1990 urban heat islands in China

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Climate and Urban Development For more than a hundred years,it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas.This region of city warmth,known as the urban heat island,can influence the concentration of air pollution.However,before we look at its influence,let’s see how the heat island actually forms. The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development.In rural areas,a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil.In cities,where less vegetation and exposed soil exist,the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt.Hence,during warm daylight hours,less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas.The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved.Depending on the location,time of year,and time of day,any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo(reflectivity of the surface),surface roughness,emissions of heat,emissions of moisture,and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets. At night,the solar energy(stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads)is slowly released into the city air.Additional city heat is given off at night(and during the day)by vehicles and factories,as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units.The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside.The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas.Overall,the heat island is strongest(1)at night when compensating sunlight is absent;(2)during the winter,when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city;and(3)when the region is dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds,clear skies,and less humid air.Over time,increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records,producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities.This warming,therefore,must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century. The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city.Certain particles reflect solar radiation,thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface.Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form.Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent,forming haze that greatly reduces visibility.Moreover,the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog. Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside;this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain,brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge.This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises,much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed.At the same time,city heat warms the surface air,making it more unstable,which enhances risings air motions,which,in turn,aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms.This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities. On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced,a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.Sometimes a light breeze—called a country breeze—blows from the countryside into the city.If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts,pollutants are carried into the heat of town,where they tend to concentrate.Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited.Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them. Paragraph 2 The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development.In rural areas,a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil.In cities,where less vegetation and exposed soil exist,the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt.Hence,during warm daylight hours,less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas.The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved.Depending on the location,time of year,and time of day,any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo(reflectivity of the surface),surface roughness,emissions of heat,emissions of moisture,and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets. 1.The word“involved”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.uncertain plicated mon D.clear 2.Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as varying the importance of albedo and other factors EXCEPT。

一个适合人居住的城市英语作文A Livable CityA livable city is one that provides a high quality of life for its residents. It is a place where people can live, work, and thrive, with access to essential services, amenities, and opportunities for personal and professional growth. A livable city is not just about the physical infrastructure, but also the social, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to the overall well-being of its inhabitants.One of the key characteristics of a livable city is its accessibility. A well-designed transportation system that caters to various modes of travel, including public transportation, walking, and cycling, is essential. This not only reduces traffic congestion and pollution but also promotes a healthier and more active lifestyle among residents.A livable city should have a comprehensive network of sidewalks, bike lanes, and public transit options that are convenient, safe, and efficient.Another important aspect of a livable city is its affordability. Housingcosts, particularly in urban areas, can be a significant burden for many individuals and families. A livable city should offer a range of affordable housing options, from subsidized low-income housing to market-rate apartments and homes, to ensure that people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds can find suitable accommodation. Additionally, the city should provide access to essential services, such as healthcare and education, at reasonable costs.Liveability also depends on the availability of green spaces and recreational facilities. Parks, gardens, and public squares not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of a city but also provide opportunities for relaxation, exercise, and social interaction. These green spaces can also help mitigate the effects of urban heat islands and improve air quality, contributing to a healthier and more sustainable environment.A livable city should also be safe and secure for its