1.Blank Filling

2011 年 1 月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given.1.The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,anda__________ phonetics.2.When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs inthe same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair .3.R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learn a second language for external purposes .ter Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar.5. In "NP（→Deg )A(pp)", the dots in the rule indicate that other c options are available .6.The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity.7.L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community .8.H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word .9.The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study.10.The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________.11.The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure.12.The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism .13.Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______.14.The sound ［ p］ in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________.15.C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginningto end.16.S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of allthe features of the linguistic form .17.Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________.18.S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures.19.P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production.20.Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____.II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21.__refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .A.SyntaxB. EtymologyC. LexicologyD. Morphology22.___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication .A. PhoneticsB. PhonemicsC. PhonologyD. Phonotacticsnguage ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.A. aptitudeB. competenceC. performanceD. attitude24.___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations .25.A(n) ___ is a word formed by combining parts of other words , e.g. smog .A. back -formationB. blendC. abbreviationD. clipping26.The traditional and the only way to study the brain in the past was through ____ studies .A. experimentalB. surgicalC. autopsyD. observational27.___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form ,i.e. Different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both .A. PolysemyB. SynonymC. HomophoneD. Homonymy28.The arrow in the phrase structure rule "S→ NP VP " is read as ___.A. is equal toB. generatesC. hasD. consists of29.___ of neighbouring sound is , for the most part ,caused by articulatory or physiological progress .A. AssimilationB. FormalizationC. DerivationD. Patterning30.The drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target cultureis called ____ motivation .A. instrumentalB. resultativeC. integrativeD. intrinsic31There are different types of affixes pr morphemes .The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known asa(n) __.A.derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form32.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyzed the language people actually use ,it is said to be ___A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic33.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by __ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.K Halliday34.Of the following sound combination ,only ___ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English .A. mibleB. bmilC. imlbD. ilbm35Which of the following English words is formed by clipping ?C. baby-sitD. disco36 Of the following words ,____ belongs to the open class word .A. emaiB. butC. theD. they37The sense relation for the pair of words "doctor and patient "is__ A. synonymy B. hyponymy C. antonymy D. homonymy38In learning a foreign language,instances of mother tongue interference can be found act the level of ___.A. pronunciationB. vocabularyC. syntaxD. all of the above39According to F .de Saussure,____ refers to the system of language .A. langueB. paroleC. competenceD. performance40.The utterance "We 're already working 25 hours a day, 8 days a week " obviously violates the maxim of ___A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerIII. True of false judgement (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true orfalse .Write T in ye corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one .41.Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus will cause fluent aphasia .42.D-structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's supercanonization properties .43.An illocution act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something .It is the consequenceof the utterance .44.The LAD was described as an imaginary "black box "which is said to contain rules that arespecific only to human languages .ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structure semantics to analyze lexical word meaning .46.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakersand takes them down the garden path to a wrong direction .47.Acronyms are words derives from the initials and ending of several words .48.Diglossia refers to the dialect having to do with separation brought about by different socialconditions.49.In daily life people often see the situation in which adult speak differently when talking to littlechildren ,they use a special speech called motherese.50.Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are produced by human speechorgans IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)51.broad transcription vs narrow transcription52.selection restriction53.speech act theory54.Critical Period Hypothesis55.Draw a tree diagram for the surface structure of "A man will find the dog"V. Write a passage of 120-150 words on the following topic .(15%)56. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning ?部分参照答案：1. acoustic2. minimal3. Resultative4. Universal5. complement6. pharyngeal7. Langue8. Hyponymy 10. pragmatics12. diaglossia 13. Interlanguage 14. aspirated15. Cohort16. Sense 17. Preposition 18. Siciolinguistics 19. Psycholinguistics 20. general21. D 24.A 25. B 26. C31. C 34. A2011 年 10 月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic r_______.2.I________ motivation refers to learners learning the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.3.The phonetic transcription, n______ transcription ,is normally used by phoneticians to giveminute and detailed descriptions of speech sounds.4. The way that new words are coined from already existing words by“ subtracting” an be part of the old word is called b_______.5.The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f_______.6.In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to bethe continual process of cultural t________ across generations.7.P______ is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.8.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart to let air go through without vibration, the soundsthus produced are v_________.9.The social group that is singled out for any special study is named as the s_______ community.10.According to N. Chomsky, c________ refers to the ideal user ’ sknowledge of the rules of his language .11.P_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.12.The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.13.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called f_____ aphasia.14.The c__________ view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning fromor reduce meaning to observable contexts.15.Lexical d________ task is a kind of experiment psycholinguistics employ to investigate lexical access.16.A theory which explicitly employs the notion “ concept” isthe semantic t________ proposed by Ogden and Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning.17. Clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.18. Since there are often intermediate forms between the two members of an antonymous pair, so they are called g________ antonyms.19.S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.20.A t_______ experiment is a technique that is used to study the determinants of sentence processing difficulty.II. Multiple choice(15%)Choose the best answer to the following items.21.