大学英语分级教学杨柳

中国人民大学《大学英语》课程分级教学管理办法（试行）为进一步规范大学英语课程分级教学管理，充分利用学生学习时间，调动学生英语学习积极性，提高英语学习效果，特制定本办法。

一、基本要求根据教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》（2007）及《中国人民大学大学英语课程教学大纲》（2012）文件精神，大学英语课程设置分为基础和高级两个阶段。

学生按照相关规定，完成大学英语课程学习内容并考核合格，即符合大学英语课程结业要求。

此外，按照学校实施“本科人才培养路线图”有关部署，结合提升人才培养国际性，强调学生外语（英语）口语表达能力培养的总体要求，从2013级学生开始，学校全面实施《中国人民大学英语口语能力标准》（试行）（以下简称《口语标准》），实行“中国人民大学英语口语水平测试”（以下简称“口语测试”），并修订完善了大学英语分级教学课程体系。

所有非英语专业本科学生均需参加“口语测试”，通过后可获得2学分口语学习成绩以及口语能力达标证书。

二、分级管理大学英语课程实行分级教学，原则上分为大学英语2级、大学英语3级、大学英语4级三个级别。

大学英语2级是起始级，4级为最高级。

新生入学时，外国语学院统一组织新生进行分级考试，根据学生分级考试成绩，给出学生英语学习的起点建议。

学生可以根据分级建议选择相应级别的课程学习。

被建议到高一级别课程学习的学生，也可以选择低级别的课程学习。

根据学生学习的具体情况，学生也可以跳级学习。

具体办法是：本级别学习期末考试成绩在90分以上的学生，可在下一学期期初第一周提出跳级学习申请，并参加外国语学院组织的跳级考试。

成绩合格者，经任课教师同意，外国语学院跳级学习审核小组审核通过，可调整到高一级别学习。

例如，2级起点学生在第二学期初可申请参加3级水平考试，成绩合格者可跳到4级学习。

分级后进入大学英语3、4级学习的学生不要求补修低级别课程，也不记低级别课程的成绩和学分。

入学时通过考试进入“大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养实验班”的学生，按《大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养试点方案》执行。

附件1大学英语课程分级分类教学实施方案为贯彻因材施教原则和强调学生个性化发展的思想，全面提高大学英语教学质量和水平，根据教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》（教高厅〔2007〕3号，以下简称《英语课程要求》），结合我校实际，特制定本实施方案。

一、基本要求根据教育部《英语课程要求》之规定，大学英语课程设置分为基础和高级两个阶段。

学生根据要求完成各级别的大学英语课程学习内容，考核合格即符合大学英语课程结业要求。

基础阶段为全校公外学生必修课程，含英语听说课、英语读写课以及英语学习系列讲座，主要突出语言基本知识学习与技能训练。

高级阶段课程为A级和B级起点学生及部分C级、D 级起点学生必修课程，强调专业技能和文化导入。

二、分级管理1. 大学英语课程实行分级教学，原则上分为A级班（对应大学英语3级）、B级班（对应大学英语2级）、C级班（对应大学英语1级）三个级别，学生数分别占当年新生总数的比例为20%、30%、50%，可根据生源英语水平整体情况进行调整。

另设D级班（对应大学英语预备级），主要授课对象为艺术类、专科班等学生。

2. A、B、C级班学生数以学校规定的当年正常班学生数组织教学，D级以各班实际学生数组织教学，公共外语教学部可根据有利于合理编班和有利于学生学习的原则进行调整，各班学生数超出校、院两级规定的学生数的，按校、院两级有关规定给予系数补足。

在教学侧重点方面，A级班学生以听说为主，读写为辅；B级班读写和听说兼顾；C级和D级学生以读写为主，听说为辅。

四个级别课程安排分别见下表：3. 新生入学后自愿报名参加大学英语分级考试，按成绩进入A级、B级或C级班。

不参加分级考试者，直接进入C级班；列入高级班的同学可以申请进入低级班学习；列入低级班的同学不能申请进入高级班学习。

根据生源情况和学生意愿进行分级后，进入B级班(二级起点班)学习的同学，大学英语C1(一级)课程免修；进入A级班（三级起点班）学习的同学，大学英语C1、B2(一、二级)课程免修。

