New Political Culture

1. 科学发展观the outlook of scientific development2. 倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3. 以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4. 推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观fostera new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5. 主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6. 新能源观new thinking on energy development7. 古为今用、洋为中用汇旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements8. 文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field9. 牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement10. 文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activities ; cultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors11. 民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化 a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented12 .弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity13. 以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works14. 具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture;socialist culture with Chinese appeal15. 越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world. What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world. When you are unique, the world comes to you.16. 文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。

新版政治学专业英语词汇一院制Unicameral一党制国家One—party States人权Human rights人权宣言Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工会Trade unions下议院House of Commons上议院House of Lords个人主义Individualism女权主义Feminism马列主义Marxism—Leninism马克思主义Marxism马基雅维里主义Machiavelli王权Crown无产阶级Proletariat无产阶专政Dictatorship of the proletariat无政府主义Anarchism专制Despotism专制政府/绝对专制主义Absolute government/absolutism 中央与地方的关系Central/Local relations分权Separation of powers公共行政Public administration公民权利Civil rights公民自由Civil liberties正义Justice可审判性Justiciability平等Equality奴隶制Slavery占统治地位的党Dominant party代表Delegate代议员Representative代议制政府Representative government 代表制Representation主权Sovereignty市民社会Civil society市（镇）长Major立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体Constitutional government 立法机关Legislatures立法否决Legislative veto立法委员会Legislative committees立法起草Legislative drafting半总统制Semi-presidential systems议长Speaker议会制度Parliamentary system司法机构Judiciary司法行政官Magistrate司法审查Judicial review民主Democracy民主党Democratic Party民主集中制Democratic centralism民意测验Opinion polls共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic机构/制度Institution权力Power权利Rights权利法案Bill of rights权威Authority妇女选举权Women’s suffrage地方长官Prefect地方政府Local government地方政府财政Local government finance 地方政治Local politics同意Consent同意投票Approval voting团体理论Group theory邦联Confederation邦联条例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom自由党Liberal parties自由裁量权Discretion自决Self-determination自治Self-government自治领Dominion行为主义Behaviouralism行政Administration行政机关Executives政委员Administrative board行政法庭Administrative tribunal 行政法院Administrative court州长Governor多元主义Pluralism多元社会Plural society多头制Polyarchy多数派政府Majority government 多数统治Majority rule决策Decision making决策理论Decision theory农奴制Serfdom阶层/阶级Class麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James苏格拉底Socrates极权主义Totalitarianism否决权Veto投票Voting投票率Turnout护宪Entrenchment财产权Property利益Interests利益表达与聚合Interest articulation and aggregation利益集团Interest group言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社区/共同体Community社团主义Corporatism社会主义Socialism社会民主主义Social democracy社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy责任Responsibility责任政府Responsible government 直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas欧洲议会European Parliament欧洲共同体European Community歧视Discrimination国际法International Law国家State国家元首Head of state国家消亡Withering away of the state 国家财政危机Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗Civil disobedience非暴力行为Non-violent action制定法Statute Law制衡Checks and balance委任Patronage委员会Commission质询Interpellation法Law法令Act法官Judge法治Rule of law法律的正当程序Due process of law法案，议案Bill宗教自由Freedom of religion审判Adjudication审查制度Censorship官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy实证主义Positivism封建主义Feudalism革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政体Polity政纲platform政变Coup