关于变电站的外文文献

附录Ⅲ英文翻译A comprehensive overview of substationsAlong with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。

变电站建设外文文献翻译变电站建设外文文献翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)General Requirements to Construction of SubstationSubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distancetransmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring thesubstations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substationsfeature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages ,the following basic considerations are taken into account:1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work./doc/554c0a220622192e453610661ed9ad5 1f01d5431.html e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of eachproduction line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity intoindividual particles baffled them.Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.But how can individual electrons be made to break awayfrom atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wandersaway.Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.MagnetsAlmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron /doc/554c0a220622192e453610661ed9ad51f0 1d5431.html ter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship betweenmoving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.翻译：变电站建设的一般要求变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。

变电站的浪涌保护实践设备ENC奥卡福*，直流Idoniboyeobi，IO Akwukwaegbu电气与电子工程系技术，奥韦里联邦大学（尼日利亚）*通讯作者：***********************摘要浪涌电压，特别是那些由于雷电具有非常高的程度。

因此，电力系统需要足够的保护，防止直接雷击。

保护对输电线路的自然或雷电过电压和减少雷电过电压是由适当的线进行设计，提供护卫和地线，并使用浪涌分流。

本文讨论了合适的技术来保护传输线和在变电站（开关设备和变压器）装置。

关键词：输电线路，变电站，开关设备，变压器，接地线，地网，驱逐差距，保护管，分流浪涌1.引言浪涌因雷击通过长期的越野传输大多注入电力系统线。

变电站设备总是很好的保护防止直接雷击。

传输的保护对直接招行需要一个屏蔽，以防止雷电撞击的电导体。

充足排水设施和足够的绝缘结构必须提供使放电可以排出到地面在不影响导电体。

这可防止任何电弧从线路导体接地。

接地线上面放置传输线的相线屏蔽从雷击相导线。

一个屏蔽约300个角度给出了足够的防雷保护。

2.保护输电线路防雷击保护输电线路免受自然或雷电过电压和减少雷电过电压是通过适当的线进行设计，提供警卫和地线，并使用浪涌分流。

以上由于雷击电压可通过尽可能避免或减少在实践中（一）通过使用上面的相线接地线屏蔽架空线路，（二）使用接地棒和计数器泊线，（三）包括像驱逐的差距，对线路保护管，并在分流浪涌保护装置。

线路终端和变电站。

2.1使用屏蔽线或接地线防雷保护接地线是平行于传输线的主要导体的导体段。

它被放置比主导体越高，被支撑在同一塔及接地以相等并定期间隔塔（1，2）。

它的作用有两种方式来保护主导体接地线有助于提高线路导体和地之间的有效电容，例如这是因为静态云电荷的电压导体和地之间出现降低。

这是由电容等效于图1中所示的云导体系统的图示。

图1.电容的等效云导体系统的•比地面高线对屏蔽直接招主导体，虽然它增加一个直接的行程本身更概率比将是主要的导体，如果接地线分别为屏蔽从感应电荷，从云以及从雷电传输线导体放电。

变电站电气设计国内外文献综述1.国外研究现状为了保证电力系统的一致性，欧美中等各个国家在电力的发展上采取了一定的同一措施，例如说力求技术整合标准，统一并共同研讨制定了变电协议基本标准之一的 eiec61850标准。

通过同一个紧密相关的系统功能处理模型，使不同国家不同电厂之间能够很好的进行整合，从而统一的进行质量控制和问题监控。

国外的很多制造商和厂家在这一方面已经做出了出色的成果，他们在不同的变电设备不同的电厂间进行良好的联合，并且生产出来智能的电器仪器设备和二次设备的技术。

我们很容易看到装置是朝着智能化的方向发展的，而且将在未来的很长一段时间都以这个方向进行发展，因为厂家都在寻找适合自己的生产人员，而如何对这些设备进行整合，朝着自动化的方向进步是需要专业人才的。

我们知道一些智能的小型组合开关键和小型智能组合开关柜是小型智能化的一些较特殊的例子，那么在能够看到变电站工作的过程中，就相当于是做了一次网络自动化智能评估。

在整体的个人感受上，经济相差不大，都大大提高了电力变电站的工程技术水平。

有不少的欧美国家把目标放在了智能控制系统上，而中国是在技术和管理得到优化后，再争取能够为正常的此类程序提供服务。

欧美,日本和北美等一些发达国家，他们的电力系统都比较强劲。

除了智能化之外，大多数的变电站都已经实现了无人值守这一特点。

通过统一的调度中心进行管理，所以说当他们的电网真的发生事故的时候，调动中心就可以利用机器来做出最及时的反应和应急处置。

在故障处理和预测方面，欧美国家做的比较先进，他们已经可以通过自动化和调度中心来进行对故障的预判和处理，防范风险等各项工作使得机器能够大规模的增强了可靠性，并可以利用科学的方法进行维护。

2.国内研究现状近些年来随着我们国民经济快速稳定的健康发展,对提高电能生产质量和电力供电系统可靠性建设提出了更高要求,电力工业的快速发展必须充分适应新的发展形势才能满足我们国民经济的快速发展和经济社会的不断进步的新时代要求。