lubrication quantity illustration

拖拉机常用词翻译1，2，3 speed PTO 1，2，3速动力输出2WD two wheel drive 两轮驱动3-point hitch 三点悬挂4 ultra-slow speed 4个超低速档4WD four wheel drive 四轮驱动540E （540 ECO）经济模式的540转动力输出Accelerator control lever 手油门手柄accelerator pedal 油门踏板accessory 附件adaptor 适配器adhere 粘附adhesive 粘合剂adjustable 可调的agribusiness 农业综合企业ail filter 空滤器air cooling 分冷的air inlet [intake] manifold 进气歧管air manifold 空气歧管align 使成一线alternator 发电机ambient temperature 温度ammeter电流表anticlockwise 逆时针anti-freeze 防冻液armature 电枢armrest 扶手assembly 装配Auxiliary control valve lever 多路控制手柄auxiliary socket 辅助套筒Axle casing桥外壳back hoe 后挖掘机backlash 间隙backrest 靠背backup 候补的Bale 打包baler 打包机，压捆机band 带子，组合barometer，air gauge气压表basic gearbox 基本（型）变速箱battery terminal电瓶极柱battery 电瓶battery 电瓶，蓄电池bearing 轴承bevel gear pair 锥齿轮副bleed 排空气blinker lamp 信号灯block-type synchromesh mechanism 滑块式同步器blown fuse 保险丝断bolt flange 有凸缘的螺栓bolts and nuts 螺钉和螺母bond 粘结(剂)bonnet 机罩boost charge 快充bore 缸径bore 孔,腔, 内腔bottom plow 铧式犁box blade 箱式平地机bracket 支架brake pedal 制动踏板broad caster撒种机，播种机built-in .内置的, 固定的, 嵌入的bulb 灯泡bush insulation 绝缘衬套bushing 衬套butt 粗大一端cable 电缆calcium chloride solution 氯化钙溶液cam 凸轮camshaft 凸轮轴capacity 容量，能力carbon 碳caution 警告Cement floor 水泥地面centrifugal pump 离心泵cetane 十六烷chassis 底盘chattering （机器）咯咯作响chisel plow 錾式犁circuit 回路circumference 周围clamp 夹具clamp 夹子clayey 粘土的clevis pin 叉杆销clip 夹子clockwise 顺时针clutch cover 离合器盖clutch disc boss 离合器摩擦片花键毂clutch disc 摩擦片clutch liner 离合器片clutch pedal 离合器踏板clutch release bearing 离合器分离轴承clutch 离合器cold starting device 冷启动装置collar 轴环combine instrument 组合仪表combine 组合combustion 燃烧compact tractor 紧凑拖拉机Compatibility 兼容性component 部件compress 压缩compression ratio 压缩比condenser 冷凝器cone-shape 锥形conical 锥形的connecting rod 连杆constant mesh transmission 啮合套换挡变速箱，常啮合式变速箱contact 联系coolant temperature guage 冷却液温度表coolant 冷却液coupling 连接盘，联合器crack 裂缝crank 有毛病的, 不正常的;曲柄crankshaft case 曲轴箱crankshaft 曲轴Creeper lever 爬行档手柄creeper 爬行档crimp 卷曲cultivate 培养，耕作cultivator 中耕机cushion 软垫cylinder block 机体cylinder head cove 缸头罩盖cylinder head 气缸盖damping 阻尼Dashboard 仪表板data 数据dealer 经销商dealership 商品经销特许权; 商品特许经销商Decal 贴签defective 故障的deflection 偏斜, 偏转, 偏差deflector 反射器[板], 反射镜Delivery 传输deluxe seat 豪华座椅demo 演示demonstrate 示范, 证明, 论证depress 压下detach 分开, 分离detergent 清洁剂diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧Diesel Engine 柴油机Differential lock switch 差速锁开关differential lock 差速锁diffirential差速器dimension 尺寸dipped headlight，low beam近光灯dipstick 量油计Direction indicator light 转向灯disc brake盘式制动disc-harrow 圆盘耙displacement 排量distilled water 蒸馏水distributor 批发商distributor分配器；分配装置Double action balanced steering cylinder 双作用平衡式转向油缸double thermostat 双节温器double-disk clutch with mechanical PTO 带机械式动力输出的双片离合器down silencer 下行排气管drag link 转向纵拉杆drag 牵引; 拖沓; 拖延; 迟缓的行动drain plug 放油塞draught angle牵引角drawbar 拖车，牵引钩dry disc brake 干式盘式制动dual clutch 双作用离合器dual strobe light 双过滤灯dumping angle 倾翻角durability 耐久dynamic 动力的ECU Environmental Control Unit 环境控制装置electro-hydraulic control 电液操纵electrolyte 电解液eliminate 排除engine block 发动机体Engine coolant temperature gauge 发动机水温表engine model 发动机型号Engine RPM and PTO RPM indicator 发动机和动力输出转速表engine type 发动机型式engine 发动机equivalent 相等的escutcheon 铭牌Essential 本质，实质establish 建立evacuator 抽空装置evaporate 蒸发exaggeration 夸大exclusively 专有地execute 执行，实施exhaust manifold 排气支管exhaust tappet gap. cold engine排气门间隙（冷态）exhaust valve 排气门explosive 易爆炸的exposure 暴露fan with 6 blades. Diameter 340 六片叶风扇。

Chapter 13 Rolling of Metals（金属的轧制）•13.1Introduction•13.2Flat Rolling•13.3Flat Rolling Practice•13.4 Rolling Mills•13.5Shape-Rolling Operations•13.6 Production of Seamless Pipe and Tubing•13.7 Continuous Casting and Rolling Integrated Mills and Minimills13.1 Introduction•Rolling（轧制）–the process of reducing the thickness (orchanging the cross-section（横截面）) ofa long workpiece by compressive forcesapplied through a set of rolls（轧辊）.Øaccounts for about 90% of all produced by metalworking processesØfirst development in the late 1500sØsimilar to the rolling of dough（面团）with a rolling pin（擀面杖/擀面棍）Rolls （轧辊）Classification of Rolling •By productØflat rolling（平板轧制）Øshape rolling（型材轧制）Øtube rolling（轧管）•By temperatureØhot rolling （热轧）Øcold rolling（冷轧）Flatrollingreduce the thicknessShaperollingchange the cross-sectionFigure 13.1 Schematic outline of various flat-and shape-rolling processes. Source:American Iron and Steel Institute.13.2 Flat RollingA strip（带料/条料）of thickness h o enters the roll gap（辊缝/辊隙/辊间距离）and is reduced to thickness h f by a pair of rotating rolls, each roll being powered through its own shaft by electric motors（电动机）.thickness ＞6 mm Øplate: Øsheet:厚板thickness ≤ 6 mmProduction of Flat Rolling薄板•strip （条料/带料）•strip in coil （卷料/卷材）•machine structures•ship hulls （船体）•boilers （锅炉）•bridges•nuclear vessels （核反应容器）•battleships and tanks : 300mm (12in.) thick : 150mm (6 in.) thick : 100～125mm thick•automobile bodies•aircraft fuselages （机身）•appliances （用具/器具）•kitchen and office equipment •food and beverages container •aluminum foil （铝箔）: 1.8 ～1.9 mm thick : 0.1 mm thick : 0.008 mm (8μm) thickFlat Rolling Process辊间距离/轧辊开度•the thickness is reduced: △h = h o–h f •the length is increased: △l = l f–l o •the width is increased: △w = w f –w o 压下量延伸量宽展量V o:the velocity of the strip at the entrance（入口）V f:the velocity of the strip at the exit（出口）V r:the surface speed of the rolls ,which is constant（不变的）V0 < V fV0 < V r< V fThere is relative sliding（相对滑动）between the rolland the strip along the arc ofcontact in the roll gap, L.Definition: One point along the contact length, whereV s :the velocity of the strip,which is variable during thecourse of rollingV r :the surface speed of the rolls,which is constant while rollingNeutral Point or No-Slip Point（中性点/无滑移点）V s = V r13.2.1 Frictional Forces（摩擦力）•Since there is relative sliding between the roll and the strip along the arc of contact in the roll gap, the frictional forces, which oppose motion, act on the strip.Fig13.2 (b) Friction forces acting on strip surfacesØThe rolls pull the material into the roll gap through a net frictional force （净摩擦力）on the material.Øis necessary for rolling materials.Significance （重要性/意义）of Friction what ’s thedirection of net frictional force?“咬入”Disadvantage of FrictionØEnergy is dissipated（浪费）in overcoming friction; thus, increasing friction means increasing forces and power（功率）requirements.Øcould damage（损害）the surface of the rolled product.A compromise（折衷/妥协）has to be made, onewhich includes low coefficients of friction（摩擦系数）by using effective lubrication（润滑）.Max Draft（最大压下量）•reduction in thickness, △hh0-h f = µ2RμRdraftμ: the coefficient of the frictionR: the roll radius13.2.2 Roll Force and Power RequirementRoll Force （轧制力）Power （功率）per roll 18L : the roll-strip length of contact arc w : the width of the stripY avg : the average true stress （平均真实应力）T: torqueω : angle speed轧制力矩/扭矩n: revolutions （转数）per second of the roll N: rpm (revolutions perminute) of the rollavg F LwY = (/2)(2) /60 W /60000 W /33000 P T F L n FLN FLN k FLN hp ωππππ==⋅===W: watt （瓦特）k W ：kilowatthp ：horsepower （马力）Four-high Rolling-mill （四辊轧机）Figure 13.3 Schematic illustration of a four-high rolling-mill stand （轧机机座）, showing its various features. The stiffnesses （刚度）of the housing, the rolls, and the roll bearings are all important in controlling and maintaining the thickness of the rolled strip.机架轴承座/底座支撑辊支撑辊工作辊螺杆或液压机构Too high roll force cancause the rolls:Ødeflection （挠度/弯曲）Øflattening （压扁）a.reducing friction, μ;ing smaller diameter rolls, R , to reduce the contact area;c.taking smaller reductions per pass, Δh , to reduce the contact area;d.rolling at elevated temperature , to lower the strength（强度）to the material.L ≈2h Rµ∆=20 a v gF L w Y =Reducing Roll Forces• e. applying longitudinal tensions（纵向拉力）to the strip during rolling.–As a result, the compressive stresses required to deform thematerial plastically become smaller–particularly important in rolling high-strength metal–Tensions can be applied at the entry zone (back tension) （后拉力/后张力）, by applying a braking action（制动）to thereel which supplies the sheet to the roll gap (the pay-off reel)（开卷机）, by some suitable means.–Tensions can also be applied at the exit zone (front tension)（前拉力/前张力）, by increasing the rotational speed of thetake-up reel（卷取机）.