Endo-polysaccharide of Phellinus igniarius exhibited anti-tumor effect through enhancement of cell

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菌中极品、抗癌之王--桑黄

菌中极品、抗癌之王--桑黄
张科
【期刊名称】《农业新技术》
【年(卷),期】2004(000)005
【摘要】@@ 中国<中药大辞典>记载:桑黄,别名桑黄菇、桑耳、胡孙眼,系针层孔菌的子实体,拉丁学名Phellinusigniarus(L.ex.Fr)Quel,中文名鲍氏木层多孔菌,用于治疗盗汗、血崩、血淋、脱肛泻血等疾病.野生多生于杨、柳、桦、桃等阔叶树的枯立木上及树杆上,我国大部分地区均有分布,有"森林黄金"之美称.
【总页数】1页(P30)
【作者】张科
【作者单位】山西省大同市灵丘县委,034400
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.开发菌中极品、抗癌之王桑黄效益高 [J], 张科
2.菌中极品、抗癌之王——桑黄 [J],
3.加快甘肃省药用抗癌真菌桑黄的开发利用对策研究 [J], 李志龙
4.桑黄为何成为菌中极品 [J], 张春凤;张彩玲;郑锡敬
5.菌中极品桑黄 [J], 张科
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

稠环双阳离子抗原生动物药物及其前药[发明专利]

专利名称：稠环双阳离子抗原生动物药物及其前药
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：戴维·W.·博伊金,理查德·R.·蒂德韦尔,戴维·W.·威尔逊,雷托·布伦,雷姆·K.·阿拉法,查德·E.·斯蒂芬斯
申请号：CN200480034750.5
申请日：20041118
公开号：CN1886367A
公开日：
20061227
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明涉及新型稠环双阳离子抗原生动物化合物。

代表性的原生动物包括但不局限于布氏罗得西亚锥虫(T.b.r.)和疟原虫。

这些化合物的前药可以用作疟疾和非洲人类锥虫病口服治疗药物。

申请人：北卡罗来纳大学查珀尔希尔分校,佐治亚州立大学研究基金会公司
地址：美国北卡罗来纳
国籍：US
代理机构：永新专利商标代理有限公司
代理人：过晓东
更多信息请下载全文后查看。

嗜肺巴斯德氏菌

条目编号：医学微生物学设计字数：设计图数：0 实际字数：字条目名称：噬肺巴斯德氏菌——巴斯德氏菌属——中条目作者：作者单位：联系方式： E-mail:提交日期：2015-04-02噬s hì肺fèi巴bā斯sī德dé氏s hì菌jūn P. pneumotropica是很多家畜和野生动物、鸟类口腔或消化道的正常菌丛,是一种条件致病菌,人兽共患;该菌是实验动物中感染率最高的病原菌之一,多呈隐性感染1;分类学上该菌属于巴斯德氏菌科Pasteurellaceae巴斯德氏菌属Pasteurella;噬肺巴斯德氏菌主要有两种生物型,分别为Jawetz生物型和Heyl生物型,二者对碳源和氨基酸的利用有所不同;发现史1878年,Perroncito首次分离到这种在家禽中引起霍乱的杆菌,并作了描述;1886年Huelle首次注意到在野生动物、牲畜、猪和兔子中的疾病,以及家禽中的霍乱具有明显的特点,它们之间看似毫不相干,只是普通的败血症,实际上它们是一类特殊的败血症,易导致黏膜下毛细血管出血,并且每个病例中都检出了短小、两端浓染的细菌;次年,Trevisan建议将这种细菌命名为巴斯德氏菌Pasteurella;随后,所分离到的该细菌的种名采用宿主动物的名称命名,如禽败血巴斯德氏菌是从家禽中分离出来的,牛败血巴斯德氏菌分离自家畜;生物学特征在羊血琼脂平板上37℃培养24~48小时,可以形成~左右灰白色,或者浅黄色,光滑圆润的菌落,极少发生溶血反应;Jawetz型菌落的颜色通常为灰白色,Heyl型菌落的颜色则通常为黄色;大多数菌株在麦康凯琼脂上培养48小时不生长; 镜下见革兰氏阴性杆菌,呈两级浓染,形态不规则,无芽孢、无荚膜;致病性噬肺巴斯德氏菌作为条件致病菌,分布广泛,主要感染啮齿类动物,对实验动物中小鼠、大鼠和豚鼠的危害较大;在国内外的实验动物中,噬肺巴斯德氏菌是目前感染率最高的病原菌之一;噬肺巴斯德氏菌也是人兽共患病原,人感染此菌多数情况是接触了带菌宠物,被咬伤、抓伤后受到感染;不同年龄和性别的人均可感染,能引起免疫缺陷动物或免疫功能低下者发病,引起人的局部和全身感染,包括关节炎、脓肿,严重者可发热、盗汗、明显消瘦和菌血症,还可造成手术部位红肿,造成院内感染;免疫特征噬肺巴斯德氏菌在免疫功能正常的动物中一般呈隐性感染, 不表现出任何的临床症状;小鼠在感染噬肺巴斯德氏菌后的第２天,肺中的Ｔ淋巴细胞CD4＋和CD8＋、自然杀伤细胞 CD49bDX5和巨噬细胞F4/80＋明显增多;而在感染后一周,这些细胞的又会恢复到正常范围;MHC II,Tlr4和Nrampl三个基因在小鼠肺部免疫中起着重要的作用,参与免疫的重要性程度为 MHC II= Tlr4＞Nrampl;缺乏这三种基因的小鼠对噬肺巴斯德氏菌更加易感;其中Tlr4对防止噬肺巴斯德氏菌感染具至关重要的作用;跨膜受体Tlr4有助于巨噬细胞在感染早期对噬肺巴斯德氏菌进行识别和清除,即使是缺乏CD4＋T细胞,也可以实现对机体的保护;实验室检测其表型和基因特征与放线菌属相似,不同的菌株在吲哚和鸟氨酸脱羧酶的产生有所不同,不发酵甘露醇;另外菌株对NAD的依赖性也可以作为噬肺巴斯德氏菌的鉴定指标;血清凝集试验是检测噬肺巴斯德氏菌的一项重要参考项目; 凝集试验所用阳性血清是由全菌抗原免疫相应动物获得的;基于两种生物型的差异,可疑菌株需要用生物型Jawetz和Heyl两种免疫血清分别进行检测;由于全菌抗原极易发生交叉反应,国内已有研究用脂多糖LPS和外膜蛋白OMP作为免疫抗原,具有更好的抗原特异性和敏感性;在实际检测过程中,经常会遇到分离培养和血清凝集试验不能完成对噬肺巴斯德氏菌的有效检测,这时还需要采用PCR方法进行验证;相关疾病防治原则噬肺巴斯德氏菌对一至四代头孢菌素类抗生素及四环素、哌拉西林、复方新诺明、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、青霉素等各类抗生素均敏感;通过药敏试验表明大部分噬肺巴斯德氏菌株对恩氟沙星敏感,用恩氟沙星经由饮水长期饲喂小鼠,可以有效去除小鼠种群中噬肺巴斯德氏菌;在各种环境因素中,饮水、饲料、垫料和换气次数等是主要应该控制的项目; 室温下20~25℃,PP在PBS中最长可存活6天,在蒸馏水和自来水中只能存活3天;在饲料、垫料中,PP的污染几率也很小,即便是纯培养的PP菌落,血琼脂培养基上存活也不会超过一周; 饮水、饲料和垫料的污染并不是实验动物感染PP的主要原因;到目前为止,国内尚嗜肺巴斯德杆菌感染人的报道十分罕见;但根据实验动物微生物监测的结果可推测,该菌在我国环境中同样广泛存在; 由于流浪猫、犬的大量存在,以及饲养各种动物作为宠物的人越来越多,该菌的暴露人群的基数是非常庞大的;这些动物都可能作为该菌的中间宿主,通过抓咬感染人,因此应该引起我们足够的重视;索引词参考文献1 范薇, 贺争鸣. 普通级啮齿类实验动物部分细菌携带情况的初步调查J. 实验动物科学与管理, 2001, 182: 18-20.2 邢进, 冯育芳, 岳秉飞, 等. 嗜肺巴斯德杆菌研究进展J. 中国实验动物学报, 2014, 222: 90-94.3 祝慧华. 从痰液中分离出 1 株侵肺巴斯德菌J. 临床检验杂志, 2006, 242: 130-130.。