residents. This includes measures to prevent and respond to natural disasters, as well as initiatives to address crime and promote community safety. Effective emergency response systems, disaster preparedness plans, and well-equipped public safety services are essential in creating a sense of security and well-being among the residents.In addition to physical infrastructure and safety, a livable city shouldalso foster a vibrant cultural and social life. This can be achieved through the development of cultural institutions, such as museums, theaters, and art galleries, as well as the promotion of community events, festivals, and recreational activities. A diverse range of dining options, entertainment venues, and public spaces that cater to different interests and age groups can also contribute to a city's liveability.Furthermore, a livable city should be environmentally sustainable, with a focus on reducing its carbon footprint and promoting the use of renewable energy sources. This can involve initiatives such as the implementation of energy-efficient building codes, the development of green infrastructure, and the promotion of sustainable transportation options. By prioritizing environmental sustainability, a city can not only improve the quality of life for its residents but also contribute to the global effort to address climate change.Finally, a livable city should be inclusive and equitable, providing equal opportunities and access to resources for all its residents, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, gender, or other demographic factors. This can be achieved through policies and programs that address issues such as social inequality, discrimination, and marginalization, and ensure that the benefits of a livable city are distributed fairly among its inhabitants.In conclusion, a livable city is one that prioritizes the well-being and quality of life of its residents. It is a place that is accessible, affordable, safe, culturally vibrant, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive. By focusing on these key elements, cities can create thriving, resilient, and equitable communities that offer their residents the opportunity to live, work, and thrive.。

urban heat雅思阅读Urban heat refers to the phenomenon of higher temperatures occurring in urban areas compared to the surrounding rural areas, especially during hot weather conditions. Urbanization and the construction of cities can significantly alter the local climate and create what is known as the urban heat island effect.The urban heat island effect occurs due to several factors. Firstly, buildings and roads in cities tend to be made of materials such as concrete and asphalt, which absorb and store heat during the day and release it at night, leading to higher nighttime temperatures. Secondly, the dense arrangement of buildings can restrict airflow and limit the cooling effects of wind. Lastly, the removal of vegetation and trees, which provide shade and evaporative cooling, contributes to higher temperatures in urban areas.The consequences of urban heat islands can be significant. Higher temperatures can cause discomfort and health issues for city dwellers, particularly vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. Heat stress and heat-related illnesses can become more frequent during heatwaves.Urban heat islands also have environmental impacts. The increased energy demand for cooling buildings can lead to higher carbon emissions and air pollution levels, exacerbating climate change and further deteriorating air quality. The higher temperatures can also amplify the formation of smog and increase the concentration of harmful pollutants in the air.There are several approaches to mitigate the urban heat islandeffect. Urban planning strategies can include incorporating green infrastructure, such as parks and tree-lined streets, to provide shade and cool the air through evapotranspiration. The use of reflective or cool materials for roofs and pavements can also reduce heat absorption. Additionally, the promotion of energy-efficient buildings and the installation of green roofs and walls can contribute to cooler urban environments.Overall, addressing urban heat is important for creating comfortable and sustainable cities. By implementing strategies to mitigate the urban heat island effect, cities can improve the quality of life for their residents and reduce their contribution to climate change.。

托福阅读tpo48R-3原文+译文+题目+答案解析+背景知识原文Passage3:Climate and Urban Development①For more than a hundred years,it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas.This region of city warmth,known as the urban heat island,can influence the concentration of air pollution.However,before we look at its influence,let’s see how the heat island actually forms.②The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development.In rural areas,a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil.In cities,where less vegetation and exposed soil exist,the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt.Hence,during warm daylight hours,less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas.The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved. Depending on the location,time of year,and time of day,any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo (reflectivity of the surface),surface roughness,emissions of heat,emissions of moisture,and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets.③At night,the solar energy(stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads)is slowly released into the city air.Additional city heat is given off at night(and during the day)by vehicles and factories,as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units.The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside.The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas.Overall,the heat island is strongest(1)at night when compensating sunlight is absent；(2)during the winter,when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city；and(3)when the region is dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds,clear skies,and less humid air.Over time,increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records,producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities.This warming,therefore,must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century.