二氧化碳检测仿真之CO2压缩机仿真单元操作手册

Users Manual • Mode d’emploi• Bedienungshandbuch• Manual d’Uso• Manual de usoCO2-200CO2 MeterCO2-200 CO2 MeterUsers ManualJuly 2009, Rev.1©2009 Amprobe Test Tools.All rights reserved. Printed in ChinaLimited Warranty and Limitation of LiabilityYour Amprobe product will be free from defects in materialand workmanship for 1 year from the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries or damage from accident, neglect, misuse, alteration, contamination, or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Resellers are not authorized to extend any other warranty on Amprobe’s behalf. To obtain service during the warranty period, return the product with proof of purchase to an authorized Amprobe Test Tools Service Center or to an Amprobe dealer or distributor. See Repair Section for details. THIS WARRANTY IS YOUR ONLY REMEDY.ALL OTHER WARRANTIES - WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STAUTORY - INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FORA PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. MANUFACTURER SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY. Since some states or countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of incidental or consequential damages, this limitation of liability may not apply to you.RepairAll test tools returned for warranty or non-warranty repair orfor calibration should be accompanied by the following: your name, company’s name, address, telephone number, and proof of purchase. Additionally, please include a brief description of the problem or the service requested and include the test leads with the meter. Non-warranty repair or replacement charges should be remitted in the form of a check, a money order, credit card with expiration date, or a purchase order made payable to Amprobe® Test Tools.In-Warranty Repairs and Replacement – All CountriesPlease read the warranty statement and check your battery before requesting repair. During the warranty period any defective test tool can be returned to your Amprobe® Test Tools distributorfor an exchange for the same or like product. Please check the “Where to Buy” section on for a list of distributors near you. Additionally, in the United States and Canada In-Warranty repair and replacement units can also be sent to a Amprobe® Test Tools Service Center (see address below).Non-Warranty Repairs and Replacement – US and CanadaNon-warranty repairs in the United States and Canada should be sent to a Amprobe® Test Tools Service Center. Call Amprobe® Test Tools or inquire at your point of purchase for current repair and replacement rates.In USA In CanadaAmprobe Test Tools Amprobe Test ToolsEverett, WA 98203 Mississauga, ON L4Z 1X9Tel: 877-AMPROBE (267-7623) Tel: 905-890-7600Non-Warranty Repairs and Replacement – EuropeEuropean non-warranty units can be replaced by your Amprobe® Test Tools distributor for a nominalv charge. Please check the “Where to Buy” section on for a list of distributors near you.European Correspondence Address*Amprobe® Test Tools EuropeIn den Engematten 1479286 Glottertal, GermanyTel.: +49 (0) 7684 8009 - 0*(Correspondence only – no repair or replacement available from this address. European customers please contact your distributor.)CO2-200 CO2 Meter1 3 5 7 9 11Humidity SensorAlarm OutputDC JackCAL/ESC ButtonDP/WB ButtonBeeper24681012LCD DisplayUSB PortSET ButtonRESET ButtonMNX/AV ButtonLED LightLCD DisplayPrimary Screen Displays CO2 Concentration Relative Humidity In %Air, Dew Point, Wet Bulb T emperature Display CO2 Measurement Mode Minimum/Maximum readingsTime Weighted Average (8 Hours)Short-T erm Exposure Limit (15 Minutes Weighted Average)Dew Point T emperatureAir temperatureWet Bulb T emperature12345791068CONTENTS SYMBOLS (2)UNPACKING AND INSPECTION (2)INTRODUCTION (3)Features (3)OPERATION (4)Alarm output (5)Setup (6)Calibration Mode (7)• CO2 calibration (8)• Manual calibration (8)• Humidity calibration (7)USB Interface capabilities (8)SPECIFICATIONS (9)MAINTENANCE (10)TROUBLE SHOOTING (11)APPENDIX (12)1SYMBOLS�Caution! Refer to the explanation in this Manual�Conforms to relevant Australian standards�Complies with European Directives=Do not dispose of this clamp meter asunsorted municipal waste. Contact a qualifiedrecycler for disposal.�Warning and Precautions• Avoid condensation on CO2 sensor• Do not hold the meter close to faces in caseexhalation affects CO2 levels.