分子生物学词汇(中英文对照表 )

鱼尼汀

鱼尼汀受体的研究进展摘要：以鱼尼汀受体为靶标的双酞胺类杀虫剂由于其较强的杀虫活性和对哺乳动物安全而成为农药研究创制单位关注的热点。

对近些年来在鱼尼汀受体的同工型、高级结构、及以鱼尼汀受体为靶标药剂作用机制等方面的研究进行了综述关键字：鱼尼汀受体作用机制一、相关背景鱼尼汀存在于南美的一种大风子科的豆科植物内。

这是一种广泛生长的低矮树木，当地几千年来曾将其提取涂抹于箭头上来捕杀猎物。

从20世纪中期起，美国默克公司的科技人员开始关注此类植物。

美国天然物质专家Penick等从剁碎的此植物皮中用水提取了鱼尼汀，并确定了结构，美国默克公司以ryanex的商品名进行销售。

鱼尼汀为具有触杀和胃毒作用的选择性杀虫剂，害虫中毒后即停止摄食，但死亡缓慢，被用于果树、甘蔗、玉米等作物防治苹果卷叶蛾、甘蔗钻心虫、蓟马、玉米螟等害虫，也可用于家庭防治蜚镰等。

鱼尼汀较之烟碱和除虫菊醋，其光稳定性较好，更有利于作为农业杀虫剂。

1948年，人们分离了鱼尼汀中活性最高的物质之一一鱼尼汀碱，其初提取物的活性比鱼尼汀高700倍。

由于鱼尼汀碱的结构十分复杂，故难以人工合成，以前对鱼尼碱的研究主要着眼于通过结构修饰，希望发现有选择毒性的化合物，即对昆虫高效而对哺乳动物低毒的化合物，尽管多有文献报道，但至今没有通过结构修饰的活性高且安全的产品报道。

另外，自然界中有很多物质含有鱼尼汀碱，且对人畜的毒性很大，引起哺乳动物僵直性麻痹，因而推广应用受到限制。

据报道，其它含有鱼尼汀碱的物质有从Spigelia anthelmia中分离的spiganthine，它为3，20-邻甲基取代物，可用于治疗心脏及作为驱虫剂。

在鱼尼汀中存在的另一种物质一9，12-脱氢鱼尼汀碱，活性同鱼尼汀碱。

从印度鳄犁中分离的鱼尼汀醇为一种缺少3-吡咯梭酸酯的物质，其效果优于鱼尼汀碱。

还有从樟树中分离的结构与鱼尼汀醇相似的cincassiol和cinncylanol。

受体是细胞在进化过程中形成的细胞蛋白组分，能识别周围环境中某种微量化学物质，首先与之结合，并通过中介的信息转导与放大系统，触发随后的生理反应或药理效应.鱼尼汀受体是位于肌浆网/内质网膜上的一种细胞内钙释放通道，因其能与植物中性碱ryanodine特异性结合而得名。