④The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city.Certain particles reflect solar radiation,thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface.Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form.Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as70percent,forming haze that greatly reduces visibility.Moreover,the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog.⑤Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside；this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain,brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow andgradually converge.This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises,much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed.At the same time,city heat warms the surface air,making it more unstable,which enhances risings air motions,which,in turn,aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms.This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities.⑥On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced,a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.Sometimes a light breeze—called a country breeze—blows from the countryside into the city.If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts,pollutants are carried into the heat of town,where they tend to concentrate.Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited.Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them.译文：气候与城市发展①一百多年来，大家都知道城市一般比周围的农村温度更高。

关于建筑改造的外文参考文献以下是关于建筑改造的一些外文参考文献，这些文献涵盖了建筑改造的不同方面，包括技术、设计、可持续性、历史保护等：1．Addis, B. (2006). Building: 3000 Years of Design, Engineering, and Construction. Phaidon Press.2．English Heritage. (2010). Conservation Principles: Policies and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. English Heritage.3．Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.4．Herrera, L. M., & Monedero, I. (2019). Architectural retrofitting strategies in Mediterranean historic centres. Sustainability, 11(11), 3044.5．Jokilehto, J. (1999). A History of Architectural Conservation. Butterworth-Heinemann.6．Kam, C., & So, A. (2002). Enhancing building energy efficiency through refurbishment. Building and Environment, 37(11), 1027-1036.7．Mardaljevic, J. (2001). Daylighting performance and design. Architectural Science Review, 44(4), 301-307.8．Oliver, P. (2003). Dwellings: The House Across the World. University of California Press.9．Ratti, C., Raydan, D., Steemers, K., & Stathopoulos, A. (2003).Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Computation of Local Scale Heat Indices. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.10．Vale, L. J., & Vale, R. (2009). Green Architecture: Design for a Sustainable Future. Thames & Hudson.。

北京市海淀区2024-2025学年高三上学期10月考英语试卷一、完形填空On a sunny afternoon, Anthony Perry stepped off the train at Chicago’s 69th Street station. The 20-year-old, who worked nights in a grocery store, was on his way to see his 1 .On the platform, something unthinkable happened: a man fell over the edge and onto the electrified train tracks! As Perry and other horrified passengers watched, he shook uncontrollably as the 2 moved through his body.“Help him!” someone cried. “Please, someone!”Perry couldn’t just stand there and 3 . He sat at the edge of the platform and eased himself down. 4 all rails between the man and him were electrified, he quickly leaped towards the victim, using a high-knee technique from his high school football days.Perry soon reached down and grasped the victim’s wrist. 5 , he felt a powerful electric shock shoot through his body. Perry jumped back. He reached down a second time, and was shocked again. But the third time he seized the man’s wrist and forearm, and managed to move the guy’s body away from the 6 .“Give him chest compressions!” yelled an old lady on the platform.Perry was no expert, but for a few moments he worked on the man’s heart until the victim regained 7 . Then, first-aiders arrived. Perry let the professionals 8 . Heart still racing from the electric shocks, he climbed back up onto the platform, grabbed his things and continued on to his grandfather’s.The evening news reported the incident, 9 an unnamed hero with saving the victim’s life. To many, Perry’s 10 deeds demonstrated the power of choosing compassion over personal safety.1．A．manager B．client C．grandfather D．aunt 2．A．current B．oxygen C．wave D．blood 3．A．imagine B．watch C．shout D．record 4．A．Hoping B．Assuming C．Complaining D．Recalling 5．A．Instantly B．Slightly C．Normally D．Surprisingly6．A．train B．crowds C．platform D．rails 7．A．strength B．balance C．consciousness D．control 8．A．look ahead B．take over C．get around D．keep away 9．A．providing B．engaging C．assisting D．crediting 10．A．generous B．grateful C．courageous D．faithful二、语法填空阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。

绿色城市健康生活英语作文九年级Green City, Healthy LifeI'm a 9th grader who really cares about the environment and living a healthy lifestyle. I've noticed how important it is to have green spaces and clean air in cities, and how much better I feel when I spend time outdoors. That's why I think we need to focus on creating greener, more sustainable cities for healthier living.Living in a concrete jungle with tons of cars, factories, and pollution is no good for anyone's health. The smog and dirty air make it hard to breathe, especially for kids with asthma like my little brother. It's also depressing not having any parks or gardens nearby to enjoy some fresh air and nature. I remember going to visit my grandparents in the countryside last summer and how amazing it felt to be surrounded by trees, flowers, and singing birds instead of honking cars and rumbling buses.Green spaces in cities are really important for physical and mental health. Having parks, urban forests, community gardens and other natural areas provides places for exercise, recreation, and just relaxing in a peaceful environment. Studies show that walking or doing activities outdoors can reduce stress, anxiety and depression way more than being cooped up inside. Gettingsome sunshine and breathing in fresh oxygen