• Do not calibrate the meter in the air withunknown CO2 concentration. Otherwise, it willbe calibrated as 400ppm by default and leads toinaccurate measurements.UNPACKING AND INSPECTIONYour shipping carton should include:1 CO2-200 CO2 Meter1 Adaptor1 User manual1 Plain white boxIf any of the items are damaged or missing, returnthe complete package to the place of purchase for an exchange.2INTRODUCTIONThank you for purchasing this CO2 meter. It measures CO2 level, air temp., dew point, wet bulb temp. and humidity and is an ideal instrument for indoor air quality (IAQ) diagnosis.Poor indoor air quality is considered unhealthy because it causes tiredness, loss of ability to concentrate, and even illness (ex. Sick Building Syndrome). IAQ monitoring and survey, especially on CO2 level and air ventilation become widely applied in public areas such as offices, classrooms, factories, hospitals and hotels. It is also suggested in regulations of industrial hygiene in some countries. (Appendix)With NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) sensor used, thisCO2 meter is stable in long term monitoring. And the built-in relay for alarm output is especially useful in ventilation control and HVAC system performance verification.Features• Triple displays of CO2 level, temp. and humidity.• Stable NDIR sensor for CO2 detection.• Statistics of weighted averages (TWA & STEL)• Visible and audile CO2 warning alarm• Alarm output for ventilation control• Battery and adaptor power supply• ABC(Automatic Baseline Calibration) and manualCO2 calibration• USB PC connection3OPERATION1. Plug in the adaptor and the meter turns onautomatically with a short beep. It performs30 seconds countdown (Fig.1) for meter warmup, then enters normal mode with current CO2,temperature, and humidity readings displayed.2. The meter starts taking measurements whenpower on and updates readings every second. Inthe condition of operating environment change(ex. from high to low temp.), it takes 30 sec torespond for CO2 sensor and 30 minutes for RH.3. Press “p/DP/WB” to switch temperaturesdisplay. The lower left display will cycle from airtemperature, dew point temp., and wet bulbtemp. (Fig. 2)4. Press “MNX/AVG/q” to see the minimum,maximum, and weighted average readings.Each press of it displays MIN, MAX, STEL, TWA insequence and returns to normal mode. In MIN andMAX modes, it shows the minimum and maximumreadings of CO2 on main display, and of AIR/DP/WBT temperatures and humidity on the lowerdisplays. In STEL and TWA modes, the main displayshows the weighted average of CO2 readings forthe past 15 minutes (STEL) and 8 hours(TWA), butthe lower displays are the current AIR, DP/WBtemperatures and humidity readings.NOTE:• If the meter is turned on for shorter than 15minutes, the STEL value will be the weightedaverage of readings taken since power on. Samefor TWA values appear before 8 hours.• It takes at least 5 minutes to calculate STEL andTWA. The display shows “----” during the first 5minutes from power on (Fig. 3).4Alarm OutputThe meter features visible and audible alarm to give warnings when CO2 concentration exceeds the limit. Users can set up 2 limits: An upper limit for alarm threshold that requires air conditioning and a lower limit to stop the alarm. (See P1.0 in setup for setting alarm limits).It emits beeps(Abt.80dB) with blinking LED when CO2 level goes over the upper limit. Beeps can be stoppedby pressing any key or automatically stops whenCO2 reading falls below lower limit. If the beeper is temporarily shut, it will sound again when readingsfall below lower limit and then go over the upper limit again, or users press “RESET” for more than 1 secondto activate it. LED alarm keeps blinking when beeps are manually shut. It stops only when readings fall under the lower limit.The meter is designed with a relay to send outputfor further connection. When CO2 readings go overthe upper limit and cause alarming. The relay picks up automatically and sends output. It can be connected to a ventilation system or activator for conditioning the air quality. The relay will drop out when CO2 readings fall under the lower limit.SetupThe advanced setup mode lets you customize your meter.3 types parameters are available.P1.0: CO2 AlarmP3.0: Temperature unitP4.0: ABC selectionP1.0 CO2 alarm: upper & lower limitsHold down “SET” under normal mode for more than 1 sec to enter set up mode. To exit setup, press “CAL/ESC” in P1.0, P3.0, or P4.0.5When entering setup mode, P1.0 and “AL” are displayed on the LCD (Fig. 4). Press “SET” again to go into P1.1 for setting CO2 upper limit. The current set value will be blinking on LCD (Fig.5). Press “p/DP/WB” to increase the value or “MNX/AVG/q”to decrease. Each press tunes 100 ppm and the alarm range is from 100 to 9900ppm. When the preferred value is set, press “SET” to go into P1.2 for lower limit setting. After both settings are done, press “SET” to save or “CAL/ESC” without saving and return to P1.0.P3.0: Temperature scalePress “p/DP/WB“ in P1.0 to access P3.0 for setting up temperature scale. Press “SET” and it goes into P3.1 with blinking °C or °F current set on the lower left display.To switch °C or °F, press “p/DP/WB “or “MNX/AVG/q”. Then press “SET” to save the setting or “CAL/ESC” without saving and return to P3.0.P4.0: ABC selectionPress “p/DP/WB“ in P3.0 or “MNX/AVG/q” in P1.0 to access P4.0 for