D’etat政府Government政府组成过程Government formation process政府首脑Head of government政府调查Public inquiry政治Politics政治义务Political obligation政治文化Political culture政治中的种族问题Race in politics政治心理学Political psychology政治发展Political development政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee政治行为研究Political behavior政治地理学Political geography政治权力Political power 政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通Political communication政治体系/政治系统Political system政治参与Political participation政治财政Political finance政治科学Political science政治社会化Political socialization政治社会学Political sociology政治学的定量方法Quantitative methods in politics政治态度Political attitudes政治腐败Political corruption政治继承Political succession政治理论Political theory政治暴力Political violence政治影响Political influence政治整合/政治一体化Political integration 政党分赃制Spoils system政党认同Party identification政党代表大会Party convention政党功能,political functions of Parties 政党组织Party organization政党核心集团Machine政党秘密会议Caucus政策分析Policy analysis政策实施Implementation政策输出研究Policy output studies城市政府City government城邦国家City state贵族/贵族制Aristocracy思想库Think tank看守政府Caretaker government选区Constituency选民登记Registration of electors选择投票Ticket-splitting选择领导Leadership selection选举Elections选举团Electoral college选举纲领Election program选举制度Electoral system选票Ballot重农主义Physiocracy重划选区Redistribution重商主义Mercantilism种族灭绝Genocide种族主义Racism种族隔离Apartheid顺从Deference保守主义Conservatism保守党Conservative parties依持主义Clientelism修正主义Revisionism独立机构Independent agency独立宣言Declaration of Independence 独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism 独裁制Autocracy帝国Empire帝国主义Imperialism美国革命American Revolution美国国会Congress美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府Prime minister/Prime ministerial government总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike总督Governor-General派别Faction咨询和同意Advice and consent宣传Propaganda宪法Constitutional law宪法规约Convention of the constitution宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism神权政治Theocracy神授王权Divine right of kings费边主义Fabianism绝对专制主义Absolutism统治阶级Ruling class统治能力Governability恐怖Terror恐怖主义Terrorism格劳修斯Grotius监护Tutelage监察专员Ombudsman党派首领Boss罢免Recall恩格斯Engels缺席投票Absence voting特权Prerogative特许状Charter秘密警察Secret police倒台与政权更迭Breakdown and regime change 候选人选择candidate selection爱国主义Patriotism被保护国Protectorate竞争性政党制度Competitive party system竞选运动Election campaign部门Department部长，部Minister/Ministry部长会议Council of Ministers准司法Quasi-judicial准--非政府组织Quango资历制Seniority资产阶级Bourgeoisie资本主义Capitalism浮动投票人Floating vote浪漫主义Romanticism宽容Toleration家长型控制Paternalism特别委员会Select committee预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting陪审团Jury理性Rationality理性选择方法Rational choice教权主义Clericalism教会与国家Church and State基本权利Fundamental right基层党组织Primary party organization 职能代表Functional representation授权立法Delegated legislation授权学说Mandate theory常设委员会Standing committee累计投票Cumulative vote唯心主义Idealism领导Leadership第二院，上议院Second chambers康德Kant混合政府Mixed government弹劾Impeachment隐私Privacy殖民统治Colonial government联合，联合政府Coalition/Coalition government 协和民主Consociational democracy联合国United Nations联邦制Federalism联邦党人文集Federalist Papers联盟，联合League超载Overload超国家政府Supranational government博爱Fraternity斯大林Stalin斯宾诺莎Spinoza亚当·斯密Adam ·Smith最低下限Droop quota法国行政法院Conseil d’AEtat最高法院Supreme court黑格尔Hegal辉格党与托利党Whigs and Tories等级Estates集体主义Collectivism集体行动Collective action集体领导Collective leadership集合理论Coalition theory街区选举，集团投票Block vote普通法Common law游说Lobbying雇主组织Employer’s organization强制性投票Compulsory voting鼓励性行动Affirmative action路德，马丁Luther,Martin解散议会Dissolution of parliament意识形态Ideology新左派New Left 新右派New Right新政New deal新教政党Protestant parties福利国家Welfare state 群众性政党Mass membership party僭主制/暴政Tyranny寡头制Oligarchy寡头政治铁律Iron law of oligarchy精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism精英理论Doctrine of elites腐败选区Rotten borough弊政Maladministration熊彼特Schumpeter影子内阁Shadow cabinet潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes穆勒Mill 激进主义Radicalism激进政党Radical parties整体主义Holism辩证法Dialectic辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police警察国家Police state。

