Part V Twentieth-century Literature - Robert Frost

说明：1、本表原则上以每章为单位填写。

2、此表后面为本次安排的授课内容的教案正文。

辅助手段基本内容和时间分配Part V Twentieth-century LiteratureI. Historical Introduction1.1900 — The World War I(1)The United Sates began the twentieth century with a population of less than76,000,000, almost two thirds of it rural.(Three quarters of a century later the population had almost tripled. The vastmajority of Americans lived in large urban centers.)(2)The expansion of the railroads after the Civil War had reduced theprovincial isolation of the nation.(3)In 1900 the American arts were poised on the brink of a turbulentmodernity.(The creation of completely new descriptive terms: futurism, expressionism,postimpressionism, Dadaism, cubism, imagism and surrealism).(4)In the years preceding World War I, 19th century realism and naturalismremained vital forces in American literature.①The growth of mass-circulation periodicals created a rich marketplacefor popular writers.②Early in the century a rising number of ―little magazines‖broughtnumerous avant-garde writers to the attention of a limited but sophisticatedaudience.2.The World War I — The World War IIAlthough the form and direction of modern American literature had clearlybegun to emerge in the first decades of the century, the World War I(18914-1918) stands as a great dividing line between the 19th century and contemporary America.(1)Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that theywere a ―Lost Generation,‖ devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.e.g T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922)Sinclair Lewis’Main Street (1920)Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy (1925)F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1926)Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farwell to Arms (1929)William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (1929)(―Lost Generation‖: The term was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Earnest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein ―You are all a lost generation‖as epigraph (题词) to his novel, The Sun also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were ―lost‖ because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into a settled life.)(2)After the World War I a group of new American dramatists emerged, andthe American theatre ceased to be wholly dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe.Eg. Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones (1920), Anna Christie (1921) and The Hairy Ape (1922).(3)The years between 1920 and 1930 were a time of new directions and newachievements in all the arts.E.g. museums and galleriesThe American skyscraperThe American motion picture industryJazz music of the American Negro(Jazz Age: it describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II, particularly in North America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence (衰落) and hedonism (享乐主义), as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited (把…归功于…) with coining (创造(新词语)) the term ―The Jazz Age‖.In America during the 1920s did not seem desperate. Instead, Americans entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages, did more to encourage than to curb (约束). Fashions were extravagant; more and more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished; and nearly every American home had a radio in it. Fads (时尚) swept the nation. People danced the Charleston (查尔斯顿舞), and they sat upon the flagpoles (旗杆). )(―Harlem Renaissance‖: a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous black writers after mid-century.Harlem Renaissance is used to describe a flowering of African-American literature and art in the 1920s, mainly in the Harlem district of New York City. (During the mass migration of African Americans from the rural agricultural South to the urban industrial North, many who came to New York settled in Harlem. Meanwhile, Southern black musicians brought jazz with them to the North and to Harlem. The area soon became a sophisticated literary and artistic center. Responding to the heady intellectual atmosphere of the time and place, writers and artists, many of whom lived in Harlem, began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with African – American life. These works attracted many black readers. New to the wider culture, they also attractedcommercial publishers and a large white readership. Writers associated with Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, etc. The Harlem Renaissance faded with the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s.) )(4) With the end of the decade came the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s, cataclysmic events that shattered public complacency and transformed American society.E.g. John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath3.After The World War IIThe social upheavals and the literary concerns of the Great Depression years ended with the prosperity and turmoil brought by the World War II (1939-1945).II. TermsDadaism: it is an international nihilistic (虚无主义的, 无政府主义的) movement among European artists and writers that lasted from 1916 to 1922. It originated in the widespread disillusionment engendered (产生) by World War I. Dada attacked conventional standards of aesthetics and behavior and stressed absurdity and the role of the unpredictable in artistic creation. Dada principles were eventually modified to become the basis of surrealism in 1924. The literary manifestations of Dada were mostly nonsense poems —meaningless random combinations of words.Expressionism: in literature, expressionism is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than external events in logical sequence. In the novel, the term is closely allied to the writing of Franz Kafka and James Joyce. The movement, though short-lived, gave impetus (推动) to a free form of writing and of production in modern theater.Surrealism: an anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, launched by Andre Breton in his Manifeste du Surrealisme (1924) after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations (幻觉) and sexual desire. Influenced both by the Symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought together in surprising juxtaposition (并排).FuturismPostimpressionismCubism美国现代主义时期(the era of Modernism): 1910 – 1930（另一种说法：美国文学史上的现代主义时期以第一次世界大战为起点，经历了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期一直延续到第二次世界大战。