selecting ABC function. Press “SET” and it goes into P4.1 with blinking “dis” default (Fig. 6) on the lower left display. To enable the ABC function, press “p/ DP/WB“ or “MNX/AVG/q” and “En” blinks for choice. After the preferred selection is done, press “SET” to save the setting or “CAL/ESC” without saving and return toP4.0.Calibration ModeCO2 calibrationABC (Automatic Baseline Calibration)ABC is to implement baseline calibration toeliminate the zero drift of the NDIR sensor. Itcalibrates the meter at the minimum CO2 readingdetected during 7 days continuous monitoring(power on). It’s not suitable to implement ABC inclose area with higher CO2 level all the time. TheABC default is off. To enable the function, pleaserefer to SETUP P4.0.6Manual calibrationThe manual calibration is suggested to be done inoutdoor area with ventilating fresh air where CO2level is around 400 ppm. Do not calibrate in placescrowded with people or close to where with highCO2 concentration such as ventilating outlets orfireplaces.1. Place the meter in the calibration site. Turn on themeter and hold down “CAL/ESC” and “p/DP/WB“simultaneously to enter CO2 calibration mode.400ppm and “CAL” are blinking on the LCD whileperforming calibration. (Fig. 7)2. Wait about 5 minutes until it stops blinking andthe calibration completes and back to normalmode.3. To abort the calibration, turn “RESET” over asecond.Humidity calibration1. Plug the sensor probe into 33% salt bottle. Holddown “CAL/ESC” and “MNX/AVG/q” undernormal mode to enter 33% calibration. “CAL” andcalibrating value (32.7% if at 25°C) are blinkingon the LCD with current temperature at the left.Meter is now calibrating, and will finish in about60 minutes when “CAL” and humidity value stopblinking.2. After 33% calibration, plug the sensor probe into75% salt bottle, then press “SET” to enter 75%calibration. “CAL” and calibrating value (75.2%if at 25°C) are blinking on the LCD with currenttemperature at the left. Meter is now calibrating.Wait about 60 minutes until blinking stops, thencalibration is completed and it returns to normalmode.73. Users can also calibrate either point. To calibrate33% only, press “CAL/ESC” to exit when 33%calibration is completed. To calibrate 75% only,press “p/DP/WB“ or “MNX/AVG/q” within 5minutes while initializing 33% calibration. And itskips 33% and enters 75% calibration.USB Interface CapabilitiesThe USB cable and software (optional kit) are required to transfer data to a PC. Install the USB driver in the software first before connection. And the connecting protocol is 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity.8� - EMC: Conforms to EN61326-1. This product complies with requirements of the following European Community Directives: 89/ 336/ EEC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) and 73/ 23/ EEC(Low Voltage) as amended by 93/ 68/ EEC (CE Marking). However, electrical noise or intense electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the equipment may disturb the measurement circuit. Measuring instruments will also respond to unwanted signals that may be present within the measurement circuit. Users should exercise care and take appropriate precautions to avoid misleading results whenmaking measurements in the presence of electronic interference.9MAINTENANCEInstrument service personnel. The front panel andcase can be cleaned with a mild solution of detergent and water. Apply sparingly with a soft cloth and allow to dry completely before using. Do not use aromatic hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvents for cleaning. TROUBLE SHOOTINGCan’t power on• Check whether the adaptor is well plugged.Slow response• Check whether air flow channels on the rear wereblocked.Error codeE01: CO2 sensor damaged.E02: The value is under range.E03: The value is over range.E04: The original data error results in this error(RH, DP, WB)E07: Too low voltage to measure CO2. Check if the adaptor output is 12V.E11: Retry humidity calibration.E17: Retry CO2 calibration.E31: Temperature sensor damaged.E34: Humidity sensor damaged.10APPENDIX - CO2 LEVELS AND GUIDELINESNIOSH recommendations250-350 ppm: normal outdoor ambient concentrations 600 ppm: minimal air quality complaints600-1000 ppm: less clearly interpreted1000 ppm: indicates inadequate ventilation; complaints such as headaches, fatigue, and eye/throat irritation will be more widespread. 1000 ppm should be used as an upper limit for indoor levels.ASHRAE Standard 62-1989: 1000ppmCO2 concentration in occupied building should not exceed 1000ppm.Building bulletin 101 (BB101): 1500ppmUK standards for schools say that CO2 at averaged over the whole day(i.e. 9am to 3.30pm) should not exceed 1500ppm.OSHA: 5000ppmTime weighted average over five 8-hour work days should not exceed 5000ppm.Germany, Japan, Australia, UK: 5000ppm8 hours weighted average in occupational exposure limit is 5000ppm.1112。