政治文化类英文作文英文：Political culture refers to the beliefs, values, and attitudes that people hold towards politics and government. It is shaped by a variety of factors, including history, geography, religion, and social norms. In my opinion, political culture plays a significant role in shaping the political landscape of a country.For example, in the United States, the politicalculture is characterized by a strong emphasis on individualism and a distrust of government. This is reflected in the country's political institutions, such as the separation of powers and the Bill of Rights. On the other hand, in countries like China, the political culture is more collectivist and emphasizes the importance ofsocial harmony. This is reflected in the country'spolitical institutions, such as the one-party system and the emphasis on social stability.Political culture can also influence voter behavior. For instance, in countries where there is a strongtradition of democracy, people are more likely to participate in elections and engage in political activism. In contrast, in countries where there is a history of authoritarianism, people may be more hesitant toparticipate in politics.In conclusion, political culture is an important factor in shaping the political landscape of a country. It influences the beliefs, values, and attitudes that people hold towards politics and government, as well as their behavior as citizens.中文：政治文化指人们对政治和政府的信仰、价值观和态度。

常用政治术语的英文翻译马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent's” important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。

新时期中英双语热词（两会热词）值得拥有收藏———————————————————————1.新思想new thought2.新常态new normal3.新增长目标new growth target4.新反腐模式new anti-corruption model5.民生people's livelihood6.扶贫poverty alleviation7.国防national defense8.改革开放40周年40 years of reform and opening up9.中国梦the Chinese Dream10.人类命运共同体 a community with shared future for humanity11.五位一体economic,political,cultural,social andecological progress12.四个全面the four-pronged comprehensive strategy13.一带一路the Belt and Road Initiative14.文化自信cultural confidence15.获得感sense of benefit16.成就感sense of achievement17.城市群city cluster18.低碳城市low-carbon cities19.智能制造intelligent manufacturing20.中国制造2025 Made in China 202521.工匠精神craftsmanship spirit22.中国天眼: 500米口径球面射电望远镜(FAST ) China's Eye of Heaven: The Five-hundred-meter Aperture SphericalTelescope( FAST )23.国产航母domestically built aircraft carrier24.国产客机Home made passenger jet25.数字家庭digital homes26.数字经济digita l economy27.人工智能artificial intelligence28.第五代移动通信5G mobile communications29.自媒体We-Media30.自贸试验区pilot free trade zones31.医疗改革medical reform32.国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product (GDP)33.居民消费价格Consumer Price Index (CPI)34.税收减免tax reduction and exemption35.去产能reducing excess capacity36.房地产去库存reducing real estate inventory37.供给侧结构性改革supply-side structural reform38.补短板strengthening areas of weakness39.生态保护红线ecological wealth40.蓝色经济blue economy41.绿色发展green development42.纵向横向经济轴带north-south and east-west intersecting economic belts43.全球伙伴关系网global partnership network44.利益共同体community of shared interests45.无现金支付cashless payment46.扫脸支付face scan payment47.二维码支付two-dimensional barcode payment48.点赞give a like49.虚拟现实virtual reality50.宜居城市habitable city51.分享经济sharing economy52.互联网金融online finance53.提现cash withdrawal54.金融科技fintech55.一小时通勤圈one-hour commuting circle56.智能制造smart manufacturing57.需求侧管理demand-side regulation58.逆全球化deglobalization59.网络直播live streaming60.薪酬改革salary reform61.副中心subcenter62.网红经济internet celebrity economy63.网络空间命运共同体community of shared future in cyberspace64.网络侵权internet copyright infringement65.养老服务elderly care service66.人道主义救援humanitarian relief67.可载人无人机passenger-carrying drone68.可替代能源汽车alternative energy vehicle69.京津冀一体化Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration70.清洁能源clean energy71.带薪休假paid leave72.非物质文化遗产intangible cultural heritage73.城际高铁inter-city high-speed rail74.城市住房公积金urban housing fund75.城乡一体化rural-urban integration76.创新型政府pro-innovation government77.出口关税export duty78.互联网+Internet Plus79.冬奥会Olympic Winter Games80.二孩经济second-child economy81.房产税property tax82.分级医疗制度hierarchical medical system83.跨越式发展leapfrog development84.个人信用记录personal credit recordsr> 85.过度包装excessive packaging86.互联网保险online insurance87.互联网从业者internet professional88.饥饿营销hunger marketing89.积分落户制度points-based hukou system90.基层社区grassroots community贷他心展员能.0we 新值91.实名认证real-name authentication92.年度考核annual assessment93.企业文化corporate culture94.创新型人才innovative talent95.人脸识别facial identification96.代驾服务业designated driver business97.交易费transaction fee98.跟团游package tour99.自由行independent travel100.免税店duty-free store。

