2019年云南昆明理工大学地球空间信息技术基础考研真题A卷(Word版)

2019年云南昆明理工大学英语考研真题A卷Section I Structure and Vocabulary( 15 points )Directions: In this part, there are fifteen incomplete sentences. For each sentence four alternatives A, B, C or D are given. Decide which of the alternatives best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1.Uncertainty about the economy is ___________ as serious unemployment takes place.A.limitedB. anywhereC. decreasedD. widespread2.Despite an easy-going man in character, Professor Harris’s comments on some academic arguments can be rather _______at times.A.harshB. preciseC. pleasantD. satiate3.In reading a newspaper, the editorial page is highly recommended not only for vocabulary but also for structuring and presenting thought.A worthy ofB wordy ofC rememberedD recommenced4.Being late for an appointment is annoying.A.irrigatingB. intriguingC. irritatingD. intimidating5.The criminal was asked to aid police in their inquiry.A.interviewB. questionC. investigationD. interrogation6.Tourists are being offered an excursion to see the biggest slum in Asia and experience for themselves the ____ the lives of the rich and the poor.A.disparity ofB. difference betweenC. disparity betweenD. differenceof7.Ask anyone why there is an obesity ______ and they will tell you that it's all down to eatingtoo much and burning too few calories.A.popularityB. currencyC. presentD. epidemic8. As a result of his method for early music education, Shinichi Suzuki _________ one of the world’s great violin teachers.A. knows thatB. has been known asC. is well known ofD. has been known for9. There are now many kinds of dictionaries, such as a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms, a biographical dictionary, and a geographical dictionary _____.A. with pronunciations givenB. that has pronunciations givenC. that have pronunciations givenD. that do have pronunciations given10. Each night when______ , my parents lit the fire in the bedroom.A. the temperature fellB. that the temperature did fallC. the temperature fell downD. because the temperature fell11. With ______spring, plants in the wildness grew greener.A the advent ofB arriving atC is arrived inD advention of12. __________the importance of taking notes in class in the first year of college.A. Little did he realizeB. A little he realizedC.He realized a littleD. He did realize little13. Each occupation has its own jargon ; bankers, lawyers and computer professionals, for example, all use among themselves language which outsiders _________.A.have difficulty to followB. have difficult followingC. have difficulty followingD. have difficulty of following14.Many people at that time believed that spices _______ food; however, Hall found that many marketed spices were teeming with bacteria, moulds and yeasts.A.helped preserveB. help preserveC. helps preserveD. help to preserve15.General Patton outwitted his enemy in that he trained his soldiers into an army always ready to fight anytime and anywhere. Here “outwitted” could be replaced with ____.A.was as smart asB. was so wise thatC. was cleverer thanD. was never so cunning asSection II. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points )Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked with A, B, C and D. You should decide on the BEST choices and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneI recently revisited the city which I was born in, which is a place well known for a castle built on a rock overlooking the surrounding plains, and even better known for a legendary figure who robbed the rich to give to the poor. As I toured the castle and its museum, visited the town center, and roamed around old haunts, I reflected on how the buildings that people of different eras build reflect their central preoccupations.The castle was originally built in the eleventh century, and remained important for several centuries. Throughout the medieval period castles and fortified houses were built. The powerful landowners surveyed and dominated the surrounding lands, the source of their wealth and prestige.Once the industrial era began, castles were sidelined. The merchants and factory owners built town halls, churches, factories and imposing office buildings. The town center reflects this era. An imposing town hall, complete with massive pillars and monumental lions, overlooks the town square. The square is surrounded by equally massive blocks of shops, banks and offices, built to reflect the power of trade in the heyday of the British Empire.Most people, who enter the city today never visit the castle or the old market square, head for the two shopping malls situated at either end of the city center. Here the visitor can shop to their hearts content in an environment of glass and polished chrome. Modern man is no longer a warrior defending his land, or a builder of churches, or a governor of people: he is primarily a consumer. The buildings our generation leaves to posterity will reflect our predominant interest--- shopping.16.The author's approach to the topic can best be described asA.How people change their mind when paying a visitB.Tourists today are less historical-mindedC.A comparative look between the old and the modernD.Shopping is more significant than castle visits17.According to the author, the central preoccupation of different eras could be reflected through _____.A.their landsB. their interestsC. the plains that could be overlookedD. the way they make their buildings18.Castles prove to be useful, in this passage, _____.A.before the industrial revolutionB. when tourists want to shop in themC. as merchants and governors like them to beD. because they are imposing19.Which of the following is the