from the trees and plants is also really good for your body and mind.But a lot of cities today are overcrowded, overbuilt and lacking enough green spaces, especially for lower income neighborhoods. There's just too much concrete, glass and steel taking over. That's why I think we need to focus on creating greener, more eco-friendly cities by:• Preserving and expanding public parks, gardens, urban forests and other natural areas• Planting way more trees and greenery along streets, in schoolyards, and on buildings• Replacing concrete surfaces with urban farms, green rooftops and bioswales to absorb rainwater• Reducing air pollution from cars and factories by improving public transit and shifting to renewable energy• Recycling and reducing waste through better management of plastics, food and other discardsCreating these greener, healthier cities will take a lot of work from urban planners, government, businesses and all of us as citizens. But little by little, we can transform our livingenvironments in ways that are great for both people and the planet.Just imagine cities with lush parks and tree-lined streets on every other block, instead of drab concrete plots and alleys smelling like exhaust. Envision skyscrapers and buildings covered with vertical gardens, providing fresh food and oxygen while absorbing carbon dioxide. Picture neighborhoods with community gardens, farms and greenhouses allowing locals to grow their own healthy fruits and veggies. Wouldn't that be a much nicer, fresher, more peaceful place to live, work and go to school?Having more nature in cities makes them way more livable and healthier for everyone. We need clean air to breathe, plants to provide oxygen, trees and parks to enjoy the outdoors safely. Access to nature is really important, especially for kids like me who are still growing. Playing outside in green spaces instead of being cooped up inside helps kids stay physically active, explores their curiosity about the natural world, and makes sure they get enough vitamin D, fresh air and sunshine.I sometimes worry about my future and what kind of world I'll be living in as an adult if we don't do more to make cities greener and more sustainable. With climate change makingthings hotter, creating more pollution, depleting resources and destroying environments, it's really scary to think about living in an urban jungle without any nature left. We've got to act now to protect the green spaces we have left and add way more plants, trees and eco-friendly elements to our cities.It makes me sad when I see neighborhoods in my city with barely any trees, grass or vegetation, just row after row of concrete and buildings. Those are called'urban heat islands' because they get way hotter than areas with parks and plants. No kid should have to grow up in a environment like that without access to nature's cooling shade, colors, and peaceful atmosphere. Having trees, community gardens and green areas makes neighborhoods so much more beautiful, relaxing and healthy for families.I really hope that by the time I'm an adult, our cities will be way greener, cleaner and more sustainable than they are now. With better urban planning, environmental policies, and involvement from all of us, we can transform urban areas into amazing eco-cities. Imagine neighborhoods full of vertical gardens, high-rise farms, bioswales filtering rainwater, and lush parks and greenways within walking distance of every home. Acity like that, full of nature's vibrant colors and life, would be so rejuvenating for our mental and physical well-being.Creating these healthier, greener, more livable cities won't be easy, but it's something we've got to prioritize for the future of humanity and the planet. It's about giving kids like me urban environments where we can breathe fresh air, play outdoors in nature, and not worry about pollution's impacts on our health. It's about making our cities sustainable so they don't contribute as much to climate change, deforestation and loss of green spaces. And it's about co-existing with the natural world by integrating plants, trees, food gardens and eco-friendly designs into urban living.If we're going to hand a livable world over to future generations, creating green cities that promote healthy lifestyles needs to be a major priority. I really hope more people - politicians, urban planners, businesses and citizens - will get on board with making this happen. Our health and well-being depends on it. Let's make green cities a reality, not just a dream! Our lives will be so much happier, healthier and in harmony with nature.。

Climate and Urban DevelopmentFor more than a hundred years, it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. This region of city warmth, known as the urban heat island, can influence the concentration of air pollution. However, before we look at its influence, let's see how the heat island actually forms.The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development. In rural areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where less vegetation and exposed soil exist, the majority of the Sun's energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt. Hence, during warm daylight hours, less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas. The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved. Depending on the location, time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: albedo (reflectivity of the surface), surface roughness, emissions of heat, emissions of moisture, and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets.The word "involved" in the passage is closest in meaning to∙uncertain∙complicated∙common∙clearParagraph 2 mentions all of the following as varying the importance of albedo and other factors EXCEPT∙seasons∙soil depth∙geographic location∙the time of dayAt night, the solar energy (stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads) is slowly released into the city air. Additional city heat is given off at night (and during the day) by vehicles and factories, as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside. The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas. Overall, the heat island is strongest at night when compensating sunlight is absent; during the winter, when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city; and when the region is dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds, clear skies,and less humid air. Over time, increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records, producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities. This warming, therefore, must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century.The word "retarded" in the passage is closest in meaning to∙disguised∙added to∙made possible∙slowed downSelect the TWO answer choices that describe ways mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 in which solar energy affects urban and rural areas. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.∙Solar energy causes evaporation from vegetation and soil, producing a cooling effect.∙Solar energy stored as heat is lost quickly when tall city buildings guide hot air up and away from the surface.∙Solar energy increases the atmospheric pressure over open areas.∙Solar energy is stored up in buildings and roads and emitted as heat during the night. The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city. Certain particles reflect solar radiation, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form. Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. Moreover, the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog.According to paragraph 4, how do pollutants reduce the distance it is possible to see?∙They increase the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground.∙They increase the relative humidity.∙They form particles that irritate the eye.∙They serve as nuclei around which water condenses.Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge. This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises,much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed. At the same time, city heat warms the surface air, making it more unstable, which enhances risings air motions, which, in turn, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.∙Until more studies are done, suggestions about the causes of precipitation in cities will focus on the roughness of terrain rather than on surface air and convergence.∙Certain phenomena of city landscapes, such as large structures, cause surface air to slow and converge, which brings a change in weather patterns to cities and rural areas.∙One reason why precipitation may be greater in cities than in the countryside is that large buildings that are found in cities cause surface air to slow and converge.∙Studies that focus on large structures, which are only partly responsible for the increased roughness of city terrain, are incomplete in their explanation of increased precipitation.Why does the author mention "toothpaste" being squeezed from a tube?∙To compare the movement of toothpaste from a tube to the movement of precipitation from clouds∙To suggest that the process of cloud formation is a simple, everyday experience∙To help the reader visualize the process of air movement over a city∙To contrast the slow rising of air currents with the rapid squeezing of toothpasteThe word "both" in the passage refers to∙piling up and warming of air∙clouds and thunderstorms∙warm surface air and rising air motions∙heat and instabilityOn clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city. Sometimes a light breeze-called a country breeze-blows from the countryside into the city. If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate. Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited. Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?The resulting difference in atmosphere pressure between the city and the countryside can cause air to shift.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Cities are generally warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island.∙∙∙Answer ChoicesA. In the countryside, much solar energy is used in evaporation, but in the citythis energy builds up as heat.B.Increased industrial and urban development has also increased averagelevels of humidity over the last century.C.Pollution from cars and factories helps increase the amounts of fog andprecipitation that occur in cities.D. The urban heat island is strongest in the summer, when the days are longand the sunlight is intense.E.Heat and air are trapped in the irregular spaces between buildings whichcreates the atmospheric conditions that result in storms and windsF.Country breezes blow pollutants put from the cities into the surroundingcountryside。

Urban Heat Island Effect and ClimateChangeThe urban heat island effect is a phenomenon in which urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings. This is primarily due to human activities such as energy consumption, transportation, and industrial processes, which release heat and pollutants into the atmosphere. As a result, urban areas can be several degrees warmer than their rural counterparts, especially at night. This can have significant implications for the environment, public health, and the economy, particularly in the context of climate change. From an environmental perspective, the urban heat island effect can exacerbate the impacts of climate change. As global temperatures rise, urban areas are likely to experience even higher temperatures, leading to increased energy consumption for cooling, greater air pollution, and heightened heat-related health risks. This creates a feedback loop in which urban heat islands contribute to climate change, and in turn, are further exacerbated by it. As such, addressing the urban heat island effect is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change and building resilience in urban areas. From a public health standpoint, the urban heat island effect poses significant risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and low-income communities. Higher temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses and even mortality, placing additional strain on healthcare systems and exacerbating existing health disparities. Furthermore, the heat island effect can worsen air quality, as higher temperatures promote the formation of ground-level ozone