黄奕宁Elaine Huang 1530007011Political CultureThroughout history, we can see that different countries shows reveal different character by their behaviors, which called political cultures. Even two close countries , they have different ways to solve the same international issue. Just like China and Japan, which are neighborhood and look similar in living habit among their people, culturally, they are distinct.Political culture is reflected in many aspects and have many effects to a country, so it used to be a hot spot for politicians to study politics and international relations in the 1960s.Nowadays, under the impact of the third wave of democratization and the anxiety people have when they notice the decline of civic participation, the study in political culture becomes has been revived.As to political culture, different politicians have their own discussion on it. According to“the Civic Culture” written by G.A. Almond, political culture is a set of political attitudes, and the political conviction a nation have at a particular time. T hrough our textbook, I’ve learned that t he political culture of a nation is determined by its history, economy, religion, and folkways. Take America and China as an example,America was founded on the basis of “competitive individualism” and prefers minimal government while China, a country with a long history of feudal society, still has some habits of traditional class system.When analyzing the construction and function of political culture, some scholars further pointed out that political culture is made up of a series of beliefs, symbols and values, which are based on experiences. It provides people with their own bias when they participate in politics.So we can define political culture as a relatively stable emotion or realization the people of one country hold for a long time. It corresponds to government, political organization and other institutional structure, and becomesa subjective factor of political activities.Political culture includes system culture, process culture, and policy culture. Moreover,it can be classified as lots of categories. With the help of these information, politicians can study it better and combine the study with more subjects. Through their studies, we can easily find that the political culture of a nation matches with its political system, just like the relation of software and hardware, they are interactional.Political culture can apply to many aspects,such as Kosovo crisis. In fact,i t didn’t have direct effects on China’s or America’s benefit, but it led to a bad situation between these two countries. When studyingthe reason of this case, we can focus on the differences of political cultures between these two countries. In American history, they think freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere, and they want to save the world by pursuing this, while China sticks to the intention of sovereignty weighs over human rights. Moreover, there are crisis awareness and “victim consci ousness” in Chinese political culture, which intensified the tension between the two countries.All in all, because of different development history, the discrepancies among country truly exists. So it is important to learn political culture. Furthermore, when handling relations with other countries, we should know their political cultures, so that we can reduce misunderstandings and conflicts as much as possible.。

西方政治文化理论的复兴及其新趋向丛日云　王　辉内容提要:西方政治文化理论在经历了50～70年代初的初创和兴盛期、70～80年代初的衰落期后,自80年代中期起重新复兴。

本文初步介绍了此次政治文化理论复兴的一些新成果:一些学者试图重新诠释政治文化概念,兼容心理层面与行为模式,将政治行为视为政治文化的要素;有人从政治文化的易变和不易变两个层面进行分析,从而深化了关于政治文化的稳定性和可变性的认识;有的学者引进了全新的“文化分析”模式,在坚持政治文化具有相对独立的解释价值的同时,强调文化和制度的反作用。

在主导理念和研究范围上,政治文化研究出现了非西方化的趋向。

关键词:政治文化;政治行为;政治理论;西方国家西方政治文化理论(或政治文化研究)于20世纪50年代创立后,在半个世纪中经历了一个马鞍形的变化。

50年代中期至70年代初为其创立和兴盛期,这一时期,新兴的政治文化理论倍受青睐,成为西方社会政治分析的主要方法之一。

进入70年代以后,它遭到了来自不同方向的攻讦和批判,人们指责它保守、僵化,低估了社会结构和权力结构的作用,不具有解释力和预见性等等。

在这些批判声中,许多学者放弃了政治文化研究,从而使政治文化理论退回到政治科学的边缘地带,几近被废弃。

进入80年代,政治文化研究出现新的转机。

80年代中期,政治文化研究初显复兴的态势,到80年代末,这场复兴全面展开,进入90年代又进一步繁荣起来。

最早提出“政治文化复兴”概念的是R1英格尔哈特(Ronald Inglehart)。

他在1988年以《政治文化的复兴》为题发表文章,提出“现在是矫正社会分析中的偏向的时候了”。

①他所说的“偏向”是指自60年代末以来,以经济变量为基础的理性选择理论成为占主导地位的分析模式,将文化因素贬低到与实际不符的程度。

然而,在英格尔哈特看来,无论在西方国家还是在非西方国家,文化因素在政治生活中都已经日益显示出其不可忽视的重要性,面对这种政治现实,理性选择理论已经陷入窘境,它要求人们在政治分析中必须重视政治文化变量的作用。