Introduction of English LiteraturePart 1. The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions – Pagan and Christian.代表作品The Song of BeowulfPart 2. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)The literature: The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure, inmarked contrast with the strength and somberness（浓重，晦涩）of Anglo-Saxon poetry.Work: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightPart 3. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)The literature: Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second halfof the 14th century. The foundations（根基）of the feudal（封建）system had already begun to crumble（瓦解）。

Work: The Canterbury TalesPart 4. The Renaissance (the 16th century 1500 --)The literature: The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of thefoundations of capitalism. The progress of bourgeois（中产阶级）economy made England a powerful state. In the firsthalf of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems byThomas Wyatt; In the second half of the 16th centurylyrical poetry became widespread in England. The epochof Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish drama.Work: Works of Shakespeare(1)The first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry.(2)Hamlet: it is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art(3)The Merchant of VeniceWorks of Francis Bacon(1)Of Truth(2)Of StudiesPart 5. The Period of Revolution and Restoration (The 17th Century) The literature: The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. The contradictions between the feudalsystem and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak andresulted in a revolutionary outburst. In literature also thePuritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking upof old ideals. In 1642, the theatres were closed. The Biblebecame now the one book of the People. The Puritaninfluence in general tended to suppress literary art.(Note: Puritans believed in simplicity of life)Work: Works of John MiltonParadise Lost (Book I)Part 6. The Age of Enlightenment in England (The 18th Century)The literature: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a publicmovement known as the Enlightenment. TheEnlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggleof the progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.The enlighteners fought against class inequality, prejudicesand other survivals of feudalism. Fighting the survivals offeudalism, the enlighteners, at the same time, were proneto accept bourgeois relationships as rightful andreasonable relationships among people.Works:1．Daniel Defoe (1661-1731) 丹尼尔-笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨孙飘流记》2. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) 约拿旦-斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels (1726) 《格列佛游记》3. Henery Fielding (1707-1745)Tom Jones 《汤姆-琼斯》Part 7. The Romantic Period (1798-1832)Literature: After the Industrial Revolution, Britain became the “workshop of the world”and the English bourgeoisie fattened on worldtrade. The Industrial Revolution pushed the bourgeoisie to thedominant position in the country. It became the ruling class.The “Enclosure Movement”, the peasants became landless andhad to find new ways of living. July 14, 1789 saw a greatevent in Europe. That was the French Revolution. TheRevolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and theabolition of class distinctions. It was amid these socialconflicts mentioned. Above that Romanticism arose as a mainliterary trend, which prevailed in England during the period of1798-1832.Works:1．George Gordon, Lord Byron （拜伦）(1788-1824)(1) His first volume of poems, Hours of Idleness (1807) 《懒散的时刻》(2) Childe Harold Pilgrimage (1812) 《恰尔德-哈洛尔德游记》2. Jane Austen (1775-1817)(1) Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》(2) Persuasion 《劝导》(3) Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(4) Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(5) Mansfield Park 《曼菲尔德庄园》(6) Emma 《爱玛》Each is perfect, and there is no choosing between them for one who enjoys her quiet irony and her simple delicate analysis of character.Part 8. The Victorian Age – Critical Realism in England (1832-1868) Literature: The precision may limit the Victorian Period to the years between the Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901,but a new era really began with the passage of the ReformBill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in theforties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first setthemselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from ademocratic viewpoint.Works:1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)(1) Oliver Twist 《奥利弗-特威斯特》(2) A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》2. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane EyrePart 9. Twentieth Century LiteratureLiterature: The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic and anti-realistic trends in art and literature. Works:1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) created a truthful picture of contemporary England. 《The Son’s Veto》2. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900), led the readers away from the burning issues of social reality. 《The Picture of Dorian Gray》。