and other pollutants, which can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma. As such, addressing the urban heat island effect is essential for protecting public health and promoting environmental justice. From an economic standpoint, the urban heat island effect can have far-reaching implications. Higher temperatures can increase energy demand for cooling, leading to higher electricity bills and straining energy infrastructure. This can also contribute to power outages and grid failures, further impacting businesses and residents. Moreover, the heat island effect can reduce the lifespan of infrastructure such as roads and buildings, leading to higher maintenance costs and shorter replacementcycles. By addressing the urban heat island effect, cities can reduce energy costs, improve the resilience of infrastructure, and create more livable and economically vibrant urban environments. Addressing the urban heat island effect requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses urban planning, green infrastructure, and community engagement. Urban planners can incorporate measures such as green roofs, reflective pavements, and urban green spaces to mitigate the heat island effectand promote cooling. Additionally, increasing tree canopy coverage can provide shade and evaporative cooling, while also enhancing the aesthetic and ecological value of urban areas. Community engagement is also crucial, as residents can participate in initiatives such as tree planting and community gardens, which not only mitigate the urban heat island effect but also foster social cohesion and environmental stewardship. In conclusion, the urban heat island effect is a significant challenge with wide-ranging implications for the environment, public health, and the economy. Addressing this phenomenon is essential for mitigatingthe impacts of climate change, protecting public health, and creating more sustainable and resilient urban environments. By implementing a combination of urban planning, green infrastructure, and community engagement, cities can work towards mitigating the urban heat island effect and building a more sustainable future for all.。

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▉托福TPO23阅读Passage1原文文本：Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism.A daily input of water,food,and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage,solid waste,air pollutants,energy,and materials that have been transformed in some way.The quantities involved are enormous.Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city,particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air,a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated.But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter,and if a house were perfectly insulated,one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it.Therefore,even without any industrial production of heat,an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel,such as by cars,is not the only source of this increased heat.Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities.The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city,which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt.During the day,heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night.But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat fromeasily flowing into and out of the ground.The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways:(1)by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and(2)by the dust dome,the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does;the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.Cities,then,are warmer than the surrounding rural areas,and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island.Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds,but they can form almost any time.The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.For example,the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows.When a heat island is well developed,variations can be extreme;in winter,busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets.Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urbanand rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region.In general,the larger the city,the greater its heat-island intensity.The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout,population density,and productive activities of a metropolis.The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities.For one thing,the presence or absence of moisture is affected by thespecial qualities of the urban surface.With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water,even gentle rain runs off almost immediately fromrooftops,streets,and parking lots.Thus,city surfaces,as well as the air above them,tend to be drier between episodes of rain;with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation,relative humidities are usually lower.Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them.This friction tends to slow the speed of winds,making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants.On the other hand,air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow.Rainfall is also increased in cities.The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.Paragraph 1:The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism.A daily input of water,food,and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage,solid waste,air pollutants,energy,and materials that have been transformed in some way.The quantities involved are enormous.Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city,particularly in the production of heat.▉托福TPO23阅读Passage1题目：1.The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to○growing○frightening○very large○strictly controlledParagraph 2:In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.All the heatthat warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air,a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated.But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter,and if a house were perfectly insulated,one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it.Therefore,even without any industrial production of heat,an。