二氧化碳检测仿真CO2压缩机仿真单元操作手册目录第一章装置概况------------------------------------------------------------------------3 第一节单元简介----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31.离心式压缩机工作原理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------32.离心式压缩机的喘振现象及防止措施--------------------------------------------------------------33.离心式压缩机的临界转速-----------------------------------------------------------------------------44.离心式压缩机的结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------45.汽轮机的工作原理---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 第二节工艺流程简述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51.CO2流程说明------------------------------------------------------------------------------52.蒸汽流程说明---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6第三节工艺仿真范围-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 第二章主要设备列表-----------------------------------------------------------------------7 第三章正常操作工艺指标-----------------------------------------------------------------8 第四章工艺报警及联锁系统--------------------------------------------------------------91.工艺报警及联锁说明------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92.工艺报警及联锁触发值---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 第五章工艺操作规程-----------------------------------------------------------------------11 第一节冷态开车-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11第二节正常停车-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 第六章事故列表-----------------------------------------------------------------------------16 第七章仿真DCS画面---------------------------------------------------------------------19第一章装置概况第一节单元简介CO2压缩机单元是将合成氨装置的原料气CO2经本单元压缩做工后送往下一工段尿素合成工段，采用的是以汽轮机驱动的四级离心压缩机。

CO2压缩机操作规程一、本岗位的任务本位负责将合成净化来的CO2气体加入4％（体积）的空气经五段压缩到14.7MPa后送入气提塔，作为生产尿素的原料气。

二、本岗位定员和工作制度制度：1、认真学习基础理论知识和专业知识,不断自觉提高操作水平。

2、严格遵守劳动纪律,严格执行操作规程,服从命令、听从指挥、坚守岗位、认真负责,同时作好本岗位的清洁卫生工作。

3、应熟知本岗位工艺流程：懂得设备的构造、作用和工作原理,严格遵守本岗位操作规程、严格控制各项工艺指标,保证生产正常进行。

4、认真、及时、准确、清楚地填写各种记录,按时巡回检查,发现问题及时汇报,积极处理。

5、积极开展岗位练兵活动,认真作好培训人员和徒工的政治思想、安全和生产技术教育工作。

三、责任范围和权利负责管好、用好、维护好三台CO2压缩机,每台压缩机各级进出口缓冲器、冷却器、各级油分离器、油水汇集器、三台注油泵、稀油站及相关油泵、仪表、联锁、除油脱硫槽、脱氢反应器、CO2加热器、开工加热器、CO2冷却器以及与这些设备相连、相关CO2管线、阀门、电器、仪表盘、仪表柜、采暖照明、消防器材、防护用品、工器具等,并搞好岗位范围内的清洁卫生,搞好文明生产。

权利：1、有权制止一切违章作业,对于不听从指挥、不精心操作、擅离职守、睡岗、干私活等违犯岗位劳动纪律的行为。

2、有权制止不符合安全规程的任何检修工作3、有权制止非工作人员进入工作现场4、对班长(副班长)的指示如有异议,可提出意见,如班长坚持其意见,如属显然违反操作规程或可能造成重大事故时,可拒不执行,并迅速越级汇报。