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。

History And Anthology of American Literature（5）PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学Ⅰ. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-19721.埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。

他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot.2.庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture.3.《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage toSextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae”or “Masks”;1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ;1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s“Divina Commedia”in three sections, butrepresenting a comedy human, not divine, dealingwith the wreck of civilizations by reason of theinfidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancientworld, the Renaissance, and the modern period.4.二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。

Part IX Twentieth Century LiteratureHistorical BackgroundThe First World War•Britain became a debtor nation and London lost its position as the first financial center of the worldThe Second World War•It marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire.•Thousands of people were killed and the economy was ruined.•Most colonies waged a powerful movement for independence.Cultural Background•Charles DarwinThe Theory of Evolution: human beings were evolved from the lower species of animals to today's shape.•Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsScientific Socialism: made a revolutionary analysis of the social structure and divided people into different social classes.•Sigmund Freud: analytical psychology•Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.•Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.•Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism.•Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.LiteratureTwo stages:•Literature between the two World Wars•Literature after World War IIThree main trends:•Modernism•The Angry Young Men•The Theatre of the AbsurdModernism• A vague term that is used to apply to works of a group of poets, novelists, painters and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II.•Including various trends or schools: imagism, expressionism, Dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism.• A departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.•Taking the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.•Basic themes: alienation and lonelinessCharacteristics of modernist writings•Complexity and obscurity•The use of symbols•Allusion•IronyProminent Modernist writersJames Joyce• A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man•Ulysses：A prime example of modernism in literature.An uncommon novel: no story, no plot, no action and little characterization•Dubliners：Each story presents an aspect of “dear dirty Dublin”, an aspect of the city’s paralysis---moral, political or spiritualIreland•Most of his works were related with Ireland and especially Dublin•Revealed the real world and especially the spiritual world of the people•Most of the stories and characters came from his own experiencesUlyssesAn account of man’s life during one day (16 June, 1904) in Dublin.Structure: The whole novel is divided into 18 episodes in correspondence with the 18 hours of the dayThe Odyssey•The Odyssey is an ancient Greek poem by Homer.•It was written some time in the 8th century BC.•Joyce based the structure of Ulysses upon the Odyssey.Theme•Every human goes on a journey, just as the mythical Odysseus did in his heroic adventures in Homer’s Odyssey. But in the real life of modern man, this journey is generally humdrum and uneventful, as in Joyce's Ulysses, rather than heroic.Virginia Woolf•Mrs. Dalloway• A Room of One’s Own•To the Lighthouse•The WavesD. H. Lawrence•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•The White PeacockSons and Lovers•The first in the English language to explore ordinary working-class life from the inside.•An autobiographical novel• A record of the emotional bond between the protagonist and his mother.•The novel certainly reflects the problems of Lawrence’ young age. It is taken as a typical example of lively manifestation of Oedipus complex in fiction.