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes,_______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed , added , lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterance22. The consonant [ f ] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features :A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced , bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative23.The study of language as a whole is often called ______.A. universal linguisticsB. common linguisticsC. prescriptive linguisticsD. general linguistics24.In the phrase structurerule“ S→ NP VP，”the arrow can be read as _______.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates25.The illocutionary point of _____is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressives D declarations26.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M.A.F. Halliday27._____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social28.While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same word may have more than one meaning. This kind of words are called _________.A. polysemic wordsB. homographsC. homonymsD. synonyms29.The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative30.Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher ____ in the late 50 ’ s of the 20A. M.A.F. HallidayB. L. Bloomfield C . J. Searle D. J. Austin31.If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language ,it issaid to be _______.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic32.In the case of spit, the consonant [ p ] is said to be _____.A. aspiratedB. voicedC. unaspiratedD. unprounceable33.What the element -“es ” indicates is third person singular ,present tense ,the element-ed ” past tense, “and “-ing ” progressive aspect .Since they are the smallest units of language and meaningful ,they are also _______.A. phonemesB. phonesC. allophonesD. morphemes34.Synoymous are classified into several kinds .This kind to which ‘ lass ‘’girlbelong’isandcalled ___ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational35.In a speech community People have something in common _____: a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it..B. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmaticallyIII. True of false judgement (20%)36.The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay betweenthe human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops .37. A creole is said to be formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speechcommunity ,and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language .38.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them downthe garden path to a wrong direction .39. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish two words .40.Register refers to the type of utterance which is selected as appropriate to the type oftypology .41.Phonology studies the functioning of the speech sounds.42.Predication analysis was proposed by the British linguist J. Searle to analyze the meaning ofutterance .43.Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles since they help make more precise the meaning of the head and mark a phrase boundary.44.Different language offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.45.Metacognitive strategies deal with the wayside learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native .IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)46.derivational morpheme47.IPA( International Phonetic Alphabet)48.cultural transmission49.Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure50.The naming theoryV. Essay question (20%)51. According to Austin ,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance ? Give an example.参照答案ology 13. fluent21. C 22. B 24. B 28. A42. F 43. T 45. F46.Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach. 47. Itis a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.48.While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to ac quire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i nstinct 49. The first, formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization propertie s ,is called deep stmcture.The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate tr ansformations, is called surface structure50.One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theor y proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The words used in a language are taken to be labels of t he objects they stand for.51. locutionary act ------the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It? s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely .,the act of s aying something :the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.(言内行为指的是用句子来表达，报告，描绘。

Blank-filling 11Hic! You've just hiccupped(打嗝) for the tenth time since you finished dinner. Wonder ___16 these funny noises are coming from? The part __17 (blame) is your diaphragm, the muscle（肌肉）at the bottom of your chest. All hiccups start here.The diaphragm almost always ___18 (work) perfectly--- it pulls down when you breathe in to help pull air into the lungs __19 it moves up when you breathe out to help push air out of the lungs. But sometimes the diaphragm becomes upset, and when ___ 20 happens, it pushes up in an irregular way , making your breath come out differently ____21 how it normally does. When this irregular breath hits your voice box, you're left with a big hiccup. Things ___22 bother the diaphragm include eating too quickly or too much, stomachaches or feeling nervous.If you want to know ___23 to get rid of hiccups, here are some "cures", ___24 (breathe) into a paper bag is one method some people use. Others think taking a mouthful of water is the way to become hiccup-free. Sugar under your tongue might also drive away the hiccups. And maybe the most famous 25 (treat), having someone scare you , also helps beat the hiccups.Blank-filling 11:16. where 17. to blame 18. works 19. and/ or/ 20. this/ it/ that 21. from/ to22. that/ which 23. how 24. Breathing/ To breathe 25. treatment（24题首字母未大写给一分）Blank-filling 12Six days of spring rain had created a wild river 16 （run）by Nancy Brown’s farm．As she tried to drive her cows to higher ground, she 17 （slip）and hit her head on a fallen tree trunk．Nancy was badly hurt and could only walk with great 18 （difficult）．The water 19 （rise）．Nancy’s pace got slower and slower．Finally, all she could do was to thro w her arm around Lizzie’s neck and try to hang on．About 20 minutes later, Lizzie managed to 20 （succeed）pull herself and Nancy out of the water and onto a bit of high land．It took rescuers another two hours to discover Nancy．21 helicopter lowered a doctor, 22 attached Nancy to a life-support lift．They raised her into the helicopter and took her to the school gym, 23 the Red Cross had set up an emergency shelter．When the flood subsided two days later, Nancy immediately went back to the highland．Lizzie was gone．24 was one of the 19 cows that Nancy lost．“I owe my life 25 her,” said Nancy sobbingly．16．running 17．slipped 18．difficulty 19．was rising 20．successfully 21．A 22．who 23．where 24．She 25．ToBlank-filling 13Just up the road from my home is a field, with two horses in it. From a distance, each horse looks like any other horse. But if you get a ___16____( close) look you will notice one of them is blind. Instead of abandoning him, his owner has made him a safe and comfortable barn to live in. And if you stand nearby and listen, you will hear the sound of a bell____17___( come) from ____18____ smaller horse. Attached to ___19___ (it) halter is a small, copper-colored bell assisting the blind friend to follow him.____20____you watch them, you'll find the horse with the bell always checking on the blind one, and that the blind horse will listen for the bell and then slowly walk to ____21____ the other one is, trusting he will not _____22____( lead ) astray. When the horse with the bell returns to the barn each evening, he will stop ____23____( frequent ) to look back, making sure that the ____24___ isn't too far behind to hear the bell.Life does not throw us away just because we are not perfect or because we have problems or challenges. Sometimes we are the blind horse being guided by the little ringing bell of our acquaintances; ___25____other times we are the guide horse, who helps others to find their way.16. closer 17. coming 18. a/the 19. its 20. As21. where 22. be led 23. frequently 24. other 25. AtBlank-filling 14Nowadays, it is common that parents buy 16 educational present for their children. A lot of personal computers are place under the Christmas tree this year. 17 (believe) that computers are the key to success, parents are also insisting that children 18 (teach) to use them in school as early as possible. The problem for school is 19 when it comes to computers, parents don’t always know best. Teachers found themselves caught in the middle of the problem between parent 20 (press) and wise educational decisions. Many schools are giving in to parental impatience and are purchasing hardware 21 good educational planning. Educators do not even agree on how computers should be used. Even those 22 believe that all children should have access to computers warn of potential dangers to the very young. The temptation remains strong largely 23 young children adapt so well to computers. However, not every school can afford to go into computing, and that creates 24 problem: a division between the haves and the have-nots. Very few parents are agitating for（倡导）computer instruction in poor school districts, 25 there may be barely enough money to pay the teacher.Keys to Exe 14:16. an. 17. Believing. 