学长罗马竞技场图南罗生门蓝葵洛可可图南骆驼大赛毛线骆驼快跑轮回马德拉蓝葵The voyages of marcopolo 马可波罗星空马尼拉毛线玛雅+扩图南The Voyages of Marco Polo: The New Characters 星空Tzolkin 玛雅日历星空玛雅日历 基础血染玛雅日历 预言与种族扩展血染玛雅日历+扩轮回蚂蚁小邱猫与巧克力毛线玫瑰与骷髅尸体梦工厂毛线密室惊魂毛线妙笔神猜图南魔城马车血染魔城马车游民魔法高塔小邱魔法骑士+1扩,2扩冷雨魔法师的游戏血染魔法书尸体魔戒对决磊哥魔戒圣战1版+1扩扩冷雨魔戒圣战2版+1扩冷雨魔兽世界版图+1扩+2扩冷雨幕后交易毛线拿破仑战争冷雨尼罗河图南农场主+4合一扩展血染农场主+扩轮回诺丁汉警长毛线诺亚冷雨拼布冷雨拼布轮回拼接历史多多葡萄酒庄园(基+扩)尸体七海游侠冷雨七龙尸体齐柏林飞毯鬼鬼棋战三国血染汽车传奇尸体强权外交多多情书轮回情书小邱圈套棋轮回权力的游戏小邱权力游戏版图冷雨全球惊悚轮回热血超级杯加一扩毛线热血篮球毛线日与夜尸体三国杀毛线三国杀小邱三国杀1v1小邱三角对决尸体傻瓜炒股磊哥山屋惊魂小邱山屋惊魂(小黑屋)毛线山屋惊魂(小黑屋)血染射鸭子+扩学长深水城领主+扩图南深渊领主尸体神将录多多神秘大地+扩小邱生物起源进化+1扩翱翔天际+大陆漂移血染圣彼得堡轮回圣石之路+扩轮回圣石之路卡牌版学长失落的遗产全扩毛线失落之城尸体失落之城学长石器猎人多多石器时代图南石器时代+1扩冷雨世纪建筑师小邱侍版图磊哥手造奇迹尸体狩魔猎人小邱鼠来宝小邱谁是卧底小邱水火不容尸体斯特拉斯堡尸体死亡寒冬毛线死亡前线血染Tzolkin Tribes&Prophecies 玛雅日历扩星空Quadropolis 四方城星空四季城尸体四季物语+命运之路+魔法王国小邱苏格兰场轮回索贝克多多塔鲁瓦毛线台湾战棋杂志 1-10期 卡莲太空警报磊哥太阳神尸体太乙仙魔录小邱贪婪公司多多逃离亚特兰蒂斯+海豚扩+章鱼扩+5-6人扩毛线逃离亚特兰蒂斯+海豚扩+章鱼扩+5-6人扩血染逃生日记血染调酒大师尸体调酒大师血染跳楼乐学长铁路大亨卡牌版磊哥铁路大亨卡牌版轮回同盟与轴心1940欧洲多多同盟与轴心1940太平洋卡莲童话王国(全扩)尸体童贞女王多多骰子街+扩展血染骰子镇血染Trajan 图拉真星空图拉真多多图拉真尸体王冠之心加两扩毛线维京人轮回维罗纳议会尸体瘟疫危机+一触即发扩展血染瘟疫危机+一扩毛线瘟疫危机+一扩+二扩+三扩小邱文明帝国毛线文明帝国+1,2扩冷雨我们是人民/东西德冷雨乌邦果小邱五军之战冷雨舞星图南物种起源 Z西北航道多多锡矿工的足迹尸体席迪特冷雨侠岚血染侠鼠魔途毛线鲜血盟约毛线现代艺术图南相扑鼠冷雨相扑鼠图南小白世纪基础+6个扩鬼鬼小白世纪基础+6个扩血染小黑屋 山屋惊魂Z小王子图南小小世界小邱小小世界血染新阿姆斯特丹蓝葵新圣彼得堡血染星杯传说毛线星际征服血染星蚀磊哥星域奇航 Star Realms Z凶煞回廊血染雪地磊哥血碗蓝葵羊蘑轮回摇摇树小邱要塞+亡灵扩+英雄扩学长Stronghold:2nd 要塞2版星空一千零一夜毛线伊利亚特血染伊斯坦布尔冷雨遗嘱+1扩冷雨遗嘱基础+扩图南驿站马车轮回银河竞逐多多银河卡车游民印度航线磊哥印加宝藏学长英烈千秋 卡莲英雄对决:钢铁风暴 卡莲优势物种多多幽闭恐惧基础+1扩+2扩冷雨语破天机小邱预言尸体御竹园小邱元上都磊哥圆盘战争+1扩,2扩冷雨阅读尸体运转潮汐蓝葵运转潮汐轮回再愚惊人小邱栈货城蓝葵战国时代毛线战争之道2+骰子扩冷雨蟑螂小强小邱真梦情迷onirim第二版轮回蒸汽轮回蒸汽公园冷雨蒸汽星球蓝葵政变毛线政变毛线只言片语小邱只言片语+1扩+2扩血染执政官尸体植物大战僵尸小邱智谋棋尸体中世纪学长中土历险冷雨猪朋狗友 Pick-a-Dog 犬营 Z桌上冰壶折叠式毛线纵横战国蓝葵纵横战国 卡莲Troyes 特鲁瓦星空The ladies of Troyes 特鲁瓦:女士扩星空7 wonders:duel 7大对决星空7 wonders:duel-Pantheon 7大对决扩星空Qvo-Vadis? 元老院星空Minotavr Lords星空Taj Mahal 泰姬陵星空GOA 果阿星空Chaos in the old world 旧世邪神星空Chaos in the old world:The Horned Rat 旧世邪神:鼠扩星空Cthulhu Wars 克苏鲁战争星空Forbidden stars 禁闭星辰星空Scythe 镰刀星空War of the ring 魔戒圣战(二版中文)星空War of the ring 魔戒圣战 中土领主扩星空Great Western Trail 大西铁路星空The Oracle of Delphi 德尔菲星空Kanagawa 神奈川星空Rokoko 洛可可星空Rokoko:Jewelry Box 珠宝扩星空DIY英文英文英文英文英文英英文中文中文英文英文中文 轮抽机制,经典手牌管理游戏。
Ant Colonies Discover Knight’s ToursPhilip Hingston1 and Graham Kendall21 Edith Cowan University, Australiap.hingston@.au2 The University of Nottingham, UKgkx@Abstract. I n this paper we introduce an Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO)algorithm to find solutions for the well-known Knight’s Tour problem. The al-gorithm utilizes the implicit parallelism of ACO’s to simultaneously search fortours starting from all positions on the chessboard. We compare the new algo-rithm to a recently reported genetic algorithm, and to a depth-first backtrackingsearch using Warnsdorff’s heuristic. The new algorithm is superior in terms ofsearch bias and also in terms of the rate of finding solutions.1 IntroductionA Knight’s Tour is a Hamiltonian path of a graph defined by the legal moves for a knight on a chessboard. That is, a knight must make a sequence of 63 legal moves visiting each square of an 8x8 chessboard exactly once. Murray [1] traces the earliest solutions to this problem back to an Arabic text in 840 ad. Leonhard Euler carried out the first mathematical analysis of the problem in 1759 [2]. Other well-known mathe-maticians to work on the problem include Taylor, de Moivre and Lagrange.There is interest in finding both open and closed tours. A closed tour has the extra property that the 63rd move ends on a square that is a knight’s move away from the start square, so that the knight could complete a Hamiltonian circuit with a 64th move. Closed tours are more difficult to find. An upper bound of the number of open tours was found to be approximately 1.305x1035 [3]. Löbbing and Ingo [4], calculated the number of closed tours, later corrected by McKay to be 13,267,364,410,532 tours [5]. Though there are many tours, the search space is even larger, at around 5.02x1058.A depth-first search, with backtracking, is perhaps the most obvious search method, though rather slow. A heuristic approach due to Warnsdorff in 1843, is the most widely known approach [6]. Using Warnsdorff’s heuristic, at each move, the knight moves to a square that has the lowest number of next moves available. The idea is that the end of the tour will