–Steckel rolling（斯特克尔轧制法）: be carried out by fronttension only, with no power supplied to the rolls开卷机/松卷机13.2.3 Geometric Considerationsa.Roll bending （轧辊弯曲）b.Thermal camber of rolls（轧辊热挠度）c.Flattening of rolls（轧辊压扁）d.Spreading of strip（条料展宽）Methods:1)the higher elastic modulus （弹性模量）of the roll material, the smaller the roll deflection （轧辊挠度）2)roll camber （轧辊凸度）: grinding the rolls so that their diameter at the center is slightly larger than at their edges.3)application of moments （力矩/Roll Bending （轧辊弯曲）Figure 13.4 (a) Bending of straight cylindrical rolls, caused by the roll force. (b) Bending of rolls ground with camber （凸度）, producing a Crown （隆起）Results:the rolled strip tends to be thicker at its center than at its edges. Reasons:roll forces tend to bend the rolls elastically （弹性地）•Application of moments（弯矩）at their bearings–通过加在辊体两端的反力矩来平衡轧辊两端工作压力产生的弯矩，减小轧辊的变形Thermal Camber （热挠度）Results:can produce strips that are thinner at the center than at the edges.Methods:the total (or final) camber can be controlled by varying the location of the coolant （冷却液/冷却剂）on the rolls during hot rolling.Reasons:the rolls becomes slightly barrel-shaped （鼓形/桶形）because of the heat generated by plastic deformation （塑性变形）during rolling.rollstripFlattening of Rolls （轧辊压扁）Results:It produces a larger roll radius and a larger contact area for the same draft. The roll force in turn, increases with increased flattening.Methods:enhancing the strength of roll materials or the radius of the rollReasons:elastic deformation caused by roll forcesSpreading of a Strip （条料展宽）Figure 13.5 Increase in the width (spreading) of a strip in flat rolling (see also Fig. 13.2a). Similarly, spreading can be observed when Phenomenon:–For strip with high w 0/h 0ratios , the width of the material remains effectively constant after rolling.–For strip with smaller w 0/h 0ratios , the width increases considerably in the roll gap.Spreading :–increase in widthMethods:use of vertical rolls in contact with the edges of the rolled product (edging rolling ) （立轧/轧边）Influence Factors of SpreadingSpreadingfrictionR/h 0ratiow 0/h 0ratio(width constraint )(longitudinal constraint )13.3 FLAT-ROLLING PRACTICE1.Hot Rolling （热轧/初轧）—done above the recrystallization temperature（再结晶温度）Figure 13.6 Changes in the grain structure of cast or of large-grain wrought metals during hot rolling.cast structure wrought structuredendritic（树枝状的）coarse（粗大的）nonuniform grains（不均匀的晶粒）brittle（脆/脆性的）porous（多孔的）equal/uniform grain(等轴晶) finer (细化的)enhanced ductility(韧性好的) non-porosity(无孔)wrought structure（锻造组织）cast structure （铸造组织）Advantages of Hot Rolling•reduce grain size•improve strength and ductility（塑性/延展性/柔韧性）–breaking up（破裂/打碎）brittle grain boundaries （晶界）–closing up（压合/压实）internal defects（内部缺陷）, especially porosity （多孔性）Temperature of Hot RollingThe temperature for hot rolling varies with different metals.•aluminum (Al) alloys（铝合金）: about 450℃(850℉) •alloy steels（合金钢）: 1250℃(2300℉) •refractory alloys（高温合金/难熔合金）:1650 ℃(3000℉)•slab •bloom •billet Products of the First Hot-rolling OperationØrectangular in cross-section （矩形截面）Ørolled into plates and sheets laterØhas a square （正方形）cross-sectionØat least 150mm on the sideØprocessed further, by shaping rolling, intostructure shapes, such as I-beams （工字梁）and railroad railsØsquare Øwith a cross-section area smaller than blooms Ørolled into various shapes, such as round rods （圆棒）and bars （杆材）, by the use of shaped rolls扁坯小方坯大方坯连续铸件或铸锭圆管坯wire rod 盘条无缝钢管焊接钢管制管钢板酸洗和润滑结构型材钢轨HotrollingDefect（缺陷）in Hot Rolling•Scale（氧化皮/氧化垢）：consisting mainly of the oxides（氧化物）Conditioning（清理/处理）Methods •using a torch（气炬）( scarfing 火焰表面清理）•pickling with acids （acid etching，酸洗/酸蚀）•by such mechanical means as blasting with water（喷水）•grinding（研磨）•better surface finish （表面光洁度）•better dimensional tolerances （尺寸公差）•enhanced mechanical properties （机械性能）Advantages of Cold Rolling2.Cold Rolling （冷轧）—carried out at room temperature （室温）because of lack of scale due to strain hardening（应变硬化）without thermal expansion3.Pack Rolling （迭板轧制）—two or more layers of metal are rolled together, which improves productivity（生产率）.Example: Aluminum Foils•pack rolled in two layers•foil-to-foil side: matte（无光泽的）•foil-to-roll side: shiny（光亮的）and bright •reason: contact with the polished（抛光的）rolls ?satiny（光滑的）finish4. Temper Rolling or Skin Pass（硬化冷轧或表面光轧）-the steel metal is subjected to a final light rolling pass（工步）of 0.5% to 1.5% reduction-produce compressive residual stress（残余压应力）onthe surfaceReason:•For mild steel（低碳钢/软钢）, when stretched during sheet-forming operations, undergoes yield-point elongation（屈服点延伸）, a phenomenon that causes surface irregularities（不整齐）called stretcher strains（拉伸应变纹）or Lueder’s bands（吕德38斯带）( Section 16.3).5. Levelling Rolls（矫直轧）—to improve flatness（平面度/平整度）, the rolled strip is passed through a series of leveling rolls（矫直辊）Figure 13.7 A method of roller levelling to flatten Method:rolled sheets.•Several different roller arrangements are used.•Each roll is usually driven separately, by an individual electric motor.•The strip is flexed（弯曲）in opposite directions as it passes through the sets of rolls.Levelling Rolls•在辊式矫直中，金属板经过不断地交错变形弯曲。

关于减速机的英汉词汇gear [gɪə] 齿轮gear units 齿轮机构；齿轮装置；齿轮组gear box变速箱；齿轮箱gear motor齿轮电动机；齿轮马达；减速电机reducer [rɪ'djuːsə]减速器speed reducer减速装置;减速器gear reducer减速器；齿轮减速箱；齿轮减速装置bevel ['bev(ə)l] adj. 成斜面的n. 斜角；斜面helical ['helɪk(ə)l; 'hiː-]adj. 螺旋形的helical gear bevel gear reducer motor 斜齿轮伞齿轮减速电机the coaxial –helical gear reducer motor 同轴式斜齿轮减速电机parallel axis –helical gear reducer motor平行轴斜齿轮减速电机the helical-worm gear reducer motor斜齿轮蜗轮蜗杆减速电机basic types['beɪsɪk] [taɪp]基本类型summary ['sʌm(ə)rɪ]总结horizontal[hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l]水平的；地平线的mounting['maʊntɪŋ] n. 装备，装配horizontal mounting position 卧式安装helical gear units 平行轴齿轮箱parallel shaft gear box 平行轴齿轮箱bevel-helical gear units 直交轴齿轮箱rectangular[rek'tæŋgjʊlə] shaft gear box直交轴齿轮箱vertical ['vɜːtɪk(ə)l] adj. 垂直的，直立的vertical mounting position 立式安装helical gear units平行轴齿轮箱4-stage 4-级No.of stages 传动级数shaft [ʃɑːft] 轴；杆状物output shaft 输出轴input shaft 输入轴hollow shaft 空心轴solid shaft实心轴transmission ratio [trænz'mɪʃ(ə)n] ['reɪʃɪəʊ] 传动比shrink[ʃrɪŋk] n. 收缩hollow shaft with shrink disk 带缩紧盘的空心轴involute ['ɪnvəl(j)uːt] 渐开线spline [splaɪn] 花键hollow shaft with involute splines 带花键的空心轴flange[flæn(d)ʒ] 法兰flanged shaft 法兰轴reinforce [,riɪn'fɔrs]adj. 加固的；加强的reinforced solid shaft 加强型实心轴characteristic[kærəktə'rɪstɪk] 特征，特性characteristic features 性能特点general information 一般说明selection of gear units 齿轮箱rate [reɪt] n. 比率，率；速度；价格；等级guidelines ['gaid,linz]，constant power rating 在恒定功率下的选型指南guidelines，variable power rating 在可变功率下的选型指南Key to symbols 符号说明example 示例service factors 服务系数power tables 功率表capacity[kə'pæsɪtɪ] n. 能力；容量thermal capacity tables 热容量表actual transmission ratios ['reɪʃɪəʊ]实际传动比radial['reɪdɪəl]adj. 半径的permissible [pə'mɪsɪb(ə)l] adj. 可允许的；获得准许的additional [ə'dɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 附加的，额外的permissible additional radial forces允许的附加径向力inertia [ɪ'nɜːʃə] n.惯量moment of inertia转动惯量assembly[ə'semblɪ]n.装配assemblies 布置形式centre holes 中心孔protective covers 防护罩parallel keys 平键Parallel keyways 平键槽hollow shafts with parallel key connections 带平键连接的空心轴hollow shafts with involute splines 带花键的空心轴conuterflanges for flanged shafts与法兰轴相连的对接法兰contents ['kɔntents] 目录oil supply 润滑油供给方式variant ['veərɪənt]adj. 不同的；多样的n. 变体；转化selection of variants 可选方案preservation [prezə'veɪʃ(ə)n]保存，防腐antiseptic [,ænti'septik]adj. 防腐的n. 防腐剂lubrication [,lʊbrɪ'keʃən]n. 润滑；润滑作用dip lubrication 浸油润滑forced lubrication 强制润滑pump [pʌmp] n.泵，抽水机flanged-on pump 法兰泵monitor [ 'mɒnɪtə] n. 监视器；监听器instrument['ɪnstrʊm(ə)nt] n. 仪器；工具monitoring instruments 监测元件additional oil cooler 附加油冷却装置water-oil cooler 水-油冷却器air-oil cooler 气-油冷却器heating elements 加热元件thermometer [θə'mɒmɪtə] n. 温度计；体温计thermometer for oil temperature 润滑油油温监测计shaft [ʃɑːft]轴shaft seals 油封add-on piece 附件motor bell Housing for IEC motors与IEC-电机连接的电机安装法兰motor flange 电机法兰coupling ['kʌplɪŋ] n. [电] 耦合；结合，联结with BIPEX coupling带BIPEX联轴器with N-EUPEX coupling带N-EUPEX联轴器vibration reducing torque support for gear housing 用于齿轮箱箱体的扭力臂支撑torque arm support for gear housing用于齿轮箱箱体的扭力臂支撑gear unit swing-bases 齿轮箱浮动底座with N-EUPEX coupling 带N-EUPEX的联轴器with FLUEDX coupling带FLUEDX 液力耦合器special mounting positions 特殊安装位置mounting positions 安装位置housing base rails 齿轮箱脚支座water screw design 水处理螺旋输送装置motor bracket 电机支架bracket['brækɪt] n. 支架housing bracket 箱体安装法兰housing mounting flange箱体安装法兰mounting flange-long spacer 安装法兰-大安装空间mounting flange-short spacer 安装法兰-小安装空间explosion protection 防爆characteristic features性能特点labyrinth ['læb(ə)rɪnθ]迷宫confine [kən'faɪn] n. 界限，边界confined spaces 狭小空间有限空间request [rɪ'kwest]n. 请求；需要on request 敬请垂询optimally ['əptəməli] 最佳；最适宜swing-bases 浮动底座backstop['bækstɒp]逆止器noise behaviour噪音特性grind [graɪnd] vt. 