symbol of the British Empire, according to the passage?A.The castles and fortified houses.B. Massive blocks of shops, banks and offices.C. Building with glass and polished chrome.D. Town halls, churches, factories and imposing office buildingsPassage TwoThe study of ecology has taught us that diversity is important to stabilityin the natural world. Modern agricultural practices and other human interventionsin the environment reduces the number of interacting species making the ecosystem vulnerable and unstable.Similarly, human society in its progress toward the cliched global village is liable to make the world less stable not more stable. We are eliminating languages, traditional diets, and eroding cultural practices at an alarming rate. The whole world wants to speak the same language, eat the same food and wear the same clothes. But will this homogeneity be good for the human species? Biologists would tend to say no.Certainly a world where we can all understand each other and share common interests is appealing on one level. But how infinitely poorer we will all be if we travel 5000 miles from home only to find no new people, no new places, no new ways of living, just a copy of what you experience back home.20.According to the author, to speak the same language, eat the same food and wear the same clothes are _____.A.the wishes of people around the worldB.study of biology is of primary importantC.of more demerits than meritsD. keeping the world stable21. The author implies that ______.A.human intervention into the natural environment may reduce the number of speciesB.human intervention into the natural environment may cause the invulnerabilityof ecosystemC. agricultural practices influence interaction between speciesD. agricultural practice is one of the causes for the stability of ecosystem.22. It is true, according to the passage, that ____.A.if we travel 5,000 miles, we will become poorerB.traveling to new places and meeting new people will make us poorer than everC.if we cannot see the differences when traveling afar, what’s the use of traveling?D. if we cannot see the differences when traveling afar, we can infinitely eat the same food and wear the same clothes23. The word “homogeneity” may probably mean______.A.homo sapiensB. homosexualityC. samenessD. homelinessPassage ThreeSmith’s 1776 work, "An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," also shortened as "The Wealth of Nations," appeared at the dawn of industrial development in Europe. While critics note that Smith didn't invent many of the ideas that he wrote about, he was the first person to compile and publish them in a format designed to explain them to the average reader of the day. As a result, he is responsible for popularizing many of the ideas that underpin the school of thought that became known as classical economics.Other economists built on Smith's work to solidify classical economic theory,which would become the dominant school of economic thought through the Great Depression. In this book, Smith discussed the stages of evolution of society, from a hunter stage without property rights or fixed residences to nomadic agriculture with shifting residences. A feudal society is the next stage. In this stage, laws, and property rights are established to protect privileged classes. Laissez-faire （自由放任）or free markets characterize modern society in which new institutions are established to conduct market transactions.Laissez-faire philosophies, such as minimizing the role of government intervention and taxation in the free markets, and the idea that an "invisible hand" guides supply and demand are among the key ideas Smith's writing is responsible for promoting. These ideas reflect the concept that each person, by looking out for him or herself, inadvertently helps to create the best outcome for all. "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we can expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest," Smith wrote.24.In the 1st paragraph, the author says that ____.A.ideas in “the Wealth of Nations”had never been known to ordinary readers before Smith proposed themB.it was not until the publication of Smith’s book did some of the ideas become popularC.these ideas had long been known to people in Europe but Smith framed them into his writingD.Smith didn’t invent any of these ideas that he wrote about,but he was the first to know about them.25.In the 2nd paragraph, Smith divided stages of social evolution into _____.A.three stages, i.e., hunter stage, stage of nomadic agriculture and stage of feudal society and each is distinguished with property rightB.two stages, i.e., stage of hunter and nomadic agriculture, and stage of feudal society and each is distinguished with fixed residenceC.four stages, i.e., hunter stage, stage of nomadic agriculture, stage of feudalsociety and stage of privileged classes, each distinguished with shifting residence D. three stages, i.e., hunter stage, stage of nomadic agriculture and stage of feudal society, each distinguished with fixed residence, shifting residence and property right26. Which of the following is not the key idea of Adam Smith?A.There is an invisible hand guiding supply and demand in the free market.ernment should give the least intervention into the market.C.Each person should work inadvertently on their own.D.A baker’s interest may bring us the meal that we expect.27.“Invisible hand” in this context refers to _____.A.demand and supply in a free market could be regulated on its ownernment’s role could be self-reduced through minimizationC.benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker cannot be seenD.ideas proposed by Smith are invisible but have to be written and publishedPassage FourArtificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution without human intervention.Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive, many vendors are including AI components in their standard offerings, as well as access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS) platforms. AI as a Service allows individuals and companies to experiment with AI for various business purposes and sample multiple platforms before making a commitment. Popular AI cloud offerings include Amazon AI services, IBM Watson Assistant, Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services.Some industry experts believe that the term artificial intelligence is too closely linked to popular culture, causing the general public to have unrealistic fears about artificial intelligence and improbable expectations about how it will change the workplace and life in general. Researchers and marketers hope the label augmented intelligence, which has a more neutral connotation, will help people understand that AI will simply improve products and services, not replace the humans that use them.28.The machine that owns the processes to ______could be called AI.A.learn, correct itself and recognize speechB. to see, learn by itself and recognizeC. to correct itself and learn by itself and judge on its ownD. to recognize human speech, play the role of expert and hear what human says29. The main difference between strong and weak AI is that_____.A. strong AI is based on more general cognitive ability than a weak oneB. a weak AI can fulfill a particular mission more efficiently than a strong oneC. given an unfamiliar task, a weak AI would recognize it immediatelyD. could be found in Apple’s Siri, Google, Amazon and IBM, etc.30. Access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service platforms is allowed because_____.A. experiment with AI for various business purposes could be very expensiveB. sampling multiple platforms before making a commitment is importantC. cost to AI as a service is so high that no individual or company could afford itD. costs to make AI is so high that no individual or company could afford it31. The main human concern over AI in this passage mainly refers to ______.A. whether AI will help them with difficult jobsB. that AI will finally take their placeC. whether AI will use themD. if AI will improve products and servicesPassage FiveScientific investigation is a studious research or inquiry; especially examination or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. While the techniques that scientists use to conduct research may differ across disciplines, like mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, literature, history, philosophy, or any other scientific field, the underlying principles and objectives are similar. The scientific method, for instance, is defined in The Oxford English Dictionary as “a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis.”The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind. It is simply the mode at which all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise and exact. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights. It is not that the action of scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but the beam of one is set on a indefinitely finer axis than the other, and of course turns by the addition of a much smaller weight.32.Methods of scientific investigation, regardless of natural science and social science or humanities studies, are____.A.different in essenceB. of great difference in scaleC. similar in phenomenaD. basically similar33. According to the passage, the difference between a chemist and a butcher weighing something is that ____.A. the former operates more mentally than the latterB. the former does it more indefinitelyC. the latter does it with less principle than the formerD. the latter balances less than the former34. Which of the following may serve as the best topic for this passage?A. Scientific researches and experimentation.B. What is meant by method of scientific investigation?C. How to demonstrate a hypothesis?D. Differences of scientific investigation across disciplines.35. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?A. The Oxford English Dictionary does not mentioned social science when giving definition of scientific method.B. The scale used by a baker is not the same as that of a scientist.C.The Oxford English Dictionary’s definition of scientific method includes systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, but not modification of hypothesis.D. The method of scientific investigation is nothing of the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.Section III Translation (25 points)Part One English-Chinese Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.36.In science, validity is the extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well founded and corresponds accurately to the real world. It has also been defined as an overall assessment of the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretation of the scores entailed by proposed uses of the instrument. To phrase it simply, validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of measures. These definitions prompt questions about the “real” meaning and interpretation of scores collected with health measurement instruments. The word “valid” is derived from the Latin “validus,” meaning strong. In that sense, the validity of a measurement instrument is the degree to which it measures what it claims to measure.Part Two Chinese - English Translation (10 points)Directions: Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.37.用另一种语言工作可能会又尴尬又有挑战性，但是它也会有非常多的积极面。