5、在紧急情况下,有权进行紧急停车处理,并迅速报告调度、班长。

6、在搞好生产的同时,要积极对本岗位的安全生产、技术管理提出合理化建议。

四、领导关系和联系制度本岗位人员在车间,班长的直接领导下进行工作,服从命令,听从指挥,并对当班主控和有关领导的正确指令与生产平衡要坚决执行。

五、安全生产责任制1、严格执行安全技术规程和原化工部有关禁令，岗位工作人员要通过理论和生产实践考核，取得安全作业证后方可持证上岗操作。

CO2压缩机操作规程第一节岗位责任制1、岗位专责制：（1）泵岗位负责将净化来的CO2气体加入0.8％的氧气经四段到14.5Mpa后送入合成系统，作为生产尿素的原料气。

（2）在班长领导下，配合主控搞好压缩机的工作、停车、生产调节及事故处理工作，做到安全生产，严格遵守安全技术规程。

（3）认真交接班，按时巡回检查，准确、及时做好岗位原始记录及交接班日志。

（4）维护好本岗为设备，负责做好检修前的工艺处理及检修后的试车、验收工作。

（5）遵守劳动纪律，不脱岗、睡岗、窜岗，不做与生产无关的事。

6）搞好岗位及设备的卫生清洁工作。

（7）熟知本岗位的安全设施及消防器材，并能正确使用。

2、设备维护保养制：对泵岗位的设备必须做到“四懂”“三会”，按时巡回检查及时掌握设备运行状况，按本岗位润滑制度定时注油，定期排污，如有问题，及时汇报联系处理，防止损坏设备，保持设备管道无油污、无灰尘、无杂物。

开关阀门要缓慢，保持长周期平稳运行。

3、巡回检查制：（1）班前对压缩机运行情况详细检查、了解一遍，班中每小时巡检一次。

（2）详细观察各段的进出口压力、温度，各主轴瓦的温度、电机电流、循环油系统运行状况、油水分离器液位级阀门的开关、仪表报警联锁等情况，发现问题，及时汇报，联系处理。

（3）路线：二段缸→曲轴箱→注油器→一段缸→四段缸→电机→仪表盘→三段缸→三入分离器→四入分离器→油冷器→四出分离器→循环水出→入厂房切断阀→空压机→循环油泵→脱硫塔→脱H反应系统。

4、安全责任制：（1）严格遵守劳动纪律及安全技术操作规程，禁止违章作业。

（2）每小时进行巡检一次。

发现问题及时处理，消除事故隐患。

（3）设备交出检修时做好泄压、置换等工艺处理。

做好检修后的验收工作。

（4）穿戴好劳动保护用品，持证上岗。

（5）熟悉消防器材、防护器材的正确使用方法，按规定使用本岗位的安全设施。

第二节工艺流程简述来自脱碳工段温度30℃绝压0.103Mpa，纯度为95—98％的原料CO2气体，经过液滴分离器分离出CO2气中的水份后与空气压缩机来的空气混合（氧含量0.8％）为了防止高压系统腐蚀，在CO2压缩机一入管道加入相当于CO2气量0.8％的氧CO2气体经一二段压缩机至1.05Mpa冷却至40℃送往脱硫水解塔（E63702）有机硫水解后进中压CO2冷却器（C63701）冷却降温≤40℃进入脱硫塔E63701经氧化铁脱硫后进入气液分离器F63701分离后去压缩机三段入口经三四段压缩，四段出口压力14.5Mpa，温度为120℃进入脱氢系统，开车试由中压蒸汽在开车加热器中将CO2温度提高到≥150℃以利用脱氢反应器中脱氢反应的进行。