磨碎；磨快grinding the bevel gears 圆锥齿轮磨削工艺noise-absorbing 噪音吸收housing [haʊzɪŋ] 箱体thermal conduction散热性能favourable ['feivərəbl] 有利的,良好的incorporating [ɪn'kɔrpə,ret]合并的maintenance ['meɪnt(ə)nəns]维护interval ['ɪntəv(ə)l] 周期general information 一般说明illustration [ɪlə'streɪʃ(ə)n]附图binding ['baɪndɪŋ]约束dimension[dɪ'menʃ(ə)n]规格commissioning[kə'mɪʃən] 试车viscosity [vɪ'skɒsɪtɪ] 粘性；粘度correspond [kɒrɪ'spɒnd] 符合；一致radial ['reɪdɪəl] 径向oil dipstick ['dɪpstɪk] 油尺breather ['briːðə] 通气孔oil drain 放油孔oil filler 加油孔corrosion [kə'rəʊʒ(ə)n]腐蚀mechanical [mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l]adj. 机械的constant mechanical power 恒定功率nominal ['nɒmɪn(ə)l] adj. 名义上的；有名无实的nominal power rating 额定功率maximum ['mæksɪməm] adj. 最高的；最多的；最大极限的maximum torque 最大扭矩torque [tɔːk] n. 转矩peak operating torque峰值工作扭矩starting torque启动扭矩braking torque [breɪk] 制动扭矩ambient ['æmbɪənt]adj. 周围的；外界的ambient temperature环境温度input speed 输入转速output speed输出转速lubrication [,lʊbrɪ'keʃən] 浸油forced lubrication 强制润滑operating cycle工作周期velocity [vɪ'lɒsɪtɪ] n. 速率wind velocity 风速mineral ['mɪn(ə)r(ə)l] 矿物的；矿质的auxiliary cooling facility辅助冷却装置cooling fan 冷却风扇cooling coil冷却盘管oil grade 润滑油品种inlet temperature入口温度outlet temperature出口温度analogously [ə'næləgəsli] 类似地近似地fraction['frækʃ(ə)n]n. 分数；部分；小部分time fraction 时间分量borne [bɔːn] 忍受equivalent [ɪ'kwɪv(ə)l(ə)nt] 等价的；相等的classification [,klæsɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 分类；类别，等级service classification载荷谱operating cycle per hour每小时工作周期factor for driven machine工作机系数prime [praɪm]adj.主要的；最好的；基本的factor for prime mover原动机系数required ratio 要求传动比required thermal capacity需要的热容量prime mover原动机motor speed 电机转速driven machine 工作机bell conveyor power皮带输送机功率duly ['djuːlɪ] adv. 适当地；充分地；按时地driven water treatment 污水处理thickener['θɪkənɚ]浓缩器filter presses 压滤机flocculation[flɔkju'leiʃən] n. 絮凝；絮结产物apparatus[,æpə'reɪtəs]n.器械flocculation apparatus 絮凝器aerators ['eɪəreɪtə] 曝气机raking equipment 搂集设备longitudinal [,lɒn(d)ʒɪ'tjuːdɪn(ə)l; ,lɒŋgɪ-]adj. 长度的，纵向的rotary ['rəʊt(ə)rɪ] adj. 旋转的，转动的；轮流的combined longitudinal and rotary rakes纵向回转式搂集装置pre-thickeders预浓缩器screw pumps 螺杆泵water turbine水轮机centrifugal [,sentrɪ'fjuːg(ə)l; sen'trɪfjʊg(ə)l] adj.离心的；远中的centrifugal pumps 离心泵positve-displacement pumps离积式泵piston ['pɪst(ə)n]活塞dredgers['drɛdʒɚ]挖泥机bucket ['bʌkɪt] conveyors 斗式输送机dump [dʌmp] vt. 倾倒；倾卸dumpping devices倾卸装置carter ['kɑːtə]carterpillar travalling gears 履带式行走机构crawler ['krɔlɚ] type travelling mechanism履带式行走机构excavator ['ekskəveɪtə]n. 挖掘机；开凿者；打洞机bucker wheel excavators斗轮式挖掘机primitive['prɪmɪtɪv]adj. 原始的as pick-up for primitive material 用于原生岩土cutter heads 采掘机机头traversing gears采掘臂回转plate bending machines 弯板机chemical industry 化学工业extruders[ek'stru:də]挤出机dough [dəʊ] n. 生面团dough mills调浆机calender ['kælɪndə] n. 砑光机rubber calenders橡胶砑光机cooling drums冷却圆筒mixer ['mɪksə]n. 混合器；搅拌器；mixers for uniform media ，non-uniform media混匀机用于均匀介质，非均匀介质absorption[əb'zɔːpʃ(ə)n; -'sɔːp-]n. 吸收non-uniform gas absorption不均匀气体吸收density['densɪtɪ] n. 密度uniform density 均匀介质non-uniform density 不均匀介质toasters 烘炉centrifuges ['sentrɪfjuːdʒ] 离心机metal working mills金属加工设备plate tillers 翻板机panel turnover machine翻板机panel ['pæn(ə)l] n.仪表板，嵌板pusher-machine推钢机winding['waindiŋ] adj. 弯曲的；卷绕的winding machines绕线机cooling bed transter frames 冷床横移架roller straighters辊道continuous连续式intermittent [ɪntə'mɪt(ə)nt] 间歇式reversing tube mills 可逆式轧管机shears [ʃɪəz]剪切机crank [kræŋk]type 曲柄式continuous casting drivers连铸机驱动装置rolls轧机mill [mɪl] 磨机reversing blooming mills可逆式开坯机reversing slabbing mills可逆式板坯轧机reversing wire mills可逆式线材轧机reversing sheet mills 可逆式薄板轧机reversing plate mills 可逆式中厚板轧机roll adjustment drives辊缝调节驱动装置conveyors [kən'veɪə]输送机械bucket conveyors斗式输送机hauling winches 绞车hoists [hɒɪst] 卷扬机belt conveyors皮带输送机goods lifts 货用电梯passenger lifts 客用电梯apron['eɪpr(ə)n] 挡板apron conveyors 刮板式输送机escalators['eskəleɪtə]自动扶梯rail travelling gears轨道行走机构frequency converters变频装置reciprocate [rɪ'sɪprə,ket]adj. 往复的；交互的；摆动的reciprocating compressors往复式压缩机cranes[kreɪn]起重机械slewing ['slu:iŋ] gears回转机构luffing ['lʌfiŋ] gears 俯仰机构travelling gears 行走机构hoisting gears 起升机构derricking['derikiŋ] jib cranes 转臂式起重机cooling tower冷却塔cooling tower fans冷却塔风扇blowers ['bləʊə] 风机axial ['æksɪəl] 轴留式food industry 食品工业cane [keɪn] sugar production 蔗糖生产cane knives 甘蔗切碎机cane mill甘蔗碾磨机beet sugar production 甜菜糖生产beet cossettes macerators甜菜搅碎机extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek- ]plants 榨取机mechanical refrigerators [rɪ'frɪdʒə,retɚ]机械制冷机juice [dʒuːs] boilers蒸煮机sugar beet washing machines甜菜清洗机sugar beet cutters甜菜切碎机paper machines 造纸机械pulper ['pʌlpə] drivers碎浆机驱动装置centrifugal compressors离心式压缩机cableways ['keɪb(ə)lweɪ]索道缆车material ropeways运货索道to-and-fro system aerial ['eərɪəl] ropeways往复式空中索道t-bar lifts拖迁式索道continuous ropeways 循环式索道cement [sɪ'ment ] industry 水泥工业concrete ['kɒŋkriːt ] mixers混凝土搅拌机breakers 破碎机rotary ['rəʊt(ə)rɪ] kilns回转窑tube mills管式磨机separators ['sepəreɪtə]选粉机roll crushers ['krʌʃɚ]辊压机empirical [em'pɪrɪk(ə)l; ɪm- ]values 经验值deviations [diːvɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n] 差异，偏差hydronic [haɪ'drɒnɪk]motors液压马达pisto['pɪst(ə)n]活塞cyclic['saɪklɪk; 'sɪk-] variation周期变化stesdy direction of load单向载荷alemating direction of load 交变载荷foundation bolts 地脚螺栓grease 油脂attachment side 安装侧attachment on RH side 右侧安装inclination [ɪnklɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]倾向single stage 单击转动brackish water稍有咸味的水approximate [ə'prɒksɪmət]values近似值reference values参考值compensating tank 补油箱end plate 端板diaphragm['daɪəfræm]横隔板；模隔墙；gland [glænd] 压盖diaphragm glands 非接触式密封monitoring instruments 检测元件cylinders ['sɪlɪndə]圆筒inclined position [pə'zɪʃ(ə)n] 倾斜位置coarse filter 过滤器terminal head 接头dustproof guard防尘护罩bush[bʊʃ] 衬套motor brackets['brækɪt]电机支架explosion[ɪk'spləʊʒ(ə)n; ek-] protection 防爆要求。

UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTION Unit 28: Motorsport Vehicle Preparationand InspectionNQF level 3: BTEC NationalGuided learning hours: 60Unit abstractThe preparation and inspection of motorsport vehicles plays a vital part in their overall safety, performance and reliability. Any motorsport vehicle must be prepared to withstand the forces it is subjected to, the environment that it is used in and to conform to relevant standards.The correct preparation of a vehicle’s structure, brakes, engine and transmission is imperative if it is going to perform at its best. Preparation is also a vital aspect in maintaining the safety requirements of a vehicle involved in competitive activities. Each form of motorsport requires specific types of preparation but there are also aspects of preparation that span the whole spectrum of the sport. Vehicle inspection is a critical part of the process, ensuring conformity to both set standards and safety requirements. It also goes a long way in ensuring a vehicle’s reliability, which is an extremely important factor for any motorsport vehicle. Inspections should be carried out post build, pre-competition, during competition and post competition.This unit focuses on both the technical and practical aspects of preparation and inspection. It will enable learners to gain the skills required of a competent member of a motorsport team. The areas covered will include preparing a motorsport vehicle to a given standard and ensuring that the correct documentation has been gathered and completed, during the inspection process. It will also cover the documentation required by the sports’ governing bodies.Learning outcomesOn completion of this unit a learner should:1 Understand the vehicle and competitor documentation required to compete at amotorsports event2 Be able to prepare a competition vehicle to a recognised specification3 Be able to carry out inspections before, during and after a motorsports event.Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1 1 — August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTIONUnit content1Understand the vehicle and competitor documentation required to compete ata motorsports eventVehicle documentation: ministry of transport (MOT) test (if required); motorsports association (MSA) logbooks; road tax; vehicle and competition insurance; driver and vehicle licensing agency (DVLA) log books, pre-inspection documentation, set-up sheets; collation of competition data eg from DVLA, MSA, manufacturerCompetitor documentation: club/membership cards; MSA licences eg clubman, national A, international, race, rally, speed medical certificate; doctor’s medical report; collation of competition data eg entry applications and acceptances, final instructions, road books, circuit diagramsMotorsports events documentation: eg MSA permits, insurance waivers, landregistry, final instructions, regulations (race/rally)2 Be able to prepare a competition vehicle to a recognised specificationCompetition vehicle preparation: tool use eg spanners, sockets, screwdrivers,torque wrenches, pressure gauges; specialist tools eg camber, caster, tracking, spring compression gauges, gas analysers; equipment use eg hoists and stands, auxiliary engine starting devices; safe operation of tools and equipment egserviceable condition, correctly stored and accounted for (shadow boards, tool control methods), correct tool/equipment used in an appropriate manner;preparation routines eg conformation of class, scrutineeringSpecifications: MSA blue book requirements eg technical regulations, competitor safety (cage mountings, cage design, fire extinguishers); yellow book eg technical regulation, homologation (type of vehicle, year of make); single make and class regulations eg engine cubic capacity (cc), design type3 Be able to carry out inspections before, during and after a motorsports eventHealth and safety: safe use and handling of lubricants/fluids eg fuel, oil, solvents, grease; safe use of lifting equipment and handling techniques eg tested andcalibrated lifting equipment, manual handling regulations; safe working practices eg motorsport specific applications of regulations and legislation (Health andSafety at Work Act 1974, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)Regulations 2002, Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER)1998; safe disposal of waste materials and components eg cleaning cloths,hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel, scrap components (tyres, brake and clutch linings)Personal protective equipment (PPE): overalls, safety-shoes, gloves, specialist motorsports equipment eg fire protection, hearing and eye protection,communications equipmentPre-competition inspection: scrutineering; security of fastenings using a torque wrench eg nuts, bolts, critical securing devices; fuelling vehicle eg correctcapacity, type of fuel; tyres eg suitability, condition, pressures; lubrication and coolant system levels and pressures eg warm up, operating temperature; testing throttle settings and operation eg idle, full throttle; hydraulic fluid system levels, check for leaks and operation eg for clutch, steering, brakes; vehicle brakebalance settings; setting suspension dampers to suit event; transmission system operation eg function of clutch and gearbox through all gears; electrical system2 Edexcel Level3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1— August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTION operation; running gear eg spherical bearings, wheel bearings; reporting of faultseg loss of fluid, abnormal pressure, excessive wearPre-competition set-up: event analysis eg data from previous event, analysed set-up of car, gearing and suspension, ride height set-up sheets; corner weightings;steering geometry; gearingInspections during an event: scheduling of inspections; types of inspections egroutine service, check lists, spanner checks, suspension checksPost-competition inspection: initial post-competition assessment, partsrequisitions, set-down sheet, planning and scheduling of vehicle preparation for next eventPost-competition vehicle rectification: type of rectification eg repair,adjustment, replacement; estimation of repair costs; invoicing for accidentaldamageEdexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1 3 — August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTIONGrading gridIn order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all of the learning outcomes for the unit. The criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit.Grading criteriaTo achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: To achieve a merit grade the evidence mustshow that, in addition to the pass criteria,the learner is able to:To achieve a distinction grade the evidencemust show that, in addition to the pass andmerit criteria, the learner is able to:P1 identify, record and collate vehicle, competitor and event documentation fora motorsport eventP2 select and use tools and equipment to prepare a competition vehicle to a givenspecificationP3 describe the health and safety procedures to be followed when inspecting amotorsports vehicleP4 select and use personal protective equipmentP5 carry out pre-competition vehicleinspection and set-upP6 carry out vehicle inspections during a motorsports eventP7 carry out a post–competition inspection following a motorsports eventP8 identify and record vehicle rectification work required. M1 compare the specifications requiredbetween two different classes ofmotorsport eventsM2 carry out a survey of a service/pit areaand identify strengths and threats to thehealth and safety of self and othersM3 produce a ‘set-down’ schedule andchecklist for post-competition inspectionand rectification.D1 analyse and compare the differences inthe tools and equipment used in amotorsports workshop against those usedat a competitive eventD2 evaluate your own and your team’sperformance after a motorsports eventand recommend an improvement strategy.Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1— August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 20074UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTION Essential guidance for tutorsDeliveryDelivery of this unit will need to focus on learners’ understanding of the varied event structures and their documentation processes. The importance of meticulous preparation will need to be emphasised, along with interpreting relevant regulations and standards.The ultimate focus of the unit will be a real motorsports event where all the knowledge and skills learned will be put to use. This may be through learners’ own participation in an event, through working with an established motorsports team or through the centre’s own motorsports activities.Attendance at a number of different events (initially just to observe and eventually in an active role) is highly recommended. Supervised workshop sessions and practise of routines is vital in ensuring that learners gain the required skills and knowledge of procedures. In particular, learners need to adhere to relevant health and safety requirements and demonstrate that they can competently apply their skills in a real motorsports situation.Centres will need to ensure that learners have experience (through controlled simulation, if necessary) of all aspects of the unit content. Careful consideration will need to be given as to how to best cover post-event evaluations and critical evaluation of whole events.Note that the use of ‘eg’ in the content is to give an indication and illustration of the breadth and depth of the area or topic. As such, not all content that follows an ‘eg’ needs to be taught or assessed.AssessmentAssessment of the unit should predominantly focus on learners demonstrating their skills and knowledge during motorsports events. It is expected that each learner will prepare their own portfolio of evidence to cover all the assessment criteria through participation in real motorsport activities. Centres will need to consider how this can be supported and managed on an individual basis. Some simulation may be appropriate for assessment purposes, although this should be kept to an absolute minimum wherever possible.The three learning outcomes cover documentation, pre-motorsport activity vehicle preparation and pre/during/post event inspection. Assessment is likely to follow this order although this is not essential. It should be noted that learning outcomes 1 and 2 only have one related pass criterion each, with the bulk of assessment relating to learning outcome 3, with six pass criteria.For learning outcome 1, learners must be able to identify, record and collate vehicle, competitor and event documentation for a motorsport event (P1). It is important that this criterion is not fragmented and that the assessment activity that is used allows learners to collect all the required documentation at one event. The actual documentation will very much depend upon the nature/type of event used, but centres must ensure that the chosen event provides sufficient coverage of the unit content for the assessment to be valid and reliable.Learning outcome 2 requires learners to select and use tools and equipment to prepare a competition vehicle to a given specification (P2). This is one of the criteria that could be simulated. However, whether simulation is used or the Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1 5— August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTIONvehicle is actually being prepared for an event, learners must be able to demonstrate their ability to select appropriate general tools, specialist tools and equipment and use them safely following a given specification. Evidence for this criterion is likely to be in several forms. Firstly, a tutor