食用菌拉丁文

食用菌中文和拉丁文对照分类：资料2008-12-20 10:28蘑菇Agaricus campestris木耳Auricularia auricula梭柄松苞菇Catathelasma ventricosum冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis灵芝Ganoderma lucidum白蜡伞Hygrophorus eburnesus尖鳞环锈伞Pholiota spuarrosoides香菇Lentinual edodes红毛盘菌Scutellinia scutellata松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus焰耳Phlogiotis helvelloides金耳Tremella aurantialba褐环粘盖牛肝菌Suillus luteus鹿花菌Gyromitra esculenta臭黄菇Russula fotens桦革褶菌Lenzites betulina篱边粘褶菌Gleophyllum saepiarium硫黄色口蘑Russula fotens泡质盘菌Peziza vesiculosa灰环口蘑Tricholoma cingulatum松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake金盖鳞伞Phaeolepiota aureaPholiota aurea棕灰口蘑Termitomyces cylindricus柱状白蚁伞Termitomyces cylindricus He星孢寄生菇Asterophora lycoperdoides白霜杯伞Clitocybe dealbata角孢离褶伞Lyophyllum transform绒柄小皮伞Marasmius confuens 栎小皮伞Marasmius dryophilus紫沟条小皮伞Marasmius purpurre-ostriatus白香蘑Lepista caespitosa灰紫香蘑Lepista glaucocana肉色香蘑Lepista irina粉紫香蘑Lepista personata花脸香蘑Lepista sordida白黄蜜环菌Armillaria albolanripes黄绿蜜环菌Armillaria luteo-uirens灰鹅膏菌Amanita vaginata褐鳞蘑菇Agaricus crocopeplus白杵蘑菇Agaricus nivescens双环林地蘑菇Agaricus placomyces细褐鳞蘑菇Agaricus praec-laresquamosus紫色蘑菇Agaricus purpurellus白林地蘑菇Agarivus silvicola毛头鬼伞Ciprinus comatus白绒鬼伞Coprinus lagopus毛头乳菇Lactarius torminosus深凹杯伞Clitocybe gibba粪鬼伞Coprinus sterqulinus黄褐环锈伞Pholiota spumosaFlammula spumosa长根奥德蘑Oudemansiella radiata Collybiaradicata双孢蘑菇白蘑菇、洋蘑菇Agaricus bisporus ButtonmushroomCultivated Mushroom巴氏蘑菇（姬松茸）Agaricus blazei Murrill小白菇（小白蘑菇）Agaricus comtulus柱状田头菇（杨树菇）（柳松茸）Agrocybe cylindraceaColumnarAgroc木耳Auricularia auriculawood EarJews Ear毛木耳Auricularia polytrichaHairg jews ear美味牛肝菌松鸟茸Boletus eduli BuulCepKing Bolete鸡油菌Cantharellus cibariusChanterelle淡黄菌（淡黄鸡油菌）Cantharellus lutescens灰菌（灰色鸡油菌）Cantharellus cinereus嗽叭菌Craterellus cornucopioidesHorn of plenty黄丝菌（黄棕丝膜菌）Cortinarius cinnamom丝膜菌（粘柄）Cortinarius collinitus冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensisChisnes Caterpillar Fungus竹荪（长裙）Dictyophora induslataLong Net Stinkhorn 灵芝Ganoderma lucidum karstLing chihVarnished Conk舞茸（灰树花、栗蘑）Grifola frondosa Hen of the woods桂花菌（桂老耳）Guepinia spathularia猴头菌Hericium erinaceus MonkeyheadMushroomBears-head亚侧菇Hohenbuehelia serotingLate Fall Oyster香菇Lentinus edodes SingShiitakeOak Mushroom浓香乳菇Lactarius camphoratus紫丁香菇Lepista nuda羊肚菌Morchella esculenta Yellow MorelHoneycomb Morel凤尾菇Pleurotus sajur-caju糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster Mushroom变绿红菇Russula virescens裂褶菇Schizophyllum commune绣球菌乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinusCow Spunk点柄乳牛肝菌Suillus granulatus松茸Tricholoma matsutakeMatsutake鸡枞菌Termitomyces albuminosusTermite Mushroom 青头菌（青盖拟口蘑）Tricholomolpsis lividipileata青杠菌Tricholoma quercicola Zang 银耳Tremella fuciformis Berk White FungusJellyFungnsSilver Ear老人头植物鲍鱼Catathelasma Ventricosum松茸Tricholoma matsutake牛肝菌Boletus Edulis虎掌菌Sarcodon aspratusBerkS.Ito春羊肚菌Morchella esculenta冷菌Lyophyllum decastesFr.ex fx.Sing鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius部分野生真菌名录2006-05-18 14:01:13标签：野生真菌野生菌食用菌药用菌部分野生真菌名录2003/06/08 23:09标签：野生真菌野生菌食用菌药用菌目录：野生食用蘑菇浏览字体：大中小黑龙江林下野生真菌极其丰富，这里，我仅选取其中重要的菌种，形成以下名录。

有毒的浮游植物及其毒素（二）

有毒的浮游植物及其毒素（二）
杨毓祜
【期刊名称】《水利渔业》
【年(卷),期】1988(000)003
【摘要】四、有毒的蓝藻类蓝藻门约有150属，分布广泛，适应性强，在70-87℃的温水中也能存活。

它们或浮于水中，或着生于岩石上，或附生在水生动、植物体上，生命力旺盛。

【总页数】3页(P45-47)
【作者】杨毓祜
【作者单位】广西水产研究所
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】S792.99
【相关文献】
1.产生有毒物质的浮游植物-浮游动物离散动力学模型分析 [J], 顾恩国;张梅娜;陈
博
2.有毒的浮游植物及其毒素（一） [J], 杨毓祜
3.具有毒素影响的非简化二维Lotka—Volterra模型 [J], 闫慧臻
4.具有Holling-III型功能反映函数的有毒浮游植物与浮游动物相互作用模型的研
究 [J], 李晓娜
5.有毒环境下随机浮游植物系统的动力学行为 [J], 赵汇涛
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

美洲远志根提取物对苯并芘致肺癌小鼠的抗肿瘤作用(英文)

美洲远志根提取物对苯并芘致肺癌小鼠的抗肿瘤作用(英文)Saili Paul;Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya;Asmita Samaddar;Naoual Boujedaini;Anisur Rahman;Khuda-Bukhsh【期刊名称】《中西医结合学报》【年(卷),期】2011(9)3【摘要】目的:研究美洲远志(Polygala senega)根的乙醇提取物对苯并芘致肺癌小鼠的抗肿瘤作用。

方法:瑞士白化小鼠被分为5组,每组6只。

组1为对照组,予口服橄榄油;组2予苯并芘(50mg/kg体质量,溶于橄榄油中),每周2次,连续4周;组3除予与组2相同的苯并芘外,再予48%乙醇;组4予与组2相同的苯并芘,并同时给予美洲远志的乙醇提取物,每日1次,连续16周;组5仅给予美洲远志的乙醇提取物,每日1次,连续16周。