18. be taught.19. that. 20. pressure. 21. without. 22. who.23. because. 24. another. 25. where.Blank-filling 15While walking through a park in the industrial city of Kharkov, I spotted an old Russian veteran of World War Ⅱ.They are 16 (easy) identified by the medals and ribbons they still proudly display on their shirts and jackets. This is not an act of egotism. It is their country’s way of honoring those 17 helped save Russia, even though 20 million Russians _____18____(kill) by the Nazis. I went up to this old man 19 (sit) with his wife and said, “Druzhba i mir” (friendship and peace). The man looking at me as if in 20 (believe), took the button we 21 (make) for the trip and said “Friendship” in being held by lov ing hands, and said, “Americanski?” I replied, “Da, Americanski. Druzhba i mir.” He clasped both my hands as if we were long 22 (lose) brothers and repeated again, “Americanski!” This time there was recognition and love in his statement.For 23 next few minutes he and his wife spoke 24 Russian as if I understood every word, and I spoke English as if I knew he would understand. You know what? 25 of us understood a word, but we surely understood each other. We hugged, and laughed and cried, all the while saying, “Druzhba i mir, Americanski.” “I love you, I am proud to be in your country, we do not want war. I love you!”16. easily 17. who 18. were killed 19. sitting 20. disbelief 21. had made22. lost 23. the 24. in 25. Neither。

KEYUnit 11.3.2 实验案例1-2 文章理解（T1）(1) Reading Skills1）Chinese parents assume strength, not fragility. They believe their child will be strong enough to take the shaming and to improve from it.2) Most westerners don’t have the same view of children being permanently indebted to their parents.3) Western parents try to respect their children’s individuality, encouraging them pursue their true passions, supporting their choices, and providing positive reinforcement and nurturing environment.(2) Multiple Choices1) D 2) C 3) B 4) D 5) A(3) True or False1.T This often requires fortitude on the part of the parents because the child will resist; thingsare the hardest at the beginning, which is where Western parents tend to give up.2.T Tenacious practice, practice, practice is crucial for excellence; rote repetition is underratedin America.3. F.I felt terrible and deeply ashamed of what I had done. But it didn't damage my self-esteemor anything like that.4.F By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings aboutachievement, and try to persuade themselves that they're not disappointed about how their kids turned out.5.T In other words, Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches. Chineseparents aren't. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently.6.F Second, Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything. The reason for this is alittle unclear, but it's probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children.7.T My husband, Jed, actually has the opposite view. "Children don't choose their parents," heonce said to me.8.T Third, Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and thereforeoverride all of their children's own desires and preferences. That's why Chinese daughters can't have boyfriends in high school and why Chinese kids can't go to sleepaway camp.9.F For their part, many Chinese secretly believe that they care more about their children and arewilling to sacrifice much more for them than Westerners, who seem perfectly content to let their children turn out badly. I think it's a misunderstanding on both sides.10.F I think it's a misunderstanding on both sides. All decent parents want to do what's best fortheir children. The Chinese just have a totally different idea of how to do that.1.3.3实验案例1-3词汇学习（T1）(1) Blank Filling1) override 2)assume3) mediocre 4) inadequate 5) aptitude6) disapproval 7)devastated8) indebted 9) get away with 10) portrays(2) Translation1) a virtuous circle 2) rote repetition3) get away with 4) legally actionable5) a mediocre performance 6) gasp in horror7) schedule a meeting 8) filial piety9) pursue one’s passions 10) repay parents1.3.4 实验案例1-4 句型掌握（T1）(1) Sentence Translation1) 相反，西方父母需要小心翼翼地提及这个话题，从“健康”的角度谈起而且绝不能提“肥”这个字儿。

浙江省2018年1月自学考试英国文学选读试题课程代码：10054PartⅠ. Blank-filling:Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according tothetextbook. (10 points in all, 1 point for each)1. Shakespeare’s plays have been traditionally divided into three categories: histories, ______ andtragedies.2. William Caxton was the first person who introduced ______ into England.3. Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surreybrought in blank verse.4. The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works inthe field of literature. This tendency is known as ______.5. The three unities refer to those of time, place and ______.6.RegardedasThomasGray’sbestandmostrepresentativework,ElegyWritteninaCo untryChurchyardis more or less connected with the melancholy event of the death of ______.7. In 1704 Jonathan Swift published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, ATale of a Tub andThe Battle of the Books, which established his name as a ______.8. InLady Chatterley’s Lover, Lawrence not only condemns the civilized world of mechanism fordistorting human relationships, but also advocates a return to ______.9.ThesocialDarwinism,underthecoverof“survivalofthefittest”,vehementlyadvoca tedcolonialism and ______.10.Dublinersis the first important work of Joyce’s lifelong preoccupation with______ life.PartⅡ. Multiple-choice questions:Select from the four choices A, B, C, D of each item the one that best answers the question orcompletes the statement. (30 points in all, 1 point for each)11. Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “______”.1A. lyrical linesC. mighty linesB. soft linesD. religious lines12. Francis Bacon is not only the first important essayist but also the founder of modern ______ inEngland.A. poetryC. proseB. novelD. science13. Spenser’s masterpiece is ______, which is a great poemof the age.A.The Shepheardes CalenderC.The Rape of LucreceB.The Faierie QueeneD.The Canterbury Tales14.John Milton wrote ______ to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”.A.Paradise LostC.LycidasB.Paradise RegainedD.Samson Agonistes15. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classicalworks of the ancient Greek and ______ writers.A. ItalianC. GermanB. BritishD. Roman16. The romantic poets of the ______ peasant poet, Robert Burns and William Blake also joinedlamenting lyrics, paving the way for the flourish of Romanticism early the next century.A. BritishC. ScottishB. IrishD. Wales17.The Pilgrim’s Progressis the most successful religious ______ in the English language.A. allegoryC. fairy taleB. fableD. essay18. ______ once defined a good style as “proper words in proper places”.A. John DonneC. Daniel DefoeB. Jonathan SwiftD. John Bunyan19. Gray’s “Elegy written in a Country Churchyard” once and for all established his fame as theleader of the ______ poetry of the day.A. romanticB. historical2C. lyricalD. sentimental20. Marx once extolled ______ as “an instinctive defender of the masses of the people against theencroachmentof the bourgeoisie”.A. William GodwinC. William CobbetB. William BurkeD. William Fox21.______,definedbyColeridge,isthevitalfacultythatcreatesnewwholesoutofdispa rateelements.A. RationC. AlliterationB. ReasonD. Imagination22. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poemsabout nature and poems about ______.A. human lifeC. social activitiesB. urban lifeD. inner life of an individual23. Coleridge’s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the______ and the conversational.A. naturalC. spiritualB. religiousD. demonic24. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his ______ poetic drama,Prometheus Unbound(1820).A. one-actC. two-actB. three-actD. four-act25.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the ______ myth of Endymion and themoon goddess.C. ItalianB. RomanD. British26.JaneAusten’sNorthangerAbbeysatirizesthosepopular______romancesofthela te18thcentury.A. sentimentalC. GothicB. lyricalD. rational27. Chronologically the Victorian period roughly conincides with the reign of Queen ______ who3ruled over England from 1836 to 1901.A. ElizabethC. MaryB. VictoriaD. Anne28. The aestheticists Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater are two notorious advocators of the theory of______.A. art for life’s sakeC. art for art’s sakeB. art for money’s sakeD. art for reader’s sake29. Brought up with strict orthodoxy, Charlotte would usually stick to the______ code.A. ChristianC. PuritanicalB. Islamic30. As far as Emily Bronte’s literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a______.A. novelistC. poetB. dramatistD. essayist31. Tennyson’s most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete is ______.A.In MemoriamC.Poems by Two BrothersB.Idylls of the KingD.Poems, Chiefly Lyrical32.ThePublicationof______finallyestablishedBrowning’spositionasoneofthegreat estEnglish poets.A.The Ring and the BookC.Men and WomenB.The Book and the RingD.Dramatic Lyrics33. Hardy’s best local-colored works are very known as“novels of character and ______.”A. personalityC. domestic lifeB. natureD. environment34. The French ______ , appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.A. symbolismC. naturismB. futurismD. surrealism35.Inhisnovelofsocialsatire,H.G.Wellsmaderealisticstudiesoftheaspirationsandfru strations of the ______.A.Little ManB.Big Man4C.Social ManD.Jungle Man36. Modernist novels came to a decline in the ______ , though Joyce and Woolf continued theirexperiments.A. 1920sC. 1940sB. 1930sD. 1950s37. The most original playwright of the ______ is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beingsliving a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.A.Theater of TraditionC.Theater of AngryB.Theater of ReasonD.Theater of Absurd38. Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great tradition of ______.A. romanticismC. symbolismB. realismD. humanism39. ______ is the first novel of the Forsyte trilogies written by John Galsworthy in 1920.A.The Man of PropertyC.To LetB.In ChanceryD.A Modern Comedy40.Ulysses ends with the famous monologue by ______, who is musing in a half-awake state overthe past experience.A. Leopold BloomC. MollyPartⅢ. Definition:Define the literary terms listed below. (20 points in all, 5 points for each)41. Humanism42. Gothic novel43. The red thirties44. SymbolismPart IV. Reading Comprehension:ReadthequotedpartscarefullyandanswerthequestionsinEnglish.(20pointsinall,5p oints for each)45. “Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;5B. Stephen DedalusD. FinnegansNor shall death bragthou wander’st in his shade,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long live this, and this gives life to thee”.Questions:A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. Briefly interpret this part.46. “Behold her, single in the field,You solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! for the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.”Questions:A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. Comment the rime scheme.47. “Do I dareDisturb the universe?In a minute there is timeFor decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.Questions:A. Which essay is this passage taken from? Who is the author?B. Briefly interpret this passage.48.“Ilingeredbeforeherstall,thoughIknewmystaywasuselesstomakemyinterestinh erwares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. Iallowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from oneend of the gallery that the light was out.Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my6eyes burned with anguish and anger”.Questions:A. Which essay is this passage taken from? Who is the author?B. Why the hero saw himself “as a creature driven and derided by vanity”?PartⅤ. Topic Discussion:Give brief answers to the following questions.(20 points in all, 10 points for each)49.Tennysonisagenuineartist.Heisquiteknownforhisartisticfeatures.Discussthem ajorartistic features of his poetry.50. What is the theme of G. B. Shaw’s play Mrs.Warren’s Profession?7。

Unit OneText A: Language FocusVocabularyI．Blank-filling1.1) respectable 2) agony 3) put..down 4) sequence 5) hold back 6) distribute7) off and on 8) vivid 9) associate 10) finally 11) turn in 12) tackle2.1) has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office.2) was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not3) a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time4) gave the command the soldiers opened fire.5) buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out3.1) reputation rigid to inspire 2) and tedious What’s more out of date ideas3) compose career avoid showing hardly hold backII. Synomymsposed2. severe3. agony4. extraordinary5. recall6. command7. was violating 8. anticipateIII. Collocation1.At2. For3. Of4. With5. As6. About7. To8. In in9. From10. On/uponComprehension ExercisesI.Cloze1.Text-related1)Hold back 2) tedious 3) scanned 4) recall 5) vivid 6) off and on7) turn out/in 8) career2.Theme-related1)Last 2) surprise 3) pulled 4) blowing 5) dressed 6) scene7) extraordinary 8) image 9) turn 10) excitementII.Translation1.Sentence1)As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to.2)His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it tookhold.3)Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months,they have decided to increase its production.4)It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules./Billis said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules.5)It’s reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility ofa severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken propermeasures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.2.PassageSusan lost her legs because of/in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again.One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye/she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer.Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life.Text B:Comprehension Check1-6: CACDBDTranslation:1.我耳朵里嗡嗡作响，听不见他们后来讲的话，只东一点西一点渗入片言只语。

介词副词填空Unit 1 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. The prospect marriage terrified Alice.Correct answer: of2. A campaign corruption was launched by the central government.Correct answer: against3. The point issue is whether we go to the party.Correct answer: at4. We must not shrink difficulties.Correct answer: from5. He is out employment and faces the problem of hunger.Correct answer: of6. this end in view, they employed 50 new staff.Correct answer: With7. A rich harvest is prospect, so we all are working enthusiastically.Correct answer: in8. His poor performance gave rise the challenge from his boss.Correct answer: to9. Repetition does not transform a lie a truth.Correct answer: into10. The president is committed reforming health care.Correct answer: to11. The country was descending chaos.Correct answer: into12. Now that you are grown up, you should not rely your parents.Correct answer: on13. A slip of the tongue can often bring unexpected results.Correct answer: about14. Keep those chairs; they are just painted.Correct answer: off15. The students formed an alliance the labor party to combat corruption.Correct answer: with16. We became good friends in spite his quick temper.Correct answer: of17. He set his own business immediately after his graduation from college.Correct answer: up18. Chinese people like to sit for the coming new year on New Year's Eve.Correct answer: up19. He was forced to drop of school because he had to support his family.Correct answer: out20. The letters BBC stand British Broadcasting Company.Correct answer: forUnit 2 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. The earliest money of China can be traced thousands years ago.Correct answer: to2. Apart English, we study Russian and Spanish.Correct answer: from3. I can