2019年云南昆明理工大学城乡规划学基础考研真题A卷
一．名词解释（30分，每题6分）
1. 城市首位度
2. 渠化交通
3. 法定图则
4. 有机疏散理论
5. 田园综合体
二．简答（60分，每题12分）
1. 结合一个城市规划的实例，简要阐述什么是外部效应。

2. 简要阐释城市性质的定义以及确定城市性质的主要方法。

3. 简述世界六大城市群。

4. 简述你对我国最近几年“特色小镇建设热”现象的理解。

5. 简述“省级空间规划”的内容及意义。

三．论述（60分，每题30分）
1.谈谈你对我国早期“乡村建设运动”的理解及当下乡村振兴规划的认识。

2.论述雄安新区规划的主要规划理念和特点。

2019年云南昆明理工大学地质学基础考研真题A卷
1、概念题（共6小题，每题5分，共30分）
（1）变质作用
（2）洋中脊
（3）黑云母
（4）逆断层
（5）三叶虫
（6）板岩
2、简答题（共3小题，每题15分，共45分）
（1）简述内动力地质作用及类型。

（15分）
（2）简述海岸地貌类型。

（15分）
（3）简述地震的形成机理。

（15分）
3、论述题（共3小题，每题15分，共45分）
（1）试比较潮湿气候和干旱气候条件下湖泊的演化。

（15分）
（2）试比较平行不整合与角度不整合的特征差异和地质意义。

（15分）
（3）试论述三大岩类的相互转化。

（15分）
4、综合题（共1小题，每题30分）
（1）论述地球的圈层结构与圈层相互作用。

（30分）。

昆明理工大学2009年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：803考试科目名称：地质学基础试题适用招生专业：矿产普查与勘探，地球探测与信息技术，地质工程，旅游地与地质遗迹，矿产资源经济，地球化学，构造地质学考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

昆明理工大学2010年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题（A卷）考试科目代码：802 考试科目名称：地质学基础试题适用招生专业：070902地球化学、070904构造地质学、081801矿产普查与勘探、081802地球探测与信息技术、081803地质工程、081820旅游地质与地质遗迹、081821矿产资源经济、430118地质工程考生答题须知5．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

6．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

7．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

8．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

昆明理工大学2011年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码：802 考试科目名称：地质学基础试题适用招生专业：070902 地球化学、070904 构造地质学、081801 矿产普查与勘探、081802 地球探测与信息技术、081803 地质工程、081820 旅游地质与地质遗迹、081821 矿产资源经济、085217 地质工程考生答题须知9．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

昆明理工大学2020年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷) 考试科目代码：804考试科目名称：遥感概论考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

一、名词解释：（每题5分，共计30分）1、像点位移2、斯蒂芬-波尔兹曼定律3、辐射校正4、高光谱遥感5、主动与被动遥感6、主成分变换二、简答题：（每题15分，共计75分）1、大气散射的类型及其特点。

2、简述太阳辐射与地球辐射的特点。

3、简述侧视雷达距离分辨率与方位分辨率的概念以及提高二者的方法。

4、引起遥感影像变形的主要原因是什么？一般是如何对其进行校正的？5、试述数字图像增强的主要方法。

三、综述题：（共计45分）1、看图说明绿色植物的光谱特性。

（20分）图1. 绿色植物的有效光谱响应特征2、试述当前遥感影像信息提取常用的方法及各自的优缺点。

（25分）昆明理工大学2013年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷) 考试科目代码：804 考试科目名称：遥感概论考生答题须知5．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

6．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

7．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

8．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

昆明理工大学2014年硕士研究生招生入学考试(A卷)考试科目名称：遥感概论考试科目代码：804------------------------------------------------------------------------------一、名词解释（50分,每小题5分）9.遥感与遥感技术系统10.电磁波谱11.大气窗口12.像点位移13.高光谱遥感14.辐射畸变15.摄影成像16.归一化植被指数17.平滑与锐化18.非监督分类二、简答题：（50分，每小题10分）6、谈谈应如何对遥感进行较全面地分类认识？7、简析卫星传感器接收到的电磁波能量的来源构成8、简述遥感图像分辨率特征并解释其具体含义9、简述微波遥感的特点有哪些？10、何谓几何畸变，引起遥感影像位置畸变的原因有哪些方面？三、综合题：（50分，第1、第2小题各15分，第3小题20分）1 论述遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统等现代空间信息技术这三者之间的相互关系与作用。

2019年云南昆明理工大学计算机学科基础综合考研真题A卷数据结构部分：一、选择题：（40分，每题2分）1.已知10个数据元素（54，28，16，34，73，62，95，60，26，43），按照依次插入结点的方法生成一棵二叉排序树后，则查找值为62的结点所需比较的次数是[ ]。

A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52.在一棵完全二叉树中，若编号为 j 的结点有右孩子，则该结点的编号为[ ] 。

A. 2*j-1B. 2*jC. 2*j+1D. j/23.在线性表的存储结构中，[ ]查找（按关键字查找）、插入、删除速度慢，但顺序存取和随机存取第i个元素速度快；[ ]查找和存取速度快，但插入、删除速度慢；[ ]查找、插入和删除速度快，但不能进行顺序存取；[ ]插入、删除和顺序存取速度快；但查找速度慢。