分级教学模式下新型大学英语课程体系的构建举措一、课程目标的明确分级教学模式下的大学英语课程体系构建首先需要明确课程目标。

课程目标的明确是任何一门课程设计的基础，制定明确的课程目标有助于教师在教学过程中更好地把握教学方向，有助于学生更好地理解课程内容和知识点之间的联系。

在分级教学模式下，不同层次的学习者有不同的学习需求，因此需要为不同层次的学习者设定不同的课程目标。

比如针对英语专业学生和非英语专业学生，可以分别制定不同的课程目标，帮助他们更好地适应自己的学习需求和发展方向。

二、教学内容的设计课程内容的设计是分级教学模式下大学英语课程体系构建的重点之一。

为了更好地满足不同层次学习者的学习需求，可以根据学习者的语言能力水平和学科背景等因素，设计不同层次的教学内容。

对于英语专业学生，教学内容可以更加注重语言的深入学习和实践应用，而对于非英语专业学生，可以设置一些更具实用性和相关性的教学内容，帮助他们更好地应对日常生活和工作中的英语交流需求。

在教学内容的设计上，还可以结合当下热点和社会需求，设置一些具有创新性和前瞻性的教学内容，以激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性，为他们的未来发展打下坚实的语言基础。

三、教学方法的选择在分级教学模式下，选择适合不同层次学习者的教学方法至关重要。

对于高水平的学习者，可以采用更加灵活和开放的教学方法，鼓励他们进行更多的主动学习和探究学习。

而对于低水平的学习者，可以采用更加系统和有针对性的教学方法，帮助他们夯实基础，提高学习效率。

在教学方法的选择上，可以借鉴一些先进的教学理念和方法，比如任务型教学、合作学习等，以培养学生的综合语言运用能力和团队合作精神。

还可以充分利用现代化教学技术和多媒体手段，为学生提供更加丰富多彩的学习资源，以激发他们的学习兴趣和提高学习效果。

四、评价体系的建立评价体系的建立是分级教学模式下大学英语课程体系构建的关键环节。

合理的评价体系有助于对学生的学习情况进行全面和客观的评价，有助于调动和激励学生的学习积极性。

教务处发［2009］23号关于宿州学院2009级新生大学英语课程分级教学的通知各系（院）：为贯彻教育部于2004年1月颁布的新《大学英语课程教学要求》，推动我校大学英语教学改革，不断提高大学英语教学水平，培养学生英语综合运用能力，以及满足学生不同层次的学习需求，结合我校实际，决定在2009级新生大学英语教学中实行分级教学。

现将分级教学实施办法（试行）通知附后，望各系（院）按分级教学的办法与要求，认真做好本系（院）2009级新生的大学英语课程的分级工作，保证新生大学英语课程按级进行教学。

附件1：宿州学院2009级大学英语分级教学实施方案（试行）附件2：宿州学院2009级大学英语分级教学管理实施细则附件3：09级新生大学英语教学课程总表教务处外语系2009年9月22日附件1：宿州学院2009级大学英语分级教学实施方案（试行）一、指导思想为推动大学英语教学改革，不断提高大学英语教学水平，培养学生英语综合运用能力，教育部于2004年1月颁布了新《大学英语课程教学要求》，（以下简称新《课程要求》），基本特征之一是大学英语分层次教学。

为构建适合学生个性发展的《大学英语》课程教学新体系，切实提高学生的语言综合运用能力，满足学生不同层次的学习需求，贯彻教育部关于大学英语教学改革的精神，落实本科教学质量工程，深化教学改革，提高教学质量，特制订大学英语教学实施方案。

二、教学目标《大学英语课程教学要求》分别制定了大学英语课程1、2、3、4级（以下简称“大学英语分级课程”）的教学大纲和教学要求。

本科学生应在两年内修完大学英语分级课程并通过水平测试，学校鼓励学生提前完成大学英语分级课程的学习，确保不同层次的学生在英语应用能力方面得到充分的训练和提高。

根据教育部2004年颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》（试行），结合我校的办学指导思想和办学特色，我校大学英语教学的目标是使非英语专业本科学生通过学习，毕业时英语能力达到教育部提出的相应层次要求。