not imagine my life apart you.Correct answer: from4. All the approaches the palace were guarded by troops.Correct answer: to5. Children's fears also may stem their imagination, and you should take these feelings seriously.Correct answer: from6. Astronomy, as distinct astrology, is an exact science.Correct answer: from7. A person out tune with his surroundings is unhappy.Correct answer: of8. What I'm most concerned is the health of my elder parents.Correct answer: about9. The first chapter is concerned the disposal of nuclear waste.Correct answer: with10. He did quite well in English, but as far mathematics is concerned, he was hopeless. Correct answer: as11. I can feel the butterflies my stomach before entering the room.Correct answer: in12. If you get too close to them, they may pull .Correct answer: away13. Calm and tell me what's wrong.Correct answer: down14. I'm getting married next week, but please don't let to anyone about it.Correct answer: on15. There was nothing silence in the room.Correct answer: but16. His height makes him stand in the crowd.Correct answer: out17. They set off in search the lost child in the forest.Correct answer: of18. She soon picked French when she went to live in France.Correct answer: up19. We are still in the dark about the cause of the disease, with our minds full knots. Correct answer: of20. The spokes of the wheel diverge the nub.Correct answer: fromUnit 3 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb.Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. He sold the car his wife's knowledge.Correct answer: without2. He made his fortune deception in the early years, but was punished later on. Correct answer: by3. Don't criticize your husband his presence.Correct answer: in4. May we have the pleasure of your presence our English party on Saturday?Correct answer: at5. They took heavy coats as a precaution the cold weather.Correct answer: against6. Can I count your loyalty?Correct answer: on7. It is difficult to make friends with her; she is constantly the offensive.Correct answer: on8. He was taken custody by the police for his suspected forgery of money.Correct answer: into9. She will not help her own brother, not mention a stranger.Correct answer: to10. We are friends of many years and I identify her sorrow and happiness that of mine. Correct answer: with11. The journalist tried every means he could, but he failed to extract any information the prisoner.Correct answer: from12. Always look your work before handing it in.Correct answer: through13. For security reasons, tear paper before putting it in the trash can.Correct answer: up14. When you leave your office, remember to log your computer.Correct answer: off15. Despite the threat of war, people go their work as usual.Correct answer: about16. I have placed those documents file.Correct answer: on17. You should tell her, because she'll find it out sooner later.Correct answer: or18. He received a great deal support from his friends.Correct answer: of19. I hope you'll excuse us leaving so early.Correct answer: for20. He cheated Underwood and Underwood threatened to pay him afterwards.Correct answer: backUnit 4 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. They were the middle of dinner when I called.Correct answer: in2. It occurred me that what he has been telling me all these years was just a complete lie. Correct answer: to3. I hope someone hits a way out of this difficulty soon.Correct answer: on / upon4. The truth at last dawned her.Correct answer: on / upon5. The possibility that she might be wrong never occurred her.Correct answer: to6. Her youth gives her an advantage the other runners.Correct answer: over7. I have no one to turn . I have been on my own since I was very young.Correct answer: to8. Keeping a record of your pain a regular basis is often helpful.9. What was his reaction the plan?Correct answer: to10. The man lived poverty after his unemployment.Correct answer: in11. The bus was held because a tree had fallen across the road.Correct answer: up12. I'm lost when it comes using the computer.Correct answer: to13. All the stores and shops in this city close on Sundays.Correct answer: down14. It was the first time he had seen his work print.Correct answer: in15. They cut unnecessary expenditure.Correct answer: down16. Soldiers barred the road so we had to turn .Correct answer: back17. The criminals held the bus and took all the money.Correct answer: up18. When it comes money, women really are more responsible than men, with an international survey finding that they're less likely to get into debt.Correct answer: to19. The whole team were counting me for this competition, but I let them down. Correct answer: on20. John is a man large frame.Correct answer: ofUnit 5 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. After her operation, she was confined bed for a week.2. He emigrated Britain to Australia in order to find a better job.Correct answer: from3. His paintings are display at the exhibition.Correct answer: on4. He was rewarded recognition of his service.Correct answer: in5. My boss is a bad mood today.Correct answer: in6. They'll soon settle ; kids are very good at adjusting.Correct answer: in7. Chains are a badge slavery.Correct answer: of8. Letters of protest arrived droves.Correct answer: in9. She left her home reluctantly and sick heart.Correct answer: at10. The situation is now so bad that any change is probable to be a change the better. Correct answer: for11. When I come a new word, I put it down in my notebook.Correct answer: across12. The moral of this story doesn't come .Correct answer: across13. He laid the foundation his future success by hard work.Correct answer: for14. We must confront the future optimism.Correct answer: with15. The stockholders are optimistic the company's future.Correct answer: about16. The use of H-bombs would be an outrage humanity.Correct answer: against17. The goods were lost transit.Correct answer: in18. He went a secret mission.Correct answer: on19. I do hope for a turn the better in the near future.Correct answer: for20. He's in no mood telling jokes.Correct answer: forUnit 6 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. Combine the eggs a little flour and heat the mixture gently.Correct answer: with2. The actor glanced the audience and spotted his wife in the third row.Correct answer: around3. I shall miss you very much and thank you your company.Correct answer: for4. If you have nothing to do this evening, come and have dinner with us.Correct answer: over5. always, John is only interested in how to turn the situation to his own advantage. Correct answer: As6. I tried to stand my own feet rather than turn to my parents.Correct answer: on7. Their sudden attack made us more aware the danger around us.Correct answer: of8. I concentrated on my present proposition to keep sliding back into the terrible memories.Correct answer: from9. Your argument was clear to us the start, there is no need to labor the point.Correct answer: from10. I would hold on to that house for the time being because house prices are risingsharply ）the moment.Correct answer: at11. Willie accidentally let his father's shotgun and made a hole in the wall.Correct answer: off12. You need an element of surprise or adventure periodically your life.Correct answer: in13. The doctor told him not to smoke, but he turned a deaf ear the advice.Correct answer: to14. The play was poorly acted, being far too long.Correct answer: besides15. I always sleep the window open unless it gets really cold.Correct answer: with16. We had to learn to work with others and many of our own ideas would be pushed for the good of the whole.Correct answer: aside17. The students registration for the course will begin Thursday morning.Correct answer: on18. Would you collide it, or would you be able to stop in time?Correct answer: with19. Try not to trip these roots—they are difficult to see under all these leaves.Correct answer: over20. Could I have a cigarette? I seem to have run of them.Correct answer: outUnit 7 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. When does the next train leave New Orleans?Correct answer: for2. Anyone who is startled an unexpected noise tends to blink.Correct answer: by3. I can still picture him laughing and smiling at me now, as I clumsily held him for the very first time my arms.Correct answer: in4. Shoppers fled the street panic after two bombs exploded in central London.Correct