observation record of the learner’s selection and use of tools and equipment, plus a logbook record (maintained by the learner) of the work carried out together with anydata/information gathered. Finally, it is likely that the tutor will carry out an observation/inspection of the success of the vehicle’s preparation against the specification together with the use of oral questioning of the learner.Merit criterion M1 can be effectively linked to P2. One of the specifications used for the comparison is likely to be that used for the vehicle preparation undertaken for P2. A second, and quite different specification should be used to add depth and breadth to the learner’s assessment evidence.All the remaining pass criteria relate to learning outcome 3. The pass criteria P3 and P4 could be simulated in the centre’s own workshops but it is expected thatP5, P6, P7 and P8 will be undertaken and assessed under actual motorsport activity conditions.To achieve P3 learners must describe the health and safety procedures to be followed when inspecting a motorsports vehicle. This must include safe use and handling of lubricants/fluids, safe use of lifting equipment and handling techniques, safe working practices and safe disposal of waste materials and components. Examples of each of these are given in the unit content but it is the actual task(s) undertaken that will determine which of these examples is most appropriate. It is for the centre to determine sufficiency of evidence but clearly, the task(s) used will need to be chosen carefully to include opportunities to meet all the requirements of the unit content. Since this is a descriptive criterion, a paper-based response could be used, although it might be more appropriate for evidence to be gathered through oral questioning of learners as they carry out relevant tasks.M2 is related to P3 and provides an opportunity for learners to demonstrate and apply the knowledge. The evidence for M2 could be a written report of the learner’s findings or feedback from their survey in the form of a briefing. The tutor will need to ensure that there are a number of typical health and safety issues (specifically created for the purpose of assessment if necessary) for learners to report back on under the heading ‘threats’.For P4, learners should be observed selecting and using the range of equipment listed in the unit content. With respect to the specialist equipment, it would not be unreasonable to expect all the examples to be used but as a minimum learners should select and use at least two under the appropriate conditions.It is expected that P5, P6, P7 and P8 will be assessed during an actual motorsport activity. Ideally, the criteria should not be fragmented and should all be covered at one event. Once again, the assessment evidence for all of these criteria will be a mix of tutor observation and logbook records and data collection. It is essential for the achievement of P8 that the motorsport vehicle requires rectification. For this reason, it may be that this criterion can not be assessed at the same event as the others. Although it is likely that some rectification will be required following an event, the question for the tutor will be one of sufficiency for the learner’s achievement of P8.M3 could be linked to the work of P7 and P8. The ‘set down’ schedule must cover the post-competition inspection and rectification and is expected to include timetables, check lists, job cards, parts requisitions and invoicing/costing information.6 Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1— August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTION It is likely that the evidence for D1 and D2 will come from the overview that the learner has gained during their work towards P5, P6, P7 and P8. Although D1 could be covered at the same event as that used at pass, it is more likely that a completely different event is used when learners are less involved and can stand back and take a broader view of the event. It is intended that the evidence for D1 will come from an analytical exercise that allows learners to compare motorsport workshop equipment to the types of tools and equipment used in the field during an event. Typically, this would include lists of the types of tools and equipment used and the related costs, safety and security considerations. It should also include an evaluation of which tools can double up for both purposes and the reasons behind the choices.Finally, for D2, learners should carry out a full evaluation of their team’s performance following an event. The evaluation might include the learner’s reflection on the team’s preparation, inventories, scheduling, loading lists, movements and individual personal performance. The evaluation must include a strategy for how the team can do things better and this is likely to touch on cost efficiencies that can be made.Links to National Occupational Standards, other BTEC units, other BTEC qualifications and other relevant units and qualificationsThis unit contributes towards the knowledge and understanding needed for the SEMTA level 3 National Occupational Standards in Automotive Engineering, particularly:•Unit 59: Carrying out Motorsports Vehicle Inspections During a Competition •Unit 67: Carrying out Fault Diagnosis and Rectification Activities on Motorsports Vehicles During a Competition.It also supports the following unit from the Automotive Skills Level 3 National Occupational Standards in Vehicle Maintenance and Repair:•Unit MR06: Inspect Vehicles.Essential resourcesLearners will need to have access to actual motorsport activities and events. In addition, centres will need to provide a realistic motorsport vehicle preparation and inspection area, including relevant tools and equipment. Relevant health and safety documentation and regulations relating to motorsport activities will also need to be available.Indicative reading for learnersHillier V and Coombes P — Hillier’s Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology (Nelson Thornes, 2004) ISBN 0748780823Nunney M J — Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006) ISBN 0750680377Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 17 — August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007UNIT 28: MOTORSPORT VEHICLE PREPARATION AND INSPECTIONKey skillsAchievement of key skills is not a requirement of this qualification but it is encouraged. Suggestions of opportunities for the generation of level 3 key skill evidence are given here. Staff should check that learners have produced all the evidence required by part B of the key skills specifications when assessing this evidence. Learners may need to develop additional evidence elsewhere to fully meet the requirements of the key skills specifications.Communication Level 3When learners are: They should be able to develop the followingkey skills evidence:••preparing for vehicleinspections, eg readingspecifications, regulationsand health and safetyguidancewriting vehicle inspectionreports and collatingrelevant evidence ofvehicle/driver records.C3.2 Read and synthesise information from atleast two documents about the samesubject.Each document must be a minimum of1000 words long.C3.3 Writetwo different types of documentseach one giving different informationabout complex subjects.One document must be at least 1000words long.Information and communication technology Level 3When learners are: They should be able to develop the followingkey skills evidence:••researching information onvehicle documentation,health and safety andrelevant regulationspreparing and presentingassessment evidenceincluding inspection reportwrite-ups.ICT3.1 Search for information, using differentsources, and multiple search criteria in atleast one case.ICT3.2 Enter and develop the information andderive new information.ICT3.3 Present combined information such astext with image, text with number, imagewith number.8 Edexcel Level 3 BTEC Nationals in Vehicle Technology — Issue 1— August 2007 © Edexcel Limited 2007。