visit squares that have more move choices available.A recent approach to finding knight’s tours used a genetic algorithm [7]. This used a simple genetic algorithm [8], encoding a knight’s tour as a sequence of 63x3 bits. Each triple represents a single move by the knight, with the fitness being defined by the number of legal moves (maximum = 63) before the knight jumps off the board or revisits a square. If a candidate tour leads to an illegal move, a repair operator checks the other seven possible knight’s moves, replaces the illegal move with a legal move if G.I. Webb and Xinghuo Yu (Eds.): AI 2004, LNAI 3339, pp. 1213–1218, 2004.© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004P. Hingston and G. Kendall1214 there is one, and then attempts to continue the tour, repairing as needed. Without re-pair, the genetic algorithm found no complete tours. With repair, the maximum num-ber of tours reported in a single run of 1,000,000 evaluations was 642.2 The Ant Colony AlgorithmAnt colony optimization (ACO) algorithms are based on the observation that ants, despite being almost blind and having very simple brains, are able to find their way to a food source and back to their nest, using the shortest route. ACO’s were introduced by Marco Dorigo [9], [10]. In [10] the algorithm is introduced by considering what happens when an ant comes across an obstacle and has to decide the best route to take around the obstacle. Initially, there is equal probability as to which way the ant will turn in order to negotiate the obstacle. Now consider a colony of ants making many trips around the obstacle and back to the nest. As they move, ants deposit a chemical (a pheromone ) along their trail. I f we assume that one route around the obstacle is shorter than the alternative route, then in a given period of time, a greater proportion of trips can be made over the shorter route. Thus, over time, there will be more pheromone deposited on the shorter route. Now the ants can increase their chance of finding the shorter route by preferentially choosing the one with more pheromone. This sets up a positive feedback cycle, known stygmergy or autocatalytic behaviour .This idea has been adapted to derive various search algorithms, by augmenting pheromone trails with a problem specific heuristic. In the most famous example, ants can be used to search for solutions of the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Each ant traverses the city graph, depositing pheromone on edges between cities. High levels of pheromone indicate an edge that is in shorter tours found by previous ants. When choosing edges, ants consider the level of pheromone and a heuristic value, distance to the next city. The combination determines which city an ant moves to next.We now present the new ACO algorithm that we use to discover knight’s tours. As for the TSP, ants traverse a graph, depositing pheromones as they do so. In this case of the Knight’s Tour Problem, the vertices of the graph correspond to the squares on a chessboard, and edges correspond to legal knight’s moves between the squares. Each ant starts on some square and moves from square to square by choosing an edge to follow, always making sure that the destination square has not been visited before. An ant that visits all the squares on the board will have discovered a knight’s tour.We found it best to search for solutions from all starting squares simultaneously. We hypothesise that an ant starting on one square can utilize the knowledge gained by ants starting on more remote squares – knowledge that is harder to obtain from other ants starting on the same square.We need some notation to describe the algorithm in detail. First, we define k col row T ,, to be the amount of pheromone on the k th edge from the square in row row and column col . For squares near the edge of the chessboard, some moves would take the knight off the board and are illegal. We set 0,,=k col row T for those edges. We use k col row dest ,,to denote the square reached by following edge k from square ()col row ,.Ant Colonies Discover Knight’s Tours 1215Initialising the Chessboard. Initially, some pheromone is laid on each edge. In our simulations we used 6,,10−=k col row T for