answer: in5. Have you looked the magazine he mentioned yesterday?Correct answer: up6. They are such good friends that they can hardly separate each other.Correct answer: from7. Alone in London, without friends, work, or money, Shelley fell despair.Correct answer: into8. Dogs always know who's bad and will naturally bark them.Correct answer: at9. Squirrels have been stealing flags to use liners for their nests.Correct answer: as10. Do you think you are capable writing poems?Correct answer: of11. In order to make him accept our suggestion, I decided to work him immediately. Correct answer: on12. Don't tell me how it ends. I haven't read all the way yet.Correct answer: through13. The patient failed to respond the medicine.Correct answer: to14. You mustn't project your guilt me.Correct answer: onto15. We have to live the fact that this experiment is a complete failure.Correct answer: with16. Here is a scene that you see almost every day: a car being driven erratically by a drivertalking distractedly his mobile phone.Correct answer: into17. This paper discusses the subject of city managing penetratingly, and analyzes some disputes the concept of city managing.Correct answer: on18. The previously unidentified objects have now been definitely ascertained being satellites.Correct answer: as19. He has feel impatient because of being put repeatedly.Correct answer: off20. It was a great party. I helped myself many delicious foods.Correct answer: toUnit 8 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. Never forget to bring you your toothbrush when traveling.Correct answer: with2. Aspirin various forms is sold under a wide range of trade names.Correct answer: in3. If you are born with black eyes, black hair and yellow skin, you belong the yellow race. Correct answer: to4. Lamp posts are standing intervals along the street.Correct answer: at5. The government is expected to lay an additional tax us by the end of the year. Correct answer: on6. According to a different approach, the military exercise may be divided different categories.Correct answer: into7. He always kept the picture of his whole family closely hand.Correct answer: at8. He managed to insinuate himself his aunt's favor.Correct answer: into9. I'm sorry I've already taken so much of your valuable time.Correct answer: up10. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, and Sunday and Monday are my days .Correct answer: off11. Is money so fascinating as to be worthy sacrificing your life?Correct answer: of12. I wonder why father is angry whatever I say or do.Correct answer: at/with13. He had always kept himself at one remove other people.Correct answer: from14. Her blindness of both eyes resulted a traffic accident.Correct answer: from15. This opera finely brings out his spirit of wholehearted dedication the revolution. Correct answer: to16. The clerk laid the two sheets of paper each other and compared their contents. Correct answer: alongside17. A succession of disasters came on him so fast and such unexpected violence. Correct answer: with18. She caught hold the person in front to steady herself, otherwise she would fall down the stairs.Correct answer: of19. To start , we lack the money, and secondly, lack the time.Correct answer: with20. many scientists, chance is a perfectly respectable and useful concept.Correct answer: ToUnit 9 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. He was as busy as a bee trying to put the house order.Correct answer: in2. There are so many good new actors around that the older ones will soon have tolook )their laurels.Correct answer: to3. The invention of paper was a great contribution human civilization.Correct answer: to4. The telephone operator cut us before we had finished our conversation.Correct answer: off5. With the continuous growth and pervasion of the Internet, the demand intelligent search engine is greater and greater.Correct answer: on6. He vowed quite solemnly that he would carry his promise.Correct answer: out7. One of the easiest and quickest ways to get is by consciously building up your knowledge of words.Correct answer: ahead8. The firm will go broke if it cannot pay its debts in two months.Correct answer: off9. Shops cater the do-it-yourself craze by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.Correct answer: for/to10. Line against the window so that you can be seen clearly.Correct answer: up11. The slump on Wall Street set a chain reaction in stock markets around the world. Correct answer: up12. The real question is who can make those thoughts turn wealth.Correct answer: into13. He went to the badminton club times during his school days.Correct answer: at14. The reflected sunlight would allow these cities to save electricity.Correct answer: up15. The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. Correct answer: as16. Both players are equally good so it is impossible predict who will win.Correct answer: to17. Arriving a completely new and strange city, she felt a scent of refreshment.Correct answer: at18. By the way, I am going to clean all the old files by tomorrow.Correct answer: out19. Side side or miles apart, dear friends are always close to the heart.Correct answer: by20. Many young mobile phone users can dash whole messages in a minute.Correct answer: offUnit 10 Part 10 Blank filling (with the appropriate preposition or adverb)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate preposition or adverb. Fill in each blank with only ONE word. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions and adverbs.1. Evidence based the reports of others rather than the personal knowledge of a witness is therefore generally not admissible as testimony.Correct answer: on2. He made a resolution read something profitable for one hour every day.Correct answer: to3. They launched at least two spaceships outer space each year.Correct answer: into4. The general provisions in the constitution apply its generality and the particular provisions to its particularity.Correct answer: to5. As we climbed higher, a wonderful view opened before us.Correct answer: out6. Does the window open or outwards?Correct answer: inwards7. I suggest you concentrate most of your time and energy stimulating your potential ability.Correct answer: on8. The child's toys do not last very long as he pulls them .Correct answer: about9. Below the open fields that stretch before me, I can vaguely see some towns in the distance between the mist and the clouds.Correct answer: out10. When danger comes, I roll myself a ball so my sharp quills point out in all directions. Correct answer: into11. For a long time, people believed the universe was infinitely big: it went forever in every direction.Correct answer: on12. Many of the tourists board had begun bargaining with the tradesman.Correct answer: on13. If you air your quilt on such a wet day, it will soak the moisture.Correct answer: up14. The hostess' warm and genuine welcome made us feel home at once.Correct answer: at15. The manager thought that John would not make a good salesman. But it turned that John came through with flying colors in the first month.Correct answer: out16. There are three major advantages of the design, cheapness, simplicity and availability. Correct answer: namely17. He was such a hurry that he put his clothes on anyhow.Correct answer: in18. He was momentarily unable speak with excitement.Correct answer: to19. Be concerned about the affairs of state others, and enjoy comfort after others. Correct answer: before20. It suddenly started to rain, and I was soaked by the time I got home.Correct answer: through。