16周后,处死所有小鼠并检测和评价以下指标:2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法测定美洲远志乙醇提取物的抗氧化功效;分别称取各组小鼠的肺组织质量及体质量;彗星实验及酶联免疫吸附法检测DNA损伤情况;分别测定过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、脂质过氧化反应及总含硫化合物含量。

结果:给予美洲远志乙醇提取物治疗的组4小鼠与组3模型组小鼠相比,体质量明显增加而肺组织质量明显降低(P<0.01)。

彗星实验结果显示组4小鼠的DNA损伤较组3小鼠明显减轻(P<0.01)。

酶联免疫吸附法测定p53蛋白水平,组4明显高于组3(P<0.01)。

组2和组3的模型小鼠与组1比较,脂质过氧化反应水平明显升高,而抗氧化标志物的水平明显降低(P<0.05),组4小鼠的这些指标被明显逆转(P<0.01)。

结论:美洲远志对于化学制剂致小鼠肺癌有明确的治疗效果。

【总页数】8页(P320-327)【关键词】远志属;苯并芘;肺肿瘤;抗肿瘤药,植物;小鼠【作者】Saili Paul;Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya;Asmita Samaddar;Naoual Boujedaini;Anisur Rahman;Khuda-Bukhsh【作者单位】Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory,Department of Zoology,University of Kalyani,Kalyani 741235,India;Boiron Laboratory,20,rue de la Liberation,Sainte-Les-Foy-Lyon,France【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R378.12【相关文献】1.美洲大蠊提取物对乙醇致小鼠急性胃溃疡的预防作用 [J], 邹俊波;桑文涛;王芳;杨胜群;张彤;曾南2.美洲大蠊提取物对小鼠3LL肺癌的抑制作用及其机制探讨 [J], 蒋永新;王熙才;金从国;陈晓群;李佳;伍治平;刘光明;李树楠3.黄花远志根和叶提取物对急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用 [J], 谢伟容;高斐雄;林燕燕;陈素慧;郭献忠4.美洲大蠊提取物对Lewis肺癌小鼠抑瘤作用的研究 [J], 蒋永新;王熙才;金从国;陈晓群;王前;刘光明5.美洲大蠊不同工艺提取物对四氯化碳致急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏的保护作用 [J], 周湘;刘学聪;张文超;陈玮璨;刘昕因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