•In the Oedipus complex, a boy is fixated on his mother and competes with his father for maternal attention. The opposite, the attraction of a girl to her father and rivalry with her mother, is sometimes called the Electra complex.More Information:The story of Sons and Lovers starts with the marriage of Paul’s parents. Mrs. Morel, daughter of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them starts to estrange them from each other. The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affections upon her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners; they will be educated to realize her ideals of success, happiness and social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong influence of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits, and see their father with their mother’s eyes, despising their father whose personality degenerates step by step as he feels his exclusion.John Galsworthy•The Man of Property•In Chancery•To LetOscar Wild (“Art for Art’s Sake”)•The Portrait of Dorian Gray•The Importance of Being EarnestGeorge Bernard Shaw•Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产•Mrs. Warren’s Profession•Pygmalion 皮格马利翁William Butler Yeats•Sailing to Byzantium•The Lake Isle of Innisfree•Down by the Salley GardenThomas HardyMajor Works•Wessex Novels 威塞克斯小说They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes of the people who live in an agricultural setting threatened by the forces of invading capitalism.Those wo rks are known as “novels of character and environment”Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)The Return of the Native (1878)Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891)Jude the Obscure (1896)Transitional WriterIn him, we see the influence from both the Victorian and the modern, intellectually advanced but emotionally traditional.In his Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural lifeThe immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious. Influenced by Darwin’s The Origin of Species, he had a pessimistic view of life.Characteristics of Hardy’s novels•Man’s fate is tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”, both inside and outside.•Nature is very powerful but uncaring to the individual’s will, hope, passion and suffering.•Theme: the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into man’s life and predetermines his f ateTess of the D’UrbervillesStory•The novel is about the tragic life of Tess, the daughter of a poor foolish peasant, who believes that he is the d'Urberville.•Tess claims kinship with the rich d'Urbervilles•Tess is seduced by Alec and gives birth to a child.•Tess goes to work on a dairy farm, where she is engaged to Angel Clare, the son of a clergyman.•On the wedding night, Angel makes a confession about his past dissipation and is readily forgiven by Tess, but when Tess reveals her own past, Angel just wouldn’t forgive her and deserts her that very night.•Helpless and hopeless, Tess has to wander from place to place, doing the hardest work and bearing the harshest insult.•When her father’s death transfers the whole burden of the family on her, she is fo rced to go back to Alec and lives with him.•Angel repents and comes back to find Tess, it is too late.•Putting all the blames of her unhappiness on Alec, Tess murders Alec.•After hiding for a short period of time with Angel, Tess is arrested, tried and hanged. Excerpt Analysis: Chapter XXXV•Tess's confession is not met by the same generosity of forgiveness she extended to Angel.He claims to forgive her but nevertheless rejects her, saying she is a different person from the one he loved.Characterization: Tess•Beautiful, innocent, honest, sweet-natured, hardworking, responsible, loyal•Tess has a keen sense of responsibility and is committed to doing the best she can for her family, although her inexperience and lack of wise parenting leave her extremely vulnerable.•Her life is complicated when her father discovers a link to the noble line of the d’Urbervilles, and, as a result, Tess is sent to work at the d’Urberville mansion.•The terrible irony is that Tess and her family are not really related to this branch of the d’Urbervilles at all: Alec’s father, a merchant named Simon Stokes, simply assumed thename after he retired.Tess’s DeathA victim of societyTess is abused by the hypocritical bourgeoisie and suppressed by the social conventions and moral values of the dayAlec and AngelThey appear as apparent rivals but actually join their forces in bringing about her destruction.One deprives her of her virginity and purity, and the other deserts her, reducing her to desperation and self-destruction.Tess’s tragedy is the tragedy of character.•On the one hand, she struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality.She desires for happiness and true love. On the other hand, she could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day•Tess’s fate is personal.She happens to be so beautiful and so poor. She happens to get involved with two men, who, though apparent rivals, actually join their forces in bringing about her destruction. •Her fate is a social one.It can be the fate of all the peasants who are driven out of their land and home and forced to seek somewhere else for sustenance.Theme•The bold exposure of the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the bitter denunciation of the capitalist invasion into the country and the destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the nineteenth century. •Tess seems to be led to her final destruction step by step by fate. One wrong after another mysteriously and coincidently drive her to her tragic end.。