Westward Hydraulic Quick Lifting JacksPlease read and save these instructions. Read carefully before attempting to assemble, install, operate or maintain the product described. Protect yourself and others by observing all safety information. Failure to comply with instructions could result in personal injury and/or property damage! Retain instructions for future reference.®SHI 020Printed in China 11/07Operation (cont.)LOWErInGSLOWLY open the release valve byturning the handle knob counterclockwise.opening and closing the release valve as the load is being lowered. Shock loads can create dangerously high operating pressures within the hydraulic system, causing system failure and resulting in personal injury and/or property damage.MaintenanceIMPOrtAnt: When adding or replacing oil, always use a good grade hydraulic jack oil. Do not use hydraulic brake fluid, alcohol, glycerine, detergent motor oil or dirty oil. Improper fluid can cause serious internal damage to the jack rendering it inoperative.ADDInG OIL1. Position the jack on level ground and fully lower the saddle. Remove oil filler/vent plug.2. Fill oil to within 3/8” of filler hole. DO NOT OVERFILL! If overfilled, the jack will not lower to published minimum height. If underfilled, the jack will not reach published maximum height. Adjust fluid level as needed. Always reinstall oil filler/vent plug before use.rEPLACInG OIL1. Remove oil filler/vent plug.2. Turn jack over and drain old oil out through oil filler plug hole.3. Refill with new oil through the oil filler hole.IMPOrtAnt: Do not allow dirt or other foreign material to enter the hydraulic system when filling.4. After refilling, remove air from system by opening release valve and rapidly pumping handle several times.Reinstall oil filler/vent plug when done.LubrICAtIOn1. Add lubricating oil to all moving parts as needed.2. Apply grease to grease fittings periodically.PrEvEntInG ruSt1. Check ram and piston periodically for signs of corrosion. Clean as needed with an oily cloth.2. When not in use, store jack with saddle and piston fully retracted.Westward Operating Instructions and Parts ManualWestward Hydraulic Quick Lifting Jacks®5ML68A, 5ML69A and 5ML70Atroubleshooting ChartJack will not lift load 1. Release valve not tightly closed 1. Ensure release valve tightly closed2. Overload condition 2. Remedy overload condition Jack bleeds off after lift 1. Same as above1. Same as above2. Hydraulic unit malfunctioning 2. ReplaceJack will not lower after unloading 1. Reservoir overfilled 1. Drain fluid to proper level2. Linkages binding 2. Clean and lubricate moving parts Poor lift performance 1. Fluid level low 1. Ensure proper fluid level2. Air trapped in system 2. With ram fully retracted, remove oil filler plug to let pressurized airescape, reinstall oil filler plug Will not lift to full heightFluid level lowEnsure proper fluid levelSymptomPossible Cause(s)Corrective Action1 * Power Unit G240701 G6510S-01 G6610S-01 12 Saddle G240702 G2501S-12 G6610S-02 13 Front Wheel Assembly G240703 G2501S-13 G6610S-03 24 Handle Set G240704 G6510S-04 G6610S-04 15 Rear Caster G240705 G6510S-05 G6610S-05 26 Oil plug/ Vent plug G240706 G6510S-06 G6510S-06 17 Return Spring G240707 G6510S-07 G6610S-07 18 Release Valve Cable G240708 G6510S-08 G6510S-08 19 Piston Links G240709 G6510S-09 G6610S-09 1 10 Greasing Nipple G240710 G2501S-11 G2501S-11 1 11 Foot PedalG240711 G2501S-15 G2501S-15 1(*) No repair parts available for power unit.reference Part number for Models: numberDescription5ML68A (4 ton) 5ML69A (5 ton)5ML70A (10 ton)Quantityrepair Parts List24 hours a day - 365 days a yearPlease provide following information:-Model number -Serial number (if any)figure — repair Parts Illustration for Models 5ML68A, 5ML69A and 5ML70AJacks。

CAE技术规范
CAE判定标准
RH/DS TEC-008-A 瑞鹄汽车模具有限公司
/
了要求）
- 判别时还应考虑下列标准：
- 使用不同的模拟软件，模拟结果会有所差异（如板厚减薄率）；
- 零件有特殊/功能要求；
- 临界区域的位置（部件或结构区域）；
- 变形过程的负载状态；
- 所用材料和板厚（组合）；
- 料片材料的批次波动（料片厚度、机械性能等）；
- 在焊接料片中的加热焊接区域；
- FLC与变形路径的关系；
- 板料厚度减薄率；
- 其他理论及实践经验。

3.3.1 Good Result好的模拟结果
裂纹标准及最大钢板厚度减薄率
- 最大变形离FLC的距离>15%（图2 区域Ⅰ）；
- 极限钢板厚度减薄率减去15%的安全余量即是最大允许的钢板厚度减薄率（见图1和图2）；
- 最大允许的钢板厚度减薄的其他上限值可以由委托方规定；
- 在AutoForm 3.1x/3.2x中不使用厚度减薄极限曲线（TLC），因为它没有描述第二主应变上的真实板料厚度减薄。

最小板料厚度减薄
- 考虑到位置以及材料拉应力的和谐变化，在外表面区域内的最小板料厚度减薄≥
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9。

PARTS MANUALModelEY20-3ENGINEPUB-EP1641Rev. 01/02940 Lively Blvd. • Wood Dale, IL 60191 • Phone: 630-350-8200 • Fax: 630-350-8212© Copyright 2002 Robin America, Inc.e-mail:**********************•EY20-3 - 3 - 01-02HOW TO USE THIS MANUALRobin engines are identifi ed by MODEL, SPECIFICATION, and CODE NUMBER. For each model there may be many different versions called specifi cations. Each specifi cation will be unique in some way. The difference may only be the paint color or it may have a different type of PTO or some other signifi cant difference.In order the identify the correct service part number, it is important to confi rm the specifi ca-tion and code numbers for your engine. The specifi cation and code number together areknow as the PRODUCT NUMBER.All Robin 4 cycle engines have a Product Number label similar to the label illustrated below.The Product Number Label has a 15 digit alphanumeric string that consists of theSPECIFICATION (SPEC) number (11 digits) and the CODE number (4 digits). Pleasenote the illustration below:X X X X SPEC NO. (11 digits)CODE NO. (4 digits)PRODUCT NO. (15 digits)E Y 2 0 3EY20-3 - 4 - 01-02MANUAL LAYOUT1. SECTION NAME Parts are broadly classifi ed according to their functions.Refer to the Group Index (table of contents) for respective section name.2. FIG. No. The FIG. number indexes the reference and part numbers to the illustration. Figure numbers that vary only in the tens place (i.e..: 700 and 710) are in a group of the same section (i.e..:Electrical Device Group).3. REF. No . The Reference number identifi es the part illustration with the corresponding part number in the part list.4. SUBASSEMBLY SUBASSEMBLY parts of part assembly are listed below the assembly part. The subassembly part reference number is indicated by the number led by "-" such as "-1", "-2".5. PART NUMBER It is the number assigned for sales unit. Use the PART No. when making an order.6. DESCRIPTION It is designation of the part.7. QTY . Quantity of each part used for each product.8. REMARKS This gives a distinctive feature and/or a supplementary comment for the type, the specifi cation, and the part concerned. It also shows part number(s) interchangeable for the part.9. FROM-TO This section shows the CODE No. to indicate the history of progress in which improved parts have been introduced in the product. The FROM-TO CODE No. helps to identify PART No. being employed in the product concerned. See the examples below:- The part is used in the product irrespective of CODE No.2101- The part is used in the products with CODE No. of 2101 and after this number.- 2100 The part is used in the products with CODE No. of 2100 and before this number.1234167928354GROUP INDEXGroup Name Page CRANKCASE GROUP (6)CRANKSHAFT GROUP (8)INTAKE and EXHAUST GROUP (10)GOVERNOR GROUP (14)COOLING and STARTING GROUP (16)FUEL, LUBRICANT GROUP (20)CARBURETOR GROUP (22)ELECTRIC DEVICE GROUP (24)OIL SENSOR (24)SYMBOL DESCRIPTION AY...........................ASSEMBLY PLETE EX...........................EXPORT (from Japan) FIG..........................FIGURE FR...........................FRONT "..............................INCH INCL.......................INCLUDE~L............................LITERL=...........................LENGTH (in. mm)L.H. (LH).................LEFT-HAND SIDE MECH.....................MECHANICALNO (NON)...............NONE OPT.........................OPTIONALO.S.........................OVER SIZE SYMBOL DESCRIPTIONP=...........................PITCH (in mm)P.T.O. (PTO)...........POWER TAKE OFF REF.........................REFERENCER.H. (RH)................RIGHT HAND SIDE RR..........................REAR STD........................STANDARD SW..........................SWITCHT=...........................THICKNESS (in mm) UN..........................UNITU.S..........................UNDER SIZE~V...........................VOLTAGE~W..........................WATTW/...........................WITHW/O........................WITHOUTINDEX OF DESCRIPTION SYMBOLSEY20-3- 5 - 01-02SECTION 1 CRANKCASE GROUPFIG. 100EY20-3- 6 - 01-02SECTION 1 CRANKCASE GROUPEY20-3- 7 - 01-02SECTION 2 CRANKSHAFT GROUPFIG. 200EY20-3- 8 - 01-02SECTION 2 CRANKSHAFT GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 10282-21001-01CRANKSHAFT CP 1EY203YD1030 200 282-20901-01CRANKSHAFT CP 1EY203YD4000 200 40023-02501-10SPACER 1 200 41023-02501-20SPACER 1 200 42023-02501-30SPACER 1 200 50002-18140-00NUT 1 200 60003-20140-00SPRING WASHER 1 200 70032-30300-10WOODRUFF KEY 1 200 310227-22501-10CONNECTING ROD AY 1 200 320227-23001-13CONNECTING ROD BOLT 2 200 330227-23101-03OIL SCRAPER 1 200 350214-23301-13PISTON PIN 1 200 360282-23401-03PISTON 1STD 200 361282-23402-03PISTON 1Oversize 0.25 200 362282-23403-03PISTON 1Oversize 0.50 200 370282-23501-07PISTON RING SET 1STD 200 371282-23502-07PISTON RING SET 1Oversize 0.25 200 372282-23503-07PISTON RING SET 2Oversize 0.50 200 380056-51400-10CLIP 1 200EY20-3- 9 - 01-02EY20-3 - 10 - 01-02SECTION 3 INTAKE and EXHAUST GROUPFIG. 