Electrochemical CH2O Detection Module （Model：ZE07-CH2O）User’s ManualVersion: 1.8Valid from: 2014-11-10Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., LtdStatementThis manual’s copyright belongs to Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., LTD. Without the written permission, any part of this manual shall not be copied, translated, stored in database or retrieval system, also can’t spread through electronic, copying, record ways.Thanks for purchasing our product. In order to let customers use it better and reduce the faults caused by misuse, please read the manual carefully and operate it correctly in accordance with the instructions. If users disobey the terms or remove, disassemble, change the components inside of the sensor, we shall not be responsible for the loss.The specific such as color, appearance, sizes &etc., please in kind prevail.We are devoting ourselves to products development and technical innovation, so we reserve the right to improve the products without notice. Please confirm it is the valid version before using this manual. At the same time, users’ comments on optimized using way are welcome.Please keep the manual properly, in order to get help if you have questions during the usage in the future.Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology CO., LTD.Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., Ltd Electrochemical CH2O Detection Module ZE07-CH2OProduct DescriptionZE07-CH2O is a general-purpose and miniaturization electrochemical Formaldehyde detection module. It utilizes electrochemical principle to detect CH2O in air which makes the module with high selectivity and stability. It is a combination of mature electrochemical detection principle and sophisticated circuit design.Features*High sensitivity & resolution& Good stability *Extremely low power consumption*UART/Analog Voltage/PWM wave output * Excellent ability of Anti-interference *Temperature compensation *Excellent Linear outputApplicationPortable detector, air-quality monitor device, air fresher, fresh air ventilation system, air-condition, smart home device &etc.ParametersStructural drawingTel: 86-371-67169097/67169670 Fax: 86-371-60932988 Email: Pin Description Table 2Picture 2： Pin figure of the ModuleCommunication Protocol1 General Settings2 CommandsThere are two communication type: active upload type and Q&A type. The default type for this module is active upload and it sends gas concentration every other one second. Commands as follow:Concentration High Byte *256+ Concentration Low Byte Switch to Q&A type, commends as follow:Table 5Tel: 86-371-67169097/67169670 Fax: 86-371-60932988 Email:To read the concentration value, commends as follow:To return, commends as follow:3 Checksum and calculation********************************************************************** * Function Name: ucharFucCheckSum(uchar *i,ucharln)* Functional description: Sum check 【Take Not(Byte1+Byte2+…Byte7) +1】**********************************************************************/ unsigned char FucCheckSum(unsigned char *i,unsigned char ln) {unsigned char j,tempq=0; i+=1;for(j=0;j<(ln-2);j++) { tempq+=*i; i++; }tempq=(~tempq)+1; return(tempq); }Cautions1.Sensor shall Avoid organic solvent, coatings, medicine, oil and high concentration gases2.Excessive impact or vibration should be avoided；3.Please keep the modules warming up for at least 5 minutes when first using.4.Please do not use the modules in systems which related to human being’s safety.5.Please do not use the modules in strong air convection environment.6.Please do not expose the modules in high concentration organic gas for a long time.7.Sensor can’t be pulled out.8.The component can’t be removed or replaced.Note: To keep continual product development, we reserve the right to change design features without prior notice.Tel: 86-371-67169097/67169670 Fax: 86-371-60932988 Email:。

二氧化碳检测仿真【摘要】本文根据国内外CO2长输管道的发展状况，分析了纯CO2和含杂质CO2体系相态特性，并结合瞬态仿真模型总结分析了CO2管道瞬态仿真研究现状及其涉及的瞬态计算数值方法，对CO2管道瞬态仿真进行了展望：（1）CO2管道输送技术与油气管道输送技术基本类似，由此借鉴寻找CO2管道瞬态仿真技术的研究方向；（2）数值传热相关计算方法可用于CO2管道瞬态仿真；（3）在瞬态仿真的基础上，进行瞬态仿真和优化控制结合，完成管道限压及限时控制等，也将是CO2管道研究的一个重要方向；（4）希望借鉴国外先进技术、引进成熟工艺设备的同时还应该重视挖掘整合国内资源，产学结合。

【关键词】CCS 相态分析CO2管道瞬态仿真1 引言碳捕集与封存（CCS）技术已成为世界公认的未来几十年内最有潜力、最有效的减少温室气体排放的方法之一[1]。

捕集到的CO2处理方式主要有两种：（1）用于陆地或海洋封存；（2）提高油气藏采收率。

提高油气藏采收率的工程需建设长距离CO2管道，输送CO2时，管道内多相流动产生的压降比单相流动的压降大，易造成冲蚀，一般要求输送介质为单相。

CO2的临界温度和压力均较低，分别为31.05℃和7.37MPa，输送之前如不采取特殊处理，在长输过程中易因环境温度和压降的影响导致相态变化[2-3]。

为了保证CO2管道的安全、高效运行，必须对管输条件下CO2的物化性质、运动状态等有全面的认识和了解，科学合理地确定管道设计及运行方案。

仿真模拟正是解决上述问题的基础和关键。

2 国内外CO2长输管道发展现状CO2输送与油气运输有一定的相似性，运输方式包括管道、船舶、铁路和公路等，最具应用潜力的应为管道运输。

国际上长距离、大规模的CO2输送技术已发展多年，世界上第一条长距离CO2输送管道于20世纪70年代初投入运行。

CO2长输管道早已被美国、加拿大、土耳其和特立尼达等国家用于CO2-EOR，而95%以上的CO2-EOR项目在美国，1998美国利用CO2提高采收率技术平均每天已能产出196，000桶石油，随着国外CO2-EOR技术的推广应用，配套的CO2管道持续增长。