New Horizon English Course III Test参考答案（总分：100分）I. Proper Response（每题1分，共5分）1. D2. D3. C4. A5. BII. Understanding Short Dialogues（每题1分，共5分）6. D7. A8. A9. B10. CIII. Understanding Short Conversations（每题1分，共10分）11. B 12. D 13. A14. C 15. A16. D 17. D 18. B19. C 20. DIV. Spot Dictation（每题1分，共5分）21. won 22. village 23. aimed at 24. others 25. pastV. Word Forms（每题1分，共10分）26. truly27. likely28. Everyone29. grammar30. various31. operator32. sank33. titled34. outstanding35. leavesVI. Multiple Choice (Vocabulary)（每题1分，共10分）36. A37. C38. A39. B40. A41. D42. B43. B44. C45. BVII. Multiple Choice (Reading Comprehension)（每题1分，共5分）46. D 47. A 48. B 49. A 50. CVIII. Blank Filling (Reading Comprehension)（每题1分，共5分）51. natural beauty 52. various tourist activities 53. nature lovers 54. water sports 55. over 1,000IX. Matching（每题1分，共10分）56. C 57. F 58. K 59. B 60. N 61. A 62. E 63. J 64. L 65. HX. True or False（每题1分，共5分）66. F 67. T 68. T 69. F 70. TXI. Phrase Translation（每题1分，共5分）71. look up72. 连续地73. take part in social activities74. 亲自75. let onXII. Basic Writing（每题1分，共15分）76. 1.Many people are surprised when they find that the Internet is set up. 77. I need some paper, but there is none here. 78. She is rich while her sister is poor. 79. I practice speaking English every morning. 80. Why did she drink as much as she could? 81. David taught science at the school. 82. One way is to find out more about them. 83. The first ice cream factory was established in the United States in 1851. 84. I have never lost a book before. 85. Tom has already bought a new coat. 86. He drove a car for Mr. Black, a rich businessman. 87. Would you mind if I open the window? 88. Swimming is very popular in summer. 89. We can write a program to the TV station and the newspaper. 90. Yesterday he cut down the tree because it was dying.XIII. Practical Writing（每题10分，共10分）91. 1. April 20 2. General Manager 3. discuss the co-operation in details 4. the place and the time 5. Jessie Sun。

The Colonial PeriodI) Blank Filling:1. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______________values that dominated much of t he early American writing.2. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established Europea n poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. ____________Brandstreet was one such poet.3. __________wrote his most impressive work The Magnalia Christi America.4. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was________5. The Puritan philosophy known as __________ was important in New England during the colonial tim e, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.6. Before his death, Jonathan __________had gained a position as America‟s first systematic philosopher.7. Jonathan Edwards‟ masterpiece is__________.8. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by_______.II) Multiple Choice1. The Puritan dominating values were ____________.A. hard workB. thriftC. pietyD. sobriety2. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillf ul preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.3. Jonathan Edwards‟ best and most representative sermon was_________.A. A True Sight of SinB. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodC. A Model of Christian CharityD. God‟s Determinations4.. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the ___________.A. RevolutionismB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. rationalism5. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “__________” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First MuseII. Period around The War of IndependenceI) Blank Filling1. The War of Independence lasted eight years till_____________.2. Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, was appropriately born into an a ge of _______________.3. A series of sixteen pamphlets by Paine was entitled ___________2 4. Franklin‟s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____________.5. Franklin was the epitome if the ____________,the versatile, practical embodiment of national man in the 18th century.6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was ____________.7. ____________was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution.”8. Except Common Sense, Paine‟s the other two famous works were _________and ___________.9. Eighteen-century America experienced an age of ____________, of ___________, and ___________ ___like England and Europe.10. Franklin‟s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his ___________and __________.II) Multiple choice1. In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment. ____________was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution2. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic? A. The American Cr isis. B. The Federalist C. Declaration of Independence D. The Age of Reason3. “These are the times that try men‟s souls”, these words were once read to Washington‟s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington4. Who was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WigglesworthD. Philip Freneau5. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called t he __________.A. Charitist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Moder nist MovementIII. Period of RomanticismI) Blank Filling1. In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote ___________which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.2. The Romantic period in the American literary history covers the time between the end of the _______ ______century to the outbreak of the __________. It started with the publication of Irving‟s __________ ___and ended with Whitman‟s ___________. This period is also called ____________.3. Irving‟s The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches and tales, of which the most famous and f requently anthologized are ____________and ___________.4. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological co ncerns of American _____________and European Romanticism.5. ___________ was regarded as Father of the American short stories.6. Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, and the other is ___________ __.7. Cooper‟s novel ___________was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during 3 the Re volutionary War.8. The central figure in the Leather stocking Tales is _____________, who goes by the various names of Leather Stocking. Deer slayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.9. In ___________, Whitman airs his sorrow at President Lincoln‟s death.10. The great work _____________not only demonstrates Emerson Ian ideas of self-reliance but also de velops and tests Thoreau‟s own transcendental philosophy.11. In ____________, Whitman‟s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a y oung growing America.12. A superb book ____________came out of Thoreau‟s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.13. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne‟s novel_____________.14. Melville‟s novel ____________is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemin gly supernatural white whale.15. The best of Cooper‟s sea romances was ____________. The hero of the novelreprsents john Pall Jones, the great naval fighter of the Revolutionary War.16. ____________ is the narrator in Moby-Dick.17. Transcendentalism was put forward by the people from ___________.18. _____________ has been regarded as “America‟s Declaration of Intellectual Independence.”19. Published in 1823, ____________was the first of the Leather stocking Tales, in their publication tim e, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.20. The way in which ___________wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapt ed itself to American puritan moralist.21. _____________ can some what be called “the Father of the American detective story”.II). Multiple Choice1. In Walt Whitman‟s“There was a Child Went Forth,” the child refers to _________. A. the poet himself as a child B. any American Child C. the young America D. one of the poet‟s neighbor2. In Moby-Dick, the voyage symbolizes _______________.A. the Microcosm of human societyB. a search for truthC. the unknown worldD. nature3. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with _________ ___.A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings4. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and ___________A. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman5. _____________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan communi ty are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. A. Twice-Told Tales B. The Scarlet Letter C. The House of the Seven Gables D. The Marble Faun6. _____________ is regarded as the first American prose epic. A. Nature B. The Scarlet Letter C. Walden D. Moby-Dick7. Washington Irving‟s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his fam ous story,_____________.A. The Legend of Sleep HollowB. Rip Van WinkleC. The Custom-houseD. The Birthmark8. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT___________.A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world9. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature i s particularly evident in ____________.A. Cooper‟s Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet LetterC. Whitman‟s Leaves of GrassD. Irving‟s Rip Van Winkle10. As a philosophical and literary movement, _____________flourished in New England from the 1830 s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism11. In Hawthorne‟s The Scarlet Letter, “A” may stand for_________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above12. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as __________.A. the Naturalist PeriodB. the modern PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodD. the Realistic Period13. All of the following are works by Nathaniel Haw home except___________.A. The House of the Seven GablesB. White jacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Blithe dale Romance14. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature?A. The Sketch Book.B. Leaves of Grass.C. Leather stocking TalesD. Adventures of huckleberry Finn.15. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except____________.A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace16. Emily Dickinson‟s poetic idiom is noted for the following except _________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainest wordsD. obscure17. It is on his ___________that Washington Irving‟s fame mainly rested.A. tales about AmericaB. early poetryC. childhood recollectionsD. sketches about his European tours18. ____________ is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Walt WhitmanC. Ralph Waldo EmersonD. Mark Twain19. The publication of ____________established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of new Engl and Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-Soul20. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _____________a) the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. b) The thought that designates man as a social animal. c) The or ientation that emphasizes those features which men have in common. d) The modes of thinking.21. In the poem “Some of Myself”, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of ___________.A. the theory of universality.B. singularity and equality of beings in valueC. both A and B.D. none above22. Which of the following features cannot characterize poems by Walt Whitman?A. lyrical and well-structuredB. free-flowingC. simple and rather crudeD. conversational and cas ual23. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC.StubbD. Starbuck24. It is on his____________ that Washington Irving‟s fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America25. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “____________________”.A. the English RenaissanceB. the Second RenaissanceC. the American RenaissanceD. the Salem Renaissance26. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ____________________.A. nature, man and the universeB. the relationship between man and womanC. the development of Romanticism in American literatureD. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism27. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is NOT right?A. It‟s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.B. It‟s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.C. It‟s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general.D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.28. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered____________.A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.B. an adventurous exploration into man‟s relationship with natureC. a simple whaling tale or sea adventureD. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty29. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”A. free verseB. blank verseC. alliterationD. end rhyming30. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general Skepticism about the relationship between ______ is well-expressed.A. man and manB. men and womenC. man and natureD. men and God31. Which of the following is right about Emily Dickinson‟s poems about nature?A. In them, she expressed her general affirmation about the relationship between man and nature.B. Some of them showed her disbelief that there existed a mythical bond between man and nature.C. Her poems reflected her feeling that nature is restorative to human beings.D. Many of them showed her feeling of nature‟s inscrutability and indifference to the life and interests of human beings.32. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in an unconventional style which is now called free verse, that is _________.A. lyrical poetry with chanting refrainsB. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeC. poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beatD. poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feelings33. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Faun.D. White Jacket.34. In Hawthorne‟s novels and short stories, intellectua ls usually appear as ______________.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors35. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington36. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.37. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"38. The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision．”TheTerm “black vision” refers to______________.A. Hawthorne's observation that every man faces a black WallB. Hawthorne's belief that all men are by nature evilC. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his storyD. that Puritans of Hawthorne's time usually wore black clothes39. Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme andtechnique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereasWhitman likes to keep his eye on human Society at large, Dickinson oftenaddresses such issues as_______, immortality, religion, love and nature.A. progressB. freedomC. beautyD. death40. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the_______in the American literary history．A. individual feelingB. survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature41. Which of the following is NOT the virtue that Franklin enumerated in his The Autobiography?A. TemperanceB. Humanity (Humility)C. FrugalityD. Immoderation42. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______.A. 18th, the Civil WarB. 18th, the War of IndependenceC. 19th, WWID. 19th, WWII43. _________ believes that the chief aim of literary creation is beauty, and “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”A. Walt WhitmanB. Edgar Allen PoeC. Anne BradstreetD. Ralph Waldo Emerson44. In Emily Dickinson‟s Because I Could Not Stop for Death, ______________.A. death is personified as a devilB. death is described as the tragic end of a person‟s lifeC. death is a stage of life and it leads people to the Heaven of immortalityD. death is described as a beautiful girl who couldn‟t find her final destination45. Which is generally regarded as the manifesto and the Bible of American Transcendentalism?A. Thoreau‟s WaldenB. Emerson‟s NatureC. Poe‟s Poetic PrincipleD. Thoreau‟s Nature47. …Leaves of Grass‟ commands great attention because of its uniquely poeti c embodiment of________, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.A. the democratic idealsB. the romantic idealsC. the self-reliance spiritsD. the religious ideals48. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is ____________.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking。

考研英语(一）阅读新题型全真试题（2005-2014）Type One Blank-filling （完形填句）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the pressure will cause others to incl ude it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years ofgambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences withineach paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks andprint their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any materialbecause of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes anbegin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbedresponse to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” heenforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover orderingprinciples as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draftthe first time around.2009Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different timesin many parts of the world.2012Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.2013Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate —varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Type Two Sequencing （排序题）2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service ope rators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Ove rall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France,。