普通植物病理学试题题库

普通植物病理学试题题库绪论1．植物病害、病害症状、病征、病因等的定义2．植物病害的类型有几种？各有什么特点？3．植物病害症状的类型及各类症状的特点。

第二章植物病原真菌1．什么是真菌？2．真菌的营养体的主要类型、结构与功能。

3．真菌无性繁殖、有性生殖的主要方式，以及常见的无性孢子和有性孢子类型。

无性孢子和有性孢子在植物病害发生中所起的主要作用。

4．什么是准性生殖？准性生殖的意义。

5．各亚门各纲的主要特征及分类依据。

6．卵菌与其他鞭毛菌的主要区别。

7．子囊果的类型、形态和结构。

8．担子果的类型和结构。

9．半知菌的产孢结构类型和特点。

10．转主寄生的锈菌和系统侵染与局部侵染的黑粉菌危害寄主植物的特点，其所致病害的控制可采用哪些措施？11．半知菌的含义。

半知菌事实上包含了哪些类型的真菌？为何有的缺乏有性时期的真菌不归在半知菌？12．各纲代表属的特征。

普通植物病理学试题题库第一部分：拉丁学名一、病原菌拉丁学名1、真菌Plasmodiophora （根肿菌属）Physoderma （节壶菌属）Achlya （绵霉属）Pythium （腐霉属）Phytophthora（疫霉属）Peronospora（霜霉属）Spongospora （粉痂菌属）Polymyxa （多粘菌属）Saprolegnia （水霉属）Aphanomyces（丝囊霉属）Sclerospora（指梗霉属）Plasmopara （单轴霉属）Pseudoperonospora （假霜霉属）Bremia （盘梗霉属）Albugo （白锈属）Peronophthora（霜疫霉属）Rhizopus （根霉属）Mucor（毛霉属）Choanephora（笄霉属）Absidia（犁头霉属）Taphrina（外囊菌属）Blumeria（布氏白粉属）Ceratocystis （长喙壳属）Gibberella（赤霉属）Valsa（黑腐皮壳属）Elsinoe （痂囊腔菌属）Guignardia（球座菌属）Venturia （黑星菌属）Sclerotinia （核盘菌属）Erysiphe（白粉属属）Sphaerotheca（单丝壳属）Podosphaera （叉丝单囊壳属）Phyllactinia（球针壳属）Uncinula （钩丝壳属）Microsphaera（叉丝壳属）Meliola（小煤炱属）Glomerella （小丛壳属）Gaeumannomyces（顶囊壳属）Cryphonectria（隐球丛赤壳属）Gnomonia（日规壳属）Phyllachora（黑痣菌属）Diaporthe （间座壳属）Claviceps （麦角菌属）Myrangium（多腔菌属）Mycosphaerella（球腔菌属）Sphaerulina（亚球壳属）Pleospora（格孢腔菌属）Pyrenophora （核腔菌属）Cochliobolus（旋孢腔菌属）Rhytisma（斑痣盘菌属）Lophodermium （散斑壳属）Puccinia（柄锈菌属）Gymnosporangium（胶锈菌属）Ustilago （黑粉菌属）Tranzschelia （疣双胞锈菌属）Uromyces （单胞锈菌属）Phakopsora 锈菌属）Melampsora （栅锈菌属）Urocystis （条黑粉菌属）Entyloma （叶黑粉菌属）Tilletia （腥黑粉菌属）Sphacelotheca （轴黑粉菌属）Neovossia （尾孢黑粉菌属）Doassansia （实球黑粉菌属）Septobasidium （隔担菌属）Helicobasidium （卷担子属）Exobasidium （外担菌属）Phragmidium （多胞锈菌属）Pyricularia （梨孢属属）Penicillium （青霉属）Bipolaris （平脐蠕孢属）Fusarium （镰孢属）Rhizoctonia （丝核菌属）Colletotrichum （炭疽菌属）Macrophomina （壳球孢属）Monilia （丛梗孢属）Botrytis （葡萄孢属）Trichothecium （聚瑞孢属）Ramularia （柱隔孢属）Oidium （粉孢属）Aspergillus （曲霉属）Verticillium （轮枝孢属）Cercospora （尾孢属）Alternaria （链格孢属）Cladosporium（枝孢属）Fusicladium （黑星孢属）Drechslera（内脐蠕孢属）Exserohilum （突脐蠕孢属）Curvularia （弯孢属）Sclerotium （小核菌属）Ustilaginoidea （绿核菌属）Sphaceloma （痂圆孢属）Marssonina （盘二孢属）Cylindrosporium （柱盘孢属）Pestalotia （盘多毛孢属）Phoma （茎点霉属）Phyllosticta （叶点霉属）Macrophoma （大茎点霉属）Phomopsis （拟茎点霉属）Septoria （壳针孢属）Cytospora （壳囊孢属）Diplodia （色二孢属）Ascochyta（壳二孢属）二、请写出引起下列病害的病原菌拉丁文属名（不写种名）十字花科霜霉病十字花科软腐病茄科青枯病马铃薯晚疫病小麦白粉病稻瘟病柑橘溃疡病棉花枯萎病（层第二部分：名词解释半寄生：孢囊孢子（sporangiospore）：孢子（spore）：孢子囊（sporangium）：胞间联丝：胞囊（cyst）：被动抗病性（passive resistance）：闭囊壳（cleistothecium）：避病性（avoidance）：并发症（complex symptoms）：病毒（Virus）：病害三角（disease triangle）：病害循环（disease cycle）：病害严重度（disease severity）：病情指数（disease index）：病因：病原生物（pathogen）：病征（sign）：藏卵器（oogonitun）：层出现象（proliferation）：长生活史型（long life-cycle）：初次侵染（Primary infection）：初生菌丝体（primary myceliun）：次生菌丝体（secondary mycelium）：单分体病毒：单循环病害（monocyclic disease）：单游现象（rnonoplanetism）：单主寄生（autoecism）：担孢子（basidiospore）：担子（basidium）：担子果（basidiocarp）：垫刃型食道（Tylenchoid oesophagi）：冬孢子（teliospore）：毒素（toxin）：短生活史型（short life-cycle）：多分体病毒：多型现象（polymorphism）：多循环病害（polycyclic disease）：发病率（incidence）：发病期（symptom appearance）：非寄主抗性（non-host-resistance）：非寄主专化性毒素（host-non-specifictoxin）：非侵染性病害（Noninfectious diseases）：非小种专化抗病性（race-nonspecific re-sistance）：非循回型（noncirulative）：分生孢子（conidiurn）：分生孢子座（sporodochium）：分生孢子梗（conidiophore）：分生孢子盘（acervulus）：分生孢子器（pycnidium）：腐生物（saprogen）：附生植物（adnascent plant）：附属丝（appendage）：附着胞（appressorium）：复制增殖（multiplication）：刚毛（seta）：共栖（commensalism）：共生〔symbiosis〕：过敏性坏死反应（necrotic hypersensitivereaction）：合子（zygote）：核配（karyogamy）：厚垣孢子（chlamydospore）：滑刃型食道（Aphelenchoid oesophagi）：会阴花纹（perineal pattern）：活体营养型（biotrophe）：获毒（取食）期（acquisition period）：基因对基因学说（gene-for-gene theory）：季节流行曲线（disease progress curve）：寄生物（parasite）：寄生性（parasitism）：寄生性植物（paraatic plaut）：寄生专化性（specialized parasitism）：寄主（host）：寄主专化性毒素（host specific toxin）：假根（rhizoid）：假菌丝（pseudomycelium）：假囊壳（psendoperithecium或pseudothecium）：兼性寄生物（facultative parasite）：减数分裂（meiosis）：检疫法规（quarantine regulations）：胶质（gum）：接合孢子〔zygospore〕：节孢子（arthrospore）：介体传播（vector transmission）：经济阈值（economicthreshold）：菌核（sclerotium）：菌落（colony）：菌丝（hypha）：菌丝融合（anastomosis）：菌丝型分生孢子：菌索（rhizomorph）：苗网（networks loops）：抗病性（resistance to disease）：抗逆性（resistance）：柯赫氏法则（Koch's Rule），类病毒（Viroid）：两游现象（diplanetism）：卵孢子（oospore）：卵囊（egg sac）：卵球（oosphere）：逻辑斯蒂增长期：矛型食道（Dorylaimoid oesophagi）：木栓化（suberization）：内含体（inclusions）：耐病性（tolerance）：拟薄壁组织（pseudoparenchyrna）：农业防治：配子（gamete）：配子囊配合（gametangial copulation）：喷菌现象（bacteria exudation, BE）：匍匐菌丝（stolon）：潜育期（incubation period）：侵染过程（infection process）：侵染剂量（infection dosage）：侵染性病害（infection disease）：侵入期（penetration period）：侵填体（tylose）：全锈型（eu-form rust）：缺素症（nutrition deficiencies）：茸鞭（tinsel）：神经环（nerve ring）：生化变种（biovar）：生活史（life cycle）：生物防治（biological control）：受精作用（spermatization）：疏丝组织（prosenchyma）：死体营养型（necrotroph）：锁状联合（clamp connection）：同宗配合（homothallism）：微效基因抗病性（minor gene resistance）：尾鞭（whiplash）：。

《佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的化学结构及抗凝活性研究》

《佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的化学结构及抗凝活性研究》一、引言近年来，海洋生物活性物质的发现与开发受到了越来越多的关注。

佛州参岩藻（Gracilaria floridana）是一种富含复杂生物活性成分的海洋红藻，其内含的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯（Fucoidan）因其独特的化学结构和显著的生物活性而备受瞩目。

本文旨在研究佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的化学结构及其抗凝活性，以期为相关药物和功能性食品的开发提供理论依据。

二、佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的化学结构佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯是一种由岩藻糖（fucose）通过α-L-岩藻糖苷键连接而成的多糖，具有高度硫酸化的结构特点。

其分子中包含大量的硫酸基团，这些硫酸基团通常位于岩藻糖残基的C-2和C-3位置。

通过现代分析技术如核磁共振（NMR）、质谱（MS）等手段，可以精确地确定其化学结构。

三、抗凝活性的研究方法为了研究佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的抗凝活性，我们采用了多种实验方法。