A. 顺序有序表,散列表，顺序表，链接表B. 顺序有序表，链接表，散列表，顺序表C. 顺序表，顺序有序表，散列表，链接表D. 顺序表，顺序有序表，链接表，散列表4.由分别带权为9，2，5，7的四个叶结点构造一棵哈夫曼树，则该树的带权路径长度是[ ]。

A. 23B.37C. 44D. 465.如果已知一个栈的入栈序列是：1，2，3，．．．，n，其出栈序列是：p1，p2，p3，．．．，pn，若p1=n，则pi为 [ ]A．i B．n+i C．n-i D．n-i+16.已知8个数据元素（34，76，45，18，26，54，92，65），按照依次插入结点的方法生成一棵二叉排序树，则最后两层上的结点总数是[ ]。

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 47.对线性表进行二分查找时，要求线性表必须是[ ]。

A.以顺序方式存储B.以链接方式存储C.以顺序方式存储，且数据元素有序D.以链接方式存储，且数据元素有序8.一个中缀算术表达式a+（b-x）*y，则对应的后缀算术表达式为[ ]。

A. a b x y - * +;B. a b x - + y *;C. a b x - y * +;D. a b x y * - +;9.已知一个有序表为（12，18，24，35，47，50，62，83，90，115，134），当二分查找值为90的元素时，[ ]次比较后查找成功；当二分查找值为47的元素时，[ ] 次比较后查找成功。

昆明理工大学2019年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷) 考试科目代码：813 考试科目名称：运筹学
考生答题须知
1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

昆明理工大学2019年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题。

2018年云南昆明理工大学GIS原理及应用考研真题A卷
一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）
1、空间分析：
2、Spatial Data：
3、矢量数据结构：
4、地图代数：
5、拓扑属性：
6、Geomatics：
二、简答题（每题10分，共80分）
1、空间数据的基本特征及类型？
2、地理信息系统数据源的类型有哪些？在地理信息系统中数据的输入方式有哪些？
3、什么是地图投影？我国在地理信息系统的建设中一般采用什么投影系统，为什么？
4、基于属性的查询方式与基于图形的查询方式各有哪些优势？
5、规则格网DEM与不规则三角网TIN建立数字高程模型，分别有何优劣?
6、GIS界面设计中要考虑的要素主要有哪些?
7、请结合GIS软件，说出一个完整的地图信息处理流程。

8、什么是数字城市（ Digital City），请说出影响数字城市建设的关键技术。

三、综合应用题（每题20分，共40分）
1、点、线、面是GIS中的三类基本要素，在GIS中是如何定义它们的？它们所代表的实体
一般具有什么特征？三者之间的空间关系主要有哪些？
2、对下图进行矢量数据拓扑结构编码。

（写出结点、中间点、弧段、多边形的结构表，弧段方向自行规定）结合图形说出空间数据的拓扑关系有哪几种，利用拓扑关系在地理信息系统数据处理和空间分析中所具有的作用。

图中：1、2、3……为中间点或结点，A、B、C……为弧段，P1、P2……为多边形。

昆明理工大学2007年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码： 836 考试科目名称： GIS原理及应用试题适用招生专业：地图学与地理信息系统、大地测量学与测量工程、地图制图学与地理信息工程考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

一、名词解释（每题5分，共25分）1．地图投影2．地理信息系统3．数字地球4．空间索引5．地理信息系统的多维可视化二、简述题（每题10分，共50分）1．简述数字高程模型（DEM）的主要表示模型。

2．什么是空间数据？在GIS中，空间数据主要包括哪几方面？3．简述WebGIS常用的实现技术。

4．列表比较矢量和栅格数据结构的优缺点。

在实际的GIS应用中，举例说明有哪些具体的矢量和栅格数据类型。

5．简述三维GIS的功能。

三、论述题（每题15分，共60分）1．试解释缓冲区分析和叠加分析的概念，并举例说明这两种空间分析方法的用途。

2．GIS由哪几个主要部分组成？以目前广泛应用的两个GIS工具软件为例，分别列出它们的功能，并比较其异同点。

3．为什么制订地理信息系统标准化的工作日益受到关注？目前，地理信息系统标准化主要包括哪些方面？4．论述GIS的发展趋势与展望。

四、设计题（15分）以一个轻度污染工厂的项目选址为例，说明空间分析过程的一般步骤。

其中，选址标准包括：①地块建设用地面积不小于9000平方米；②地价不超过1万元/m2；③工厂周围不能有学校等公共设施。

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