all edges corresponding to legal moves. Evaporati ng Pheromones. Pheromones evaporate over time, preventing levels be-coming unbounded, and allowing the ant colony to “forget” old information. We im-plemented this by reducing the amount of pheromone on each edge once per cycle, using:k col row k col row T T ,,,,)1(×−→ρwhere 10<<ρ is the called the evaporation rate .Starting an Ant. Each ant has a current square ()col row , and a tabu list, which is the set of squares that the ant has visited so far. Initially, ()startCol startRow col row ,),(=, and (){}startCol startRow tabu ,=. Each ant also remembers her start square, and her sequence of moves. Initially, =<>moves , an empty list.Choosing the Next Move. To choose her next move, an ant computes, for each edge leading to a square not in her tabu list, the following quantity:α)(,,k col row k T p =where 0>α, the strength parameter, is a constant that determines how strongly to favour edges with more pheromone. She then chooses edge k with probability:∑∉=tabu dest j j k k j col row p p prob ,,:Movi ng to the New Square. I n some ACO algorithms, ants deposit pheromone as they traverse each edge. Another alternative, which we use in our algorithm, is for no pheromone to be deposited until the ant has finished her attempted tour. Hence, hav-ing chosen edge k , she simply moves to k col row dest ,,, and sets:{}k col row dest tabu tabu ,,∪→, and><+→k moves movesKeep Going Until Finished. Eventually, the ant will find herself on a square where all potential moves lead to a square in her tabu list. If she has visited all the squares on the chessboard, she has found a valid knight’s tour, otherwise a partial tour.Lay Pheromone. When she has finished her attempted tour, the ant retraces her steps and adds pheromone to the edges that she traverses. In order to reinforce more suc-cessful attempts, more pheromone is added for longer tours. We have found that we obtain slightly better results by reinforcing moves at the start of the tour more than those towards the end of it. Specifically, we define, for each ant a , for each row and column, and each edge k :)63()(,,,i i moves Q T k col row a −−×=∆, if ant a ’s i th move used edge k from row , col , andP. Hingston and G. Kendall1216 0,,,=∆k col row a T , otherwisewhere the parameter Q is the update rate , and the value 63 here represents the length of a complete open tour. Thus, each ant contributes an amount of pheromone between 0 and Q. Once all ants complete their attempted tours, we update the pheromone using the formula:∑∆+→a k col row a k col row k col row TT T ,,,,,,,.3 Experiments and ResultsIn this section we describe the experiments that we conducted and present the results we obtained. While the Knight’s Tour is a puzzle or mathematical curiosity, it is a special case of an important NP-complete graph theoretic problem - that of finding a Hamiltonian path in a graph. In many applications, one is interested in finding Hamil-tonian paths that optimize some figure of merit (such as tour length in TSP), so algo-rithms that generate Hamiltonian paths for evaluation are required. (Though in the case of TSP, finding paths is not the hard part, as the graph is usually well connected.) With this in mind, the aim of these experiments is to gather evidence on how well the ant colony algorithm does at generating as many knight’s tours as possible. I n addi-tion, it is desirable that the algorithm achieves coverage of the complete set of knight’s tours, and not be biased towards generating particular kinds of tours.Firstly, we ran searches using a standard depth-first search with a fixed ordering of moves, and similar searches using Warnsdorff’s heuristic to determine candidate moves. These experiments provide a baseline, indicating how difficult it is to locate complete tours. We then ran searches using our ant colony algorithm.A naïve depth-first search was implemented, using the fixed move ordering given in [7]. For each possible starting square, we ran the search until 100,000,000 tours had been tried. The algorithm found an average of 308.6 complete tours for each square, all open.We also implemented a variant of depth-first search using Warnsdorff’s heuristic, in which a move is only