300SECTION 3 INTAKE and EXHAUST GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG.10227-31701-03CAMSHAFT 1 300 50227-33301-03TAPPET 2 300 60227-33601-03VALVE SPRING 2 300 70227-33701-03SPRING RETAINER 2 300 80282-33401-03INTAKE VALVE 1 300 90282-33501-03EXHAUST VALVE 1 300 310282-30101-H1 MUFFLER CP 1 300 320282-34201-H1 MUFFLER COVER CP 1 300 340282-35201-01GASKET CP, exhaust 1 300 350017-00800-30NUT 2 300 360011-00600-10FLANGE BOLT 3 300 440282-37001-H3 DEFLECTOR 1 300 445015-00400-10TAPPING SCREW 2 300 540227-32901-13INSULATOR 1 300 550282-35901-03GASKET, insulator 1 300 560227-35904-03GASKET 2, insulator 1 300 570226-39212-00NUT and WASHER AY 2 300 580001-10061-20BOLT and WASHER AY 1 300SECTION 3 INTAKE and EXHAUST GROUPSECTION 3 INTAKE and EXHAUST GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 510282-32610-00AIR CLEANER AY 1EY203YD1030300A 226-32665-10AIR CLEANER AY 1EY203YD4000300B -2282-32651-08PACKING 1EY203YD1030300A 227-36003-13PACKING 1EY203YD4000300B -110282-32640-08COVER CP 1EY203YD1030300B 520282-32601-07ELEMENT SET 1EY203YD1030300A 226-32660-17ELEMENT SET 1EY203YD4000300BSECTION 4 GOVERNOR GROUP FIG. 400SECTION 4 GOVERNOR GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 10227-42301-11GOVERNOR LEVER CP 1 400 20227-42201-03GOVERNOR SHAFT 1 400 26003-11080-00WASHER 1 400 30227-42701-01GOVERNOR ROD 1 400 40227-42801-03ROD SPRING 1 400 50003-13060-00CLIP 2 400 60001-14062-50BOLT and WASHER AY 1 400 70018-60600-20NUT 1 400 80227-42501-13GOVERNOR SPRING 1 400 310227-43301-10SPEED CONTROL AY 1EY203YD1030 400 227-43302-20SPEED CONTROL AY 1EY203YD4000 400 330227-43601-03KNOB 1 400 340227-43501-13STOP PLATE 1 400 350227-45002-03SPRING WASHER 1 400 360004-31063-00SCREW 1 400 370002-27060-00NUT 1 400 380011-00600-30FLANGE BOLT 1EY203YD1030 400 011-00600-50FLANGE BOLT 1EY203YD4000 400 410227-44203-13WIRE BRACKET 1 400 440004-31040-80SCREW 1 400 450002-27060-00NUT 1 400SECTION 5 COOLING and STARTING GROUPSECTION 5 COOLING and STARTING GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 10282-51262-01BLOWER HOUSING CP 1EY201YD1030 500 282-51361-01BLOWER HOUSING CP 1EY203YD4000 500 20282-95101-03LABEL, model 1 500 21073-20051-40LABEL, trademark 1 500 40011-00600-30FLANGE BOLT 4 500 41001-11062-00BOLT and WASHER AY 1 500 60227-52601-03CYLINDER BAFFLE 1 500 80011-00600-10FLANGE BOLT 1 500 90227-52701-03HEAD COVER 1 500 220011-00600-10FLANGE BOLT 4 500SECTION 5 COOLING and STARTING GROUP FIG. 510SECTION 5 COOLING and STARTING GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 210282-50211-00RECOIL STARTER AY 1 510 -1270-50115-08SPIRAL SPRING 1 510 -2269-50120-08REEL 1 510 -3282-50111-08 STARTER ROPE 1 510 -4261-50100-08STARTER KNOB 1 510 -5270-50125-08RATCHET 2 510 -6227-50131-08FRICTION SPRING 1 510 -11269-50145-18STARTER PULLEY 1 510 -35270-50261-08RATCHET GUIDE 1 510 -49227-50152-08SET SCREW 1 510SECTION 6 FUEL, LUBRICANT GROUP FIG. 600SECTION 6 FUEL, LUBRICANT GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 10282-60113-01FUEL TANK CP 1EY203YD1030 600 282-60211-01FUEL TANK CP 1EY203YD4000 600 20073-20039-00LABEL, warning 1 600 30043-04301-00FUEL TANK CAP CP 1EY203YD1030 600 043-04300-15FUEL TANK CAP CP 1EY203YD4000 600 40064-13600-10FUEL FILTER 1 600 50064-20064-00FUEL STRAINER AY 1 600 -1064-20064-20FILTER 1 600 -2064-20064-10PACKING 1 600 -3064-20042-10CUP, strainer 1 600 -4064-20064-30NUT 1 600 -6064-20064-40PACKING 1 600 60002-38060-00FLANGE NUT 2 600 70282-62601-H1 FUEL PIPE CP 1 600 80282-62601-H3 RUBBER PIPE 1 600 90X56-11100-20HOSE CLAMP 2 600 220226-66002-13PIPE, air vent 1EY203YD4000 600EY20-3- 21 - 01-02EY20-3 - 22 - 01-02SECTION 6 FUEL, LUBRICATION GROUPFIG. 610SECTION 6 FUEL, LUBRIACTION GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 210227-62480-00CARBURETOR AY 1EY203YD1030 610 227-62475-00CARBURETOR AY 1EY203YD4000 610 -1252-62535-08THROTTLE VALVE 1EY203YD1030 610 220-62535-08THROTTLE VALVE 1EY203YD4000 610 -2209-62351-08SCREW 1 610 -3226-62525-08CHOKE VALVE 1EY203YD1030 610 227-62527-08CHOKE VALVE 1EY203YD4000 610 -4237-62451-08SCREW 2 610 -5227-62423-08PILOT JET 1EY203YD1030 610 227-62422-08PILOT JET 1EY203YD4000 610 -8226-62520-18SHAFT AY, choke 1 610 -9226-62551-08RING 1 610 -11226-62532-08SHAFT AY, throttle 1 610 -12227-62451-08BOLT 1 610 -13226-62550-08RING 1 610 -14226-62502-08NEEDLE VALVE AY 1 610 -15214-62515-08PIN 1 610 -16227-62558-08FLOAT CHAMBER BODY 1 610 -17214-62450-08PACKING 1 610 -18214-62540-08CHAMBER PACKING 1 610 -19226-62506-08FLOAT AY 1 610 -20227-62443-08MAIN NOZZLE 1EY203YD4000 610 -21227-62441-08NOZZLE 1EY203YD4000 610 -22226-62411-08MAIN JET 1EY203YD1030 610 227-62410-08MAIN JET 1EY203YD4000 610 -24226-62701-18CLIP 1 610 -30209-62446-08CHOKE SPRING 1 610 -31209-62353-08STEEL BALL 1 610 -32106-62392-08SEAL 1 610 -40209-62352-08SCREW 1 610 -41209-62445-08SPRING 1 610 -60156-62351-08PACKING 1 610 -62227-62559-08SEAL 1 610EY20-3- 23 - 01-02EY20-3 - 24 - 01-02SECTION 7 ELECTRIC DEVICE GROUPFIG. 700SECTION 7 ELECTRIC DEVICE GROUPREF. PART NO. DESCRIPTION QTY.REMARKS FROM-TO FIG. 10282-79201-01FLYWHELL CP 1 700 11282-79401-01IGNITION COIL CP 1 700 30011-00601-21FLANGE BOLT 2 700 60X66-00003-61 SWITCH AY 1 700 70015-00400-90TAPPING SCREW 2 700 100065-01404-20SPARK PLUG, NGK-BP6HS 1EY203YD1030 700 RL87YC SPARK PLUG, CHAMPION 1EY203YD1030 700 RL86C SPARK PLUG, CHAMPION 1EY203YD4000 700 065-01401-50SPARK PLUG, NGK-BR6HS 1EY203YD4000 700 110065-50000-51SPARK PLUG CAP 1 700 700KS3-11020-01 OIL SENSOR CP 11 1EY203YD4000 700 760214-73122-01WIRE 22, CP 1EY203YD4000 700 772214-79003-01CLAMP CP 1EY203YD4000 700 774206-75501-01CLAMP CP 1EY203YD4000 700 775001-10081-60BOLT and WASHER AY 1EY203YD4000 700 776011-00600-10FLANGE BOLT 1EY203YD4000 700EY20-3- 25 - 01-02PRINTED IN THE USA。

缩写/ 英文/中文AB Anchor Bolt 地脚螺栓Abs Absolute 绝对的Abs Abstract 文摘、摘要A/C Account 帐、帐目AC Alternating Current 交流电Add Addendum 补充、补遗、附录ADL Acceptable Defect Level 允许的缺陷标准Adpt Adapter 连接器、接头AE Absolute Error 绝对误差AET Acoustic Emission Examination 声发射检验AISC American Institute of Steel Construction 美国钢结构学会AISI American Iron and Steel Institute 美国钢铁学会AL Aluminium 铝Alk Alkaline 碱的、强碱的ALM Alarm 报警Alt Alternate 交流、改变Amb Ambient 周围的Amt Amount 数量、金额Anh Anhydrous 无水的ANSI American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准学会API American Petroleum Institute 美国石油学会App Apparatus 设备App Appendix 附录、补遗Appl Applied 应用的Appl Applicable 适当的、合适的Approx Approximate 大约、近似Appx Appendix 附录、附件Arrgt Arrangement 布置AS Alloy steel 合金钢Asb Asbestos 石棉ASL Above Sea Level 海拔高度ASM American Society for Metals 美国金属学会ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师学会Assem Assembly 装配ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials 美国材料试验学会Atm Atmosphere 大气atm Atmosphere pressure 大气压Auto Automatic 自动Aux Auxiliary 辅助设备、辅助的Avail Available 有效的、可用的Avg Average 平均AW Arc welding 电弧焊AW Automatic Welding 自动焊A.W.G. American Wire Gauge 美国线规AWS(AWI) American Welding Society(Institute) 美国焊接学会BAB Babbitt Metal 巴氏合金Baf Baffle 折流板、缓冲板BB Ball Bearing 滚珠轴承BC Between Centers 中心距、轴间距BC Bolt circle 螺栓中心圆BD Blow down 放空、放料BEDD Basic engineering design data 基础工程设计数据Bet Between 在…之间Bev Bevel 斜角、坡口BF Back face 背面、反面BF Blind flange 法兰盖（盲法兰）BHN Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值BL Battery Limit 界区BL Battery Line 界区线B/L Bill of Loading 载荷数据表Bld Blind 盲板Blk Black 黑色Blk Blank 空白BM Bench Mark 基准标志BM Bending Moment 弯矩B/M (BOM) Bill of Material 材料表Bot Bottom 底BP Back Pressure 背压BP Base plate 底板BR Basic Requirements 基本要求BRG Bearing 轴承BRKT Bracket 支架Brs Brass 黄铜BS Both Side 两边BS British Standard 英国标准BS Balance Sheet 平衡表Bskt Basket 筐BTU British Thermal Unit 英国热量单位BV Back View 后视图BV Butterfly Valve 碟阀BW Brine Vater 冷冻盐水BW Butt Welding 对焊BWG Birmingham Wire Gauge 伯明翰线规BWRA. British Welding Research Association 英国焊接研究协会C Centigrade(degree) 摄氏度数CA Chemical Analysis 化学分析CA Corrosion Allowance 腐蚀裕量Calc Calculate 计算Cap Capacity 能力、容量CAS Cast Alloy Steel 铸造合金钢Cat Catalyst 触媒、催化剂Catg Catalog 目录、样本C-C(C/C) Center to center 中心距cc carbon copy 复写（纸复制）本cc cubic centimeter 立方厘米CCW Counter clockwise 反时针方向CD Cold Drawn 冷拉的、冷拔的CE Covered Electrode 焊条Cent Centrifugal 离心的CF Centrifugal Force 离心力CFW Continuous Fillet Weld 连续角焊缝CG Center of Gravity 重心CH Case-Hardening 表面硬化Ch Chapter 章节Cham Chamfer 倒角、斜角、斜面Chan Channel 通道、沟槽、管箱、槽钢Chk Check 检查CI Cast Iron 铸铁CIF Cost，Insurance and Freight 到岸价格Circ Circumference 圆周、环向CL Class 等级、类别CL Center Line 中心线CL Clearance 间隙CLAS Cast Low Alloy Steel 低合金铸钢CM Center of Mass 质量中心Cnds Condensate 冷凝液CO Clean Out 清除Co Company 公司Coef Coefficient 系数Col Column 柱、塔Comb