二氧化碳检测仿真CO2压缩机仿真单元操作手册目录第一章装置概况------------------------------------------------------------------------3第一节单元简介----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31.离心式压缩机工作原理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------32.离心式压缩机的喘振现象及防止措施--------------------------------------------------------------33.离心式压缩机的临界转速-----------------------------------------------------------------------------44.离心式压缩机的结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------45.汽轮机的工作原理---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5第二节工艺流程简述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51.CO2流程说明------------------------------------------------------------------------------52.蒸汽流程说明---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6第三节工艺仿真范围-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6第二章主要设备列表-----------------------------------------------------------------------7第三章正常操作工艺指标--8第四章工艺报警及联锁系统--------------------------------------------------------------9 1.工艺报警及联锁说明------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92.工艺报警及联锁触发值---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10第五章工艺操作规程-----------------------------------------------------------------------11第一节冷态开车-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11第二节正常停车-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15第六章事故列表--------------16第七章仿真DCS画面---------------------------------------------------------------------19第一章装置概况第一节单元简介CO2压缩机单元是将合成氨装置的原料气CO2经本单元压缩做工后送往下一工段尿素合成工段，采用的是以汽轮机驱动的四级离心压缩机。

二氧化碳压缩机操作规程二氧化碳压缩机操作规程1、压缩机启动前，应要求做到：将设备各部位进行全面检查，条件允许后方可开车；2、开车后应空车试运行，方可转入正常运行，并对各设备部位的指标进行检查；3、严格控制压缩机各个工作压力；4、曲轴箱油位应控制在2/3以上；5、压缩机的电器部位维修需有专业人员进行，非专业人员不能触及；6、压缩机运行时，应时刻注意压缩机运转声音变化，发现异常应及时向班长汇报；7、停车时，应按程序进行，严把误操作和违章操作；8、紧急停车情况下，应迅速切断电源，按停机顺序进行。

压缩机的开、停车操作规程。

一、开车前准备1、保证机身油池中润滑油面在规定的刻度线范围内；2、检查排气管阀门开启位置及排气管阀门的灵活性，关闭进气阀门及打开排气放空阀；3、打开各油、水冷凝液排放阀、排放油水及冷凝液；4、检查仪表，保护装置及安全装置是否完好有效；5、检查机器地脚螺栓是否松动，及其他联接有无松动，压缩机、电动机地面和操作平台上应无多余物件；6、打开冷却水进水阀门，并调节水量；7、开启润滑站，检查油压是否正常；8、人工盘车2-5转，机械运行部件不应有卡住、撞击现象、注意避免压缩机产生液态的可能。

二、开车1、接通电源、启动电机，使压缩机进入空载运转；2、检查油压是否正常（0.15—0.35mpa）3、空载运行情况正常后，关闭排气管道上的放空阀，打开进气阀，使压缩机进入负荷运转，并逐步加压至公称排气压力。

三、工作时维护1、经常保持机身油池油面高度在规定范围（即油标刻线之间）；2、随时检查各压力表读数及各处温度是否在规定范围之内；3、定期检查活塞环和支撑环；4、检查水路是否畅通，气阀盖是否过热，注意机器声音是否正常；5、电机、电控设备的使用维护按各生产厂说明书或图纸上的说明规定。

四、停车顺序1、联系有关岗位，通知其准备停机；2、关闭进气阀，慢慢开启管路上的放气阀，使压缩机空运转（紧急停车不进行此步骤）；3、压缩机空转3-5分钟后，断开电源，使压缩机停止运行；4、关闭冷却水进水阀，打开各排水阀，放尽各气缸及冷却器内存水（如短时停机可不排放存水），冬季应特别注意排水，以免冻裂机件。