首先，通过体外实验，观察其对血液凝固过程的影响，包括对凝血酶、抗凝血酶等凝血因子的作用。

其次，通过动物模型，观察其在体内对血液凝固的影响及对相关生理指标的改变。

最后，结合分子生物学技术，探讨其抗凝作用的分子机制。

四、抗凝活性的研究结果1. 体外实验结果：佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯在体外实验中表现出显著的抗凝活性，能够显著抑制凝血酶的活性，增强抗凝血酶的作用，从而有效延长活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和凝血酶原时间（PT）。

2. 动物模型实验结果：在动物模型中，佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯能够显著改善高凝状态，降低血液粘度，预防血栓形成。

同时，对相关生理指标如血小板计数、纤维蛋白原等也有显著的调节作用。

3. 分子机制研究：通过分子生物学技术，我们发现佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯能够与凝血因子结合，抑制其活性；同时还能促进内源性抗凝系统的活性，从而发挥抗凝作用。

五、结论本研究表明，佛州参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯具有独特的化学结构和显著的抗凝活性。

其抗凝作用主要体现在体外对凝血酶的抑制作用、体内改善高凝状态以及调节相关生理指标等方面。

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Endo-polysaccharide of Phellinus igniarius exhibited anti-tumor effect through enhancement of cell mediated immunityLi Chen a ,Jingzhi Pan a ,Xue Li b ,Yong Zhou c ,Qinglong Meng a ,Qi Wang d ,⁎aCollege of Chinese Medicinal Materials,Jilin Agricultural University Changchun,Jilin,130118PR China bTianyao Limited,Jilin,130118PR China cXiuzheng Pharmaceutical Group,Jilin,130118PR China dEngineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi,Jilin Agricultural University Changchun,Jilin,130118PR Chinaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22May 2009Received in revised form 1November 2010Accepted 23November 2010Available online 9December 2010Keywords:Polysaccharide Cytokine Tumor ImmunityThe purpose of this study was to assess the anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects of PIE on tumor cells Sarcoma 180and Hepatoma 22in implanted mice.The monosaccharide composition of PIE was analyzed by GC.The results demonstrated that PIE monosaccharide composition was n(Xyl):n(Man):n (Fuc):n(Glc):n(Gal)=2.3:1:6.4:22.1:19.83.The oral administration of PIE characteristically inhibited the growth of S180and H22cells and increased the life span.The concentrations of serum IL-2and IL-18were signi ﬁcantly increased in the S180implanted mice fed with PIE in the doses of 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg compared with those in control (p b 0.01).The concentrations of serum IL-2were signi ﬁcantly increased in H22implanted mice in the doses of 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg compared with those in control (p b 0.01).©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMalignant tumor is one of the leading causes of death in the world despite newly developed tools and miracle drugs for treatment and diagnosis.The main cause is that immune systems were damaged in tumor treatment.Therefore,it is very important to investigate novel anti-tumor substances with improving immunity potential.Many polysaccharides isolated from mushroom are used as adjuvant in the treatment of cancer disease [1–4].Lentinan,Schizophyllan and Polysaccharide-K have been known to inhibit the growth of various transplantable tumors in experimental animals and increase the survival rate [5],and they have been accepted as immunoceuticals in several oriental countries [6–9].Phellinus igniarius (Linnearus:Fries)Quelet is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal fungi.Over the past several decades,researches have shown that the extract from the fruit body of P.igniarius has anti-in ﬂammatory,antioxidative activities and also has the ability to be an anti-tumor [10–12].However,there are few reports focusing on the relationship between the anti-tumor and immunostimulatory activities of the endo-polysaccharide extracted from the submerged fermentation product of P.igniarius (PIE).In this study,PIE was tested for its potent effect to suppress the proliferation of tumor cells S180and H22in implanted mice.The serum cytokines of interleukin-2(IL-2),interleukin-18(IL-18)and tumor necrosisfactor-α(TNF-α)were also analyzed in order to obtain additional information on underlying mechanisms by which PIE might express the anti-tumor effects.2.Materials and methods 2.1.Experimental materialsWater-soluble crude polysaccharide was extracted from the cultured mycelium of P.igniarius .After ethanol precipitation and Sepharose G-100gel ﬁltration the fraction of PIE was obtained with a yield of 14.78%.positional analysisThe composition of PIE was analyzed by gas chro-matograph,the sample was alcoholized with methyl alcohol and silyllanized and then detected using a Varian 7890GC spectrometer (FID detector)with an SE-5415m ×0.2mm column.The infrared spectrum of the sample was recorded on a Perkin-Elmer infrared spectrometer using the KBr disk technique.2.3.MiceSix-weeks-old female ICR mice (18±2)g were purchased from Changchun Institute of Biological Products.The mice were kept in plastic cages.The mice were housed under normal laboratoryInternational Immunopharmacology 11(2011)255–259⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:q_wang2006@ (Q.Wang).1567-5769/$–see front matter ©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.033Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInternational Immunopharmacologyj o u r na l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i n t i m pconditions (24±2°C,50±20%,12/12-h light –dark cycle)with free access to standard rodent chow and water.2.4.Cell linesS180and H22cell lines were purchased from the Jilin Institute of Tumor (Changchung,China).S180and H22cells were maintained as ascites in the Kunming mice by weekly passage [13].The Sarcoma 180cells,obtained from the peritoneal cavity of the tumor inoculated mice,were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS)and resuspended and adjusted to 1×106cells/ml in PBS.The cells were detached and adjusted to 5×106cells/ml in PBS.2.5.Animal experiment2.5.1.Solid tumor-bearing mice modelThe implantation of S180and H22was conducted with the same methods [14].Brie ﬂy,the tumor cells (1.0×108cells/ml)were diluted to 4-fold with 0.9%NaCl.The diluted solution was inoculated to the right armpit of the mice subcutaneously for 0.2ml per mouse on day 0.The tumor bearing mice were divided into ﬁve groups (ten mice each group),control group (normal saline),positive control group [Cyclo-phosphamide (CTX)30mg/kg],and three groups for PIE administration with dosages of 500,250,125mg/kg,respectively.Another ten mice were taken as a normal group treated with rodent chow.After administrating intragastrically once for 10days daily,tumor bearing mice were sacri ﬁced on the 11th day,and sera,tumors,spleen andthymus were collected.The inhibiting ratios of the tumor and organ indices were calculated using the following equation [14,15].Inhibiting ratio (%)=[(C −T)/C]×100%(C:average weight of tumor in model control group;T:average weight of tumor in medicine treatment group).Organ index=organ weight (in milligrams)/body weight (in grams).Each experiment was repeated three times.Serum was obtained after incubating at room temperature and centrifugation at 3000rpm for 15min.IL-2,TNF-αand IL-18were examined with the commercial ELISA kits (Biowen,Canada).2.5.2.Ascites tumor-bearing mice modelThe tumor cells of S180and H22(1.0×108cells/ml)were diluted to 4-fold with 0.9%NaCl,respectively.The viability,assessed by the trypan blue dye exclusion method,was always found to be 95%or more.Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.)for 0.2ml diluted solution on day 0.The tumor bearing mice were divided into ﬁve groups,control group (normal saline),positive control group (CTX 30mg/kg),and three groups for PIE administration with dosages of 500,250,125mg/kg,respectively.The mice were administered intra-gastrically once for 10days daily,and recorded the survival days of mice.The increased life span (ILS)was calculated using the following equation [15].ILS%=(T −C)/C×100%(T:mean survival days of treated group;C:mean survival days of control group).2.6.Statistical analysisThe data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD).Treated and control groups were compared using Student's t -test.A signi ﬁcant difference was set up at P b 0.05.3.Results3.1.Determination of PIE purityThe purity of PIE was analyzed by using HPLC and Sepharose CL-6B gel ﬁltration.Fig.1showed that PIE had a single nearly narrow symmetrical peak,which indicated that it was position and physical property of PIEPIE is a water-soluble grayish white powder,its molecular weight is 12kd,its monosaccharide composition,n(Xyl):n(Man):n(Fuc):n(Glc):n(Gal)=2.3:1:6.4:22.1:19.83,was analyzed by GC (Fig.2).00.20.40.60.811.21.41.60102030405060Tube numberO p t i c a l d e n s i t yFig.1.Chromatogram of PIE on Sepharose G-100.X-coordinate was tube number,y-coordinate was optical density.The purity of PIE was analyzed by using HPLC and Sepharose CL-6B gel ﬁltration.PIE had a single nearly narrow symmetricalpeak.Fig.2.Gas chromatogram of monosaccharide composition of PIE.The composition of PIE was analyzed by gas chro-matograph,the sample was alcoholized with methyl alcohol and silyllanized and then detected using a Varian 7890GC spectrometer (FID detector)with an SE-5415m ×0.2mm column.256L.Chen et al./International Immunopharmacology 11(2011)255–259PIE was masculine in Molish and showed special absorption peaks in IR.They did not contain the glucosidic bond of α(1→4),because of the negative reaction of I.No absorption peaks at 260nm and 280nm show that there were no nucleic acid and protein.3.3.Anti-tumor activity of solid tumor-bearing mice and the concentrations of serum TNF-α,IL-2,and IL-18The growth of S180tumors in the mice treated orally with PIE was signi ﬁcantly suppressed compared with those treated with saline (p b 0.01).The inhibiting ratios of S180tumors were 43.91%,53.87%and 35.42%respectively.H22tumors were inhibited at 44.41%,40.47%and 38.16%respectively (Tables 1,2).Oral administration of PIE increased the spleen and thymus indexes of S180and H22-bearing mice,whereas the CTX treatment signi ﬁcantly decreased these indexes as compared with the control group (p b 0.05–0.01).(Figs.3,4).3.4.The concentrations of serum TNF-α,IL-2,IL-18The concentrations of IL-2of S180-bearing mice and H22implanted mice were signi ﬁcantly enhanced during the administra-tion of PIE in the doses of 500mg/kg,250mg/kg (p b 0.01)and 125mg/kg (p b 0.05)compared with those in the control (Figs.5,6).The oral administration of PIE stimulated the production of serum IL-18in S180-bearing mice at doses of 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg (p b 0.01)(Fig.7).The concentrations of serum IL-18in H22-bearing mice were enhanced by treatment with PIE and CTX compared to those in the control group (Fig.8).However,no signi ﬁcant changes were found among the tested groups.The serum TNF-αhave also been enhanced,although these changes were not statistically signi ﬁcant among the tested groups (Figs.9,10).3.5.Anti-tumor activity of ascites tumor-bearing miceThe mean survival days of the treated group were prolonged compared with the mean survival days of the control group.The life span of S180-bearing mouse model was signi ﬁcantly prolonged by PIE at 12.90%22.86%and 16.92%,respectively.The increased life span of H22-bearing mouse model was signi ﬁcantly prolonged by PIE at 44.86%,30.84%and 29.81%,respectively.The oral administration of PIE increased the life span of S180and H22bearing mice,while theTable 1Effects of orally administrated PIE on S180-bearing mice (n =10;¯x Æs ).GroupDose (mg/kg)Weight (g)Tumor weight (g)Inhibition rate (%)Before treatmentAfter treatment Control21.35±1.2931.25±2.72 2.71±0.64Positive control (CTX)3021.30±1.2328.15±2.60⁎0.85±0.26⁎⁎68.63High dose group 50021.65±1.1033.10±1.78⁎ 1.52±0.29⁎⁎43.91Medium dose group 25021.40±1.2030.30±1.16 1.25±0.52⁎⁎53.87Low dose group12521.30±1.1833.35±3.111.75±0.51⁎⁎35.42S180-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg (positive control,CTX)or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*P b 0.05and **P b 0.01(Student's t -test).⁎P b 0.05to those of control.⁎⁎P b 0.01to those of control.Table 2Effects of orally administrated PIE on H22-bearing mice (n =10;¯x Æs ).GroupDose (mg/kg)Weight (g)Tumor weight (g)Inhibition rate (%)Before treatmentAfter treatment Control22.29±1.3627.91±1.70 3.04±0.46Positive control (CTX)3022.58±1.7826.58±2.32⁎⁎ 1.13±0.53⁎⁎62.83High dose group 50021.58±1.7426.95±2.98 1.69±0.51⁎⁎44.41Medium dose group 25021.88±1.2025.29±3.26 1.81±0.51⁎⁎40.47Low dose group12522.08±1.6627.82±2.031.88±0.57⁎⁎38.16H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg (positive control,CTX)or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg for once daily,for 10days.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t -test).*P b 0.05to those of control.**P b 0.01to those of control.