Combination 组合Comp Compare 比较Comp Compound 化合物、复合的Compn Composition 组分Conc Concrete 混凝土Conc Concentration 浓度Cond Conductor 导体Cond Condition 条件Conn Connection 联接、接口Const Constant 常数、恒定的Const Construction 结构Cont Control 控制Cont Contain 包含Cont Content 内容、含量Corp Corporation 公司Corr Corrosion 腐蚀CP Centipoise 厘泊CP Center of Pressure 压力中心Cpl Coupling 管箍Cplg Coupling 联轴节CR Chloroprene Rubber 氯丁橡胶CS Carbon Steel 碳钢CS Center Section 中心截面CSTG Casting 铸造、铸件Ctr Center 中心CW Cooling Water 冷却水CW Continuous Welding 连续焊Cy Cycle 循环Cyl Cylinder 气缸、圆筒D Density 密度Dbl Double 二倍、双DEDD Detail Engineering Design Data 详细工程设计数据Def Definition 定义Deg Degree 度、等级Dept Department 部门Des Design 设计Det Detail 详细Detn Determination 确定、决定Dev Deviation 偏差Dev Device 装置DF Design Formula 设计公式Df Deflection 偏斜Dia Diameter 直径Diag Diagram 图Dim Dimension 尺寸Dir Direction 方向Disch Discharge 排出、出口Distr Distribution 分布Div Division 部分、区分DL Dead load 静载荷、自重Doc Document 文件、资料DP Design Pressure 设计压力DP Differential Pressure 压差、分压Dr Drill 钻孔Dr Drive 驱动DW Dead weight 静重、自重DW Demineralized Water 脱盐水Dwg Drawing 图E East 东EC Elasticity Coefficient 弹性系数Ecc Eccentric 偏心EF Electric Furnace 电炉Eff Efficiency 效率eg exempli gratia 例如EHP Effective Horsepower 有效功率EJ Expansion joint 膨胀节EL Elevation 标高Elb Elbow 弯头Elec Electric 电的Elem Element 元素、元件Ellip Ellipsoidal 椭球的、椭圆的Emer、Emerg Emergency 事故、紧急Encl Enclosure 密封、封闭Engrg、Eng Engineering 工程、设计EP Explosion Proof 防爆Eq Equipment 设备Eq Equation 公式、方程式Eq Equivalent 当量ES Electrostatic 静电EST Estimate 估计ESW Electro-Slag Welding 电渣焊ET Eddy Current Examination 涡流检验etc et cetera (and so on) 等等Evap Evaporate 蒸发Ex Example 例如Ex Excess 过剩、超过Exam Examination 检验Exh Exhaust 废气、排气Exp Expansion 膨胀Exptl Experimental 实验的Ext External 外部Ext Extreme 极端的FAO Finish All Over 全部加工FAX Facsimile 传真FB Flat Bar 扁钢FCAW Flux Cored Arc Welding 熔剂芯弧焊（手工焊）Fdn Foundation 基础FDW Feed Water 给水FF Flat Face 平面F/F Field Fabricated 现场制造Fig Figure 图Fin Finish 加工、完成FL Full Load 满载Flex Flexible 挠性Flg Flange 法兰FOB Free On Board 离岸价格FOC Free Of Charge 免费Forg Forging 锻件FOS Factor Of Safety 安全系数FREQ Frequency 频率FST Forged Steel 锻钢Ft Feet 英尺Ftg Fitting 管件、装配F.V. Full Vacuum 全真空FW Fresh Water 新鲜水FW Field Weld 现场焊接FW Fillet Weld 角焊缝GA General Average 平均值Gal Gallon 加仑Gen General 一般、总的Genr Generator 发电机、发生器GF Groove Face 槽面Gl Glass 玻璃GL Ground Level 地面标高GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding 气体保护金属极电弧焊Gnd Ground 接地、地面Govt Government 政府GP General Purpose 一般用途、通用Gr Grade 等级Gr Gravity 重力Grd Ground 地面Grp Group 分组、类Gr- wt Gross weight 总重、毛重HB Brinell Hardness 布氏硬度HC Hydrocarbon 烃类HC High Capacity 大容量HD Head 压头Hex Hexagon 六角HH Hand Hole 手孔Hor Horizontal 水平、卧式hp Horsepower 马力HP High Pressure 高压HR Rockwell Hardness 洛氏硬度HR(hr) Hour 小时HRC Rockwell C Hardness C级洛氏硬度HS High Pressure Steam 高压蒸汽HS Shore Scleroscope Hardness 肖氏硬度HSC High Pressure Condensate 高压蒸汽凝液HT High Temperature 高温HT Heat Treatment 热处理HT Hydrostatic Test 水压试验HV Vickers Hardness 维氏硬度Hvy Heavy 重的、重型的HW Hot Water 热水ICW Inter Cooling Water 中间冷却水ID Inside Diameter 内径IF Interface 交接面Illus Illustration 说明、图解IN Inlet 进口in Inch 英寸incl Including 包括Ind Indicate 指示Ins Insulation 保温INSP Inspection 检验Instl Installation 安装Int Internal 内部的Int Intermediate 中间的Intmt Intermittent 间歇的、间断的I/O Input/Output 输入/输出Jt Joint 连接、接头KG Kilogram 公斤KW(kw) Kilowatt 千瓦LAS Low Alloy Steel 低合金钢lb pound 磅LC Level Control 液位控制器Leng Length 长度LF Female Face 凹面Lg Long 长的LG Level Glass 液位计LH Left Hand 左手Lin Linear 线性的Liq Liquid 液体Lj Lap joint 搭接LJ Lapped Joint 松套LM Male Face 凸面LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference 对数平均温差LN Liquid Nitrogen 液氮LN Level Normal 正常液位Lng Lining 衬里LNG Liquefied Natural Gas 液化天然气Lo Lubrication oil 润滑油Lo Low 低LOA Length Over-All 全长\总长LOC Location 位置Log Logarithm(to the base 10) 对数（以10为底）Long Longitudinal 纵向LP Low Pressure 低压LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油气LT Low Temperature 低温LT Leak Testing 气密试验Ltd Limited 有限Ltr Letter 字母、信Lub Lubricate 润滑LW Lap Welding 搭接焊LWN Long Welding Neck 对焊长颈LWS Longitudinal Welded Seam 纵向焊缝M(m) Meter 米、公尺Mach Machine 机器Maint Maintenance 维修Mat(Mat’l) Material 材料MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure 最大允许工作压力Max Maximum 最大MDMT Min. Design Metallic Temperature 最低设计金属温度Mech Mechanical 机械的Mfd Manufactured 制造的Mfr Manufacturer 制造商MG(mg) Milligram 毫克MH Manhole 人孔MI Melt Index 熔融指数MIG Metal Inert Gas Arc Welding 熔化极惰性气体保护焊Min Minimum 最小MIN(min) Minute 分钟MJG Metallic Jacketed Gasket 金属包复垫片Mk Mark 标志ml Milliliter 毫升mm Millimeter 毫米MP Medium Pressure 中压MPC Maximum Permissible Concentration 最大许用浓度MS Medium Pressure Steam 中压蒸汽MS Medium Steel 中碳钢MSL Mean Sea Level 平均海平面MT Magnetic Particle Examination 磁粉检测MTD Mean Temperature Difference 平均温差Mtd Mounted 安装、装配MTR Material Testing Report 材料试验报告MU Measurement Unit 测量单位MV Mean Value 平均值MW Mineral Wool 矿渣棉N North 北NA Not Applicable 不适用的NAT Natural 天然的Natl National 国家的NC America National Coarse Thread 美制粗牙螺纹NDT Nondestructive Testing 无损检验Neg Negative 负NF American National Fine Thread 美国细牙螺纹Nip Nipple 螺纹管接头、短节Nom Nominal 名义Nor Normal 正常NOZ Nozzle 接管NPS American Standard Straight Pipe Thread 美国标准直管螺纹NPSHA Net Positive Suction Head Available 有效汽蚀裕量NPSHR Net Positive Suction Head Required 要求汽蚀裕量NPT American Standard T aper Pipe Thread 美国标准锥管螺纹NT Net Tonnage 净吨数NTP Normal Temperature and Pressure 标准温度和压力NTS Not To Scale 不按比例Num Number 数、编号、号码Obj Object 目标、对象OC Operating Characteristic 操作特性OD Outside Diameter 外径OH Open Hearth 平炉Oper Operating 操作Opp Opposite 对面、相反OR Outside Radius 外半径OR Outside Ring 外环Orien Orientation 方位Ovhd Overhead 高架的、顶部的Oxyg Oxygen 氧P Page 页P Pressure 压力Par Parallel 平行Para Paragraph 节、段Pc Piece 件PE Polyethylene 聚乙烯PFD Process Flow Diagram 工艺流程图Perform Performance 性能PF Power Factor 功率因素PID Piping & Instruments Diagram 管道和仪表流程图Pl Plate 板Pneum Pneumatic 气、气动PO Purchase Order 订货单Port Portable 便携式、轻便Posit Positive 正Posit Position 位置ppb Parts per billion 十亿分之几ppm Parts per million 百万分之几Prod Product 产品Proj Project 项目、工程PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯psf Pounds per square feet 磅/平方英尺psi Pounds per square inch 磅/平方英寸PT Liquid Penetrants Examination 液体渗透检测PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PVA Polyvinyl Acetate 聚醋酸乙烯PVAL Polyvinyl Alcohol 聚乙烯醇PVC Polyvinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯PWHT Post Weld Heat Treatment 焊后热处理QA Quality Assurance 质量保证QC Quality Control 质量控制Qty Quantity 数量Qual Quality 质量R Radius 半径Rad Radial 径向RC Rockwell Hardness 洛氏硬度Recip Reciprocate 往复式Recirc Recirculate 再循环Recom Recommended 建议、推荐Ref Reference 参照、基准Refract Refractory 耐火材料Reg Regulator 调节器Regen Regenerator 再生器、再生塔Reinf Reinforce 加强Rel Relative 相对Rep Report 报告Rep Repeat 重复Reqd Required 要求、需要的REV Revision 修改、版次Rev Review 评论、检查Rev Revolution 旋转、转数RF Raise face 突台面RH Relative Humidity 相对湿度RH Right Hand 右手RMS Root Mean Square 均方根ROT Rotating 旋转rpm revolutions per minute 转/分rps revolutions per second 转/秒RT Radiographic Examination 射线照相检验S South 北SAW Submerged Arc Welding 埋弧焊Sc Scale 刻度、比例SC Standard Condition 标准状态（温度压力）SCH Schedule 表号、管厚号、进度Sec Second 秒Sec Section 剖面、节、段Seg Segment 节、段Sep Separator 分离器Seq Sequence 次序、顺序SG Specific Gravity 比重SHP Shaft Horsepower 轴马力SI Standard International 国际单位制Sig Signal 信号Sld Solid 固体SMAW Shield Metal Arc Welding 手工焊Smls Seamless 无缝的SO Slip on 平焊（法兰）Sol Solution 溶液SP Spare parts 备件Sp Special 特殊的、专门的SP Static pressure 静压力Spec Specification 说明、规定SpGr Specific Gravity 比重Sq Square 方形、平方SR Stress Relief 消除应力SS Stainless Steel 不锈钢Sta Station 站STD Standard 标准STDWT Standard Weight 标准重量STL Steel 钢STP Standard Temperature and Pressure 标准温度和压力Suc Suction 吸入Suppl Supplement 补充SW Shop Welding 车间焊接SW Spot Weld 点焊SW Socket Welding 承插焊（法兰）SWP Safety Working Pressure 安全工作压力SYM Symbol 符号、标志SYM Symmetry 对称SYS System 系统T Ton 吨TC Tungsten Carbide 碳化钨Tech Technique 技术TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 管壳式换热器制造商协会（美国）Temp Temperature 温度Term Terminal 终端、接头Thk Thickness 厚度TIG Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding 钨极惰性气体保护焊TL Tangent line 切线Tol Tolerance 公差Tot Total 总Trans Transfer 输送器TW Total Weight 总重TW Tack Welding 定位焊Typ Typical 典型、标准UNC Unified National Coarse Thread 统一标准粗牙螺纹UNF Unified National Fine Thread 统一标准细牙螺纹US Undersize 尺寸过小UT Ultrasonic Examination 超声波探伤UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength 抗拉强度极限Vac Vacuum 真空Vap Vapor 蒸汽Var Variable 变化、变量Vel Velocity 速度Vert Vertical 垂直Vol Volume 体积VT Visual Testing 宏观（目测）检查W Watt 瓦WL Welding Line 焊缝线WL Water Line 水线WPS Welding Procedure Specification 焊接工艺规程WP Working Pressure 工作压力WRC Welding Research Committee 焊接研究委员会（美国）WS Water Supply 供水WT Weight 重量W/V Wind Velocity 风速XR X-Ray X射线Yd Yard 码YP Yield Point 屈服点Yr Year 年。