considered valid if it obeys the heuristic. All these searches ran to completion, so we effectively enumerated all tours that obey the heuristic. The total number of “Warnsdorff tours” was found to be 7,894,584 - a tiny fraction of the total number of tours. About 15% (1,188,384) of these are closed tours. This variant is clearly very efficient in generating knight’s tours, but it is also highly biased - indeed it is unable to reach most of the search space. The high proportion of closed tours found suggests that the portion of the search space that is reached is highly atypical.For the ant colony algorithm, we first did some experimentation to discover a good set of parameters, settling on the following: evaporation rate 25.0=ρ; update rate 0.1=Q ; strength 0.1=α; in each cycle, start one ant from each start square; and greater pheromone update for moves near the end of a tour. If the evaporation rate is too low, there is not enough exploration, whilst if it is too high, there is not enough exploitation. Strength also affects this balance. Starting ants from all start squares in each cycle produces an order of magnitude more solutions compared to running theAnt Colonies Discover Knight’s Tours 1217search once for each starting square. For the update rule, we also tried adding a con-stant amount of pheromone to each edge of a partial tour, or adding an amount propor-tional to the length of the partial tour. Both were inferior to the chosen formula.Fig. 1. Mean performance of the ant colony algorithmFig. 2. Pheromone patterns at the completion of two runs of the ant colony algorithm With these choices made, we ran the ant colony algorithm 20 times for 100,000 cycles each time. The mean number of unique complete tours found in each run was 488,245.4 (with, on average, 9,192.0 closed tours), three orders of magnitude better than the genetic algorithm. A better competitor is the heuristic depth-first search, which is more efficient than the ant colony, but only finds Warnsdorff tours.Fig. 1 shows the mean number of unique tours discovered and the number of re-peated tours for progressively more cycles. It also shows the “production rate” - theP. Hingston and G. Kendall1218 number of new tours found per cycle. Production rate increases for about the first 20,000-25,000 cycles, while the ant colony is learning a good pheromone pattern. After this, repeated tours are found, and the production rate slowly falls. A remedy might be to restart the algorithm after a few thousand cycles. We tried this idea, run-ning the algorithm multiple times for 5,000 cycles each time. I n no case were any tours discovered in more than one run. Fig. 2 shows pheromone patterns from two typical runs when the patterns have more or less converged. Each pattern has eight 8x8 grey scale rectangles. Each rectangle shows pheromone levels for one of the eight knight’s moves at each square on the chessboard, darker grey indicating more phero-mone. Patterns for different runs are quite different from each other.4 ConclusionWe have introduced a new ant colony algorithm for discovering knight’s tours on an 8x8 chessboard. The new algorithm is able to discover tours efficiently, without the bias of existing heuristic approaches. Just as graph theory itself was developed in the 18th century to study problems such as the Konigsberg Bridge Problem and the Knight’s Tour Problem, this algorithm should be adapted easily to solve other prob-lems involving Hamiltonian paths or cycles in other graphs.References[1] Murray H.J.R. (1913) History of Chess[2] Euler L. (1766) Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres, Année1759, vol.15, pp. 310–337, Berlin.[3] Mordecki E. (2001) On the Number of Knight’s Tours. Pre-publicaciones de Matematicade la Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay, 2001/57 (.uy/)[4] Löbbing M. and Wegener I. (1996) The Number of Knight’s Tours Equals33,439,123,484,294 – Counting with Binary Decision Diagrams. Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 3(1), R5.[5] McKay B.D. (1997) Knight's tours of an 8x8 chessboard, Tech. Rpt. TR-CS-97-03, Dept.Computer Science, Australian National University.[6] Warnsdorff H.C. 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