(m g /g )Fig.3.Immune organ in S180-bearing mice.S180-bearing mice were orally adminis-tered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.Each value is presented as mean ±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t -test).(m g /g )Fig.4.Immune organ in H22-bearing mice.H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg for once daily,for 10days.Each value is presented as mean ±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n=10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t -test).257L.Chen et al./International Immunopharmacology 11(2011)255–259CTX treatment signi ﬁcantly decreased these indexes compared to the control group (P b 0.05–0.01)(Tables 3,4).4.Discussion and conclusionsThe polysaccharides extracted from a large number of mushrooms have been found to be effective against Sarcoma 180tumors in mice [16].Many mushroom polysaccharides are accepted as anti-tumor drugs because of immunomodulating activities [17].For example,the in vitro study of Song showed that the ethanolic extract from the fruit body of P.igniarius had inhibited effects on human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1cells and the rat heart vascular endothelial cells (RHE cells)[18].The study of Yang showed that the fungi of the P.igniarius extracts had obviously anti-tumor effects [19].However,a lot of the bene ﬁcial effects of the P.igniarius extracts have not been investigated and are largely overlooked at the biological and biochemical levels.PIE from P.igniarius prolonged the survival time and inhibited the growth of the transplanted tumors,without causing a signi ﬁcant decrease in the body,spleen or thymus weight in mice.A signi ﬁcant increase in the relative thymus and spleen weight was observed compared with the control group.The relative spleen and thymus weight are important indexes for non-speci ﬁc immunity.The immunopotentiator could increase the spleen and thymus weights [20].PIE could restore the immunity of mice which was suppressed by the tumor cells.Thus,the anti-tumor activity of PIE could be due to immunostimulation.In this study,serum IL-2was signi ﬁcantly increased in the tumor bearing mice after the oral administration of PIE.Therefore,the anti-tumor effects of PIE could be greatly attributed to theenhancementIL-2(S180)(p g /m l )Fig.5.Serum IL-2in S180-bearing mice.S180-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t-test).IL-2 (H22)(p g /m l )Fig.6.Serum IL-2in H22-bearing mice.H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t-test).IL-18 (S180)(p g /m l )Fig.7.Serum IL-18in S180-bearing mice.S180-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t-test).IL-18 (H22)(p g /m l )Fig.8.Serum IL-18in H22-bearing mice.H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean ±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t-test).TNF-α (S180)(p g /m l )Fig.9.Serum TNF-αin S180-bearing mice.S180-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean ±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t-test).TNF-α (H22)(p g /m l )Fig.10.Serum TNF-αin H22-bearing mice.H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline (control group),CTX 30mg/kg positive control,CTX or PIE at 500,250or 125mg/kg once daily,for 10days.The mice in the normal group were not implanted tumor.Each value is presented as mean ±S.D.of the three independent experiments (n =10).Signi ﬁcant difference:*p b 0.05and **p b 0.01(Student's t -test).258L.Chen et al./International Immunopharmacology 11(2011)255–259of IL-2production by PIE,which could enhance the cytolytic activity of NK cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes.The serum IL-18were also found to be increased in the mice exposed to CTX and PIE,especially more individuals in the mice fed high dose of PIE showed more serum IL-18.IL-18is a novel pro-inﬂammatory cytokine that augments the natural killer cells activity in spleen cells.This cytokine can induce the TNF-αproduction of the T cells.On the other hand,TNF-αalso was able to induce apoptotic cell death,inﬂammation and inhibits tu-morigenesis and viral replication with a different way from IL-2.The increase of serum TNF-αwas not found in S180and H22tumor-bearing mice after the treatment with PIE.Direct cytotoxic activity against S180and H22were not detected.These results suggest that PIE can also stimulate TNF-αrelated anti-tumor activation as well as the IL-2dependent,cell mediated immune response.Such multi-immune regulator effects of PIE should be analyzed by identifying how the components of the PIE interact with immune cells.The additional clinical evidence should be obtained to support the anti-tumor effects observed in the animal studies.Further studies should be done to know the effects of the PIE on host immunity. 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[20]Zheng R,Jie S,Hanchuan D,Moucheng W.Characterization and immunomodulat-ing activities of polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes.Int immunopharmacol 1999;41:157–64.Table3Increased life span of oral administration of PIE on S180-bearing mice(n=10;¯xÆs). Group n Dose(mg/kg)Survival time(d)ILS(%)Control1013.50±2.20Positive control(CTX)103018.20±2.57⁎⁎34.81 High dose group1050015.50±1.3112.90 Medium dose group1025017.50±2.78⁎⁎22.86 Low dose group1012516.25±2.60⁎16.92S180-bearing mice were orally administered saline(control group),CTX30mg/kg (positive control,CTX)or PIE at500,250or125mg/kg for once daily,for10days.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments(n=10). Signiﬁcant difference:*p b0.05and**p b0.01(Student's t-test).⁎P b0.05to those of control.⁎⁎P b0.01to those of control.Table4Increased life span of oral administration of PIE on H22-bearing mice(n=10;¯xÆs). Group n Dose mg/kg Survival time(d)ILS(%)Control1010.70±4.22Positive control(CTX)103016.50±2.07⁎⁎54.21 High dose group1050015.50±1.90⁎⁎44.86 Medium dose group1025014.00±3.38⁎⁎30.84 Low dose group1012513.89±2.62⁎29.81H22-bearing mice were orally administered saline(control group),CTX30mg/kg (positive control,CTX)or PIE at500,250or125mg/kg for once daily,for10days.Each value is presented as mean±S.D.of the three independent experiments(n=10). Signiﬁcant difference:*p b0.05and**p b0.01(Student's t-test).⁎P b0.05:to those of control.⁎⁎P b0.01to those of control.259L.Chen et al./International Immunopharmacology11(2011)255–259。