大连理工大学大学英语分级教学与管理办法大连理工大学非英语专业的英语教学具体安排及管理办法如下:一、课程设置英语教学在本科阶段的英语课程学习分为四个级别:即大学英语一级（２学分）、大学英语二级(2学分)、大学英语（2学分）、大学英语四级（4学分）。

每一个级别中含有不同类型的课程，学生可根据自己的需求和兴趣选学相应的课程。

具体课程设置如下: 大学英语一级课程，每门课２学分：、口语１、听力1、阅读1;大学英语二级课程，每门课2学分：口语２、听力２、阅读2；大学英语课程,每门课2学分：听说、翻译、与文化、与文化、历史与治、历史与治、文化西传与解读、文化英译、跨文化交际与案例分析;大学英语四级课程，共4学分:公共演讲英美建筑、音乐、绘画;公共演讲与文化;公共演讲世界文学；写作建筑、音乐、绘画；写作历史与治;写作西方文明史。

该类课程为两门课程套餐制模块学习，学生同时修读某一模块内的两门课程，不能跨模块修读.二、修读指导本科生入学后参加大连理工大学英语分级考试，共三次，分别为大学英语一、二、考试,学生可自愿申请参加分级考试.参加第一次考试(大学英语一级考试)并达到要求的本科生,可获得大学英语一级成绩，并可以参加第二次考试（大学英语二级考试），未达到要求的本科生则从大学英语一级起修读，共需修满10学分。

参加第二次考试(大学英语二级考试）并达到相应要求的本科生,可获得大学英语二级成绩,并可以参加第三次考试（大学英语考试)，未达到要求的本科生则从大学英语二级起修读,共需修满8学分。

参加第三次考试（大学英语考试)并达到相应要求的，可获得大学英语成绩，进入大学英语四级课程学习，共需修满4学分,未达到要求的本科生则从大学英语起修读，共需修满６学分。

新生大学英语选课工作在报到后军训期间完成，同时“以考代修”取得的课程学分，免收取学分学费。

三、其它英语强化班、创新班、国际班有的英语课程体系，不参加上述教学安排。

2019级本科大学英语分级教学实施方案为了更好适应不同层次学生个人发展和我校人才培养要求，进一步深化《大学英语》课程教学改革，充分调动学生学习英语的积极性和主动性，提高学生的英语应用能力，经商定，决定对我校《大学英语》课程实行分级教学。

一、分级教学指导思想《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》指出：高校开设大学英语课程，一方面是满足国家战略要求，为国家改革开放和经济社会发展服务；另一方面，是满足学生专业学习、国际交流、继续深造、工作就业等方面的需要。

《大学英语教学指南》（2015）指出：大学英语教学目标分为基础、提高、发展三个等级；课程设置是教学目标在学校课程计划中的集中体现，各高校应根据学校类型、层次、生源、办学定位、人才培养目标等，遵循语言教学和学习规律，合理安排相应的教学内容和课时，形成反映本校特色、动态开放、科学合理的大学英语课程体系。

《大学英语课程教学要求》（2007）规定，大学英语教学应贯彻分类指导、因材施教的原则，以适应个性化教学，从而提高大学生英语综合应用能力的实际需要。

在教学要求上，提出了“三层次，三要求”，即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。

基于我校“一二三四”多元化人才培养模式,配合学校拔尖人才培养计划,创新人才培养模式，不断提高人才培养质量。

二、分级教学基本原则分级教学遵循教育教学规律和语言学习规律，以学生的英语基础和水平为依据，按照“分类指导、因材施教”的原则，充分调动学生的学习积极性和主动性，不断增强其自主学习能力，以适应个性化教学的实际需要，并使学生的学习潜力得到充分发挥。

三、分级教学层次划分结合我校本科学生培养目标要求和我校教学资源现状，把大学英语课程按照学生英语实际水平划分为A、B 、C三个层次。

2019级入校本科学生（不包括国际教育学院和外国语学院）继续实行分级教学。

1．分级标准根据新生高考英语成绩，大约前10%学生进入A级班学习，每班不超过60人；艺术体育类专业学生（包括音、体、美、播音主持等专业，高职高专学生，3+4本科学生）为C级班，每班不超过80人；其余学生进入B级班，每班不超过80人。

关于大学英语课程分级教学管理的暂行规定西大教字[2005]54号为充分调动和发挥学生学习英语的积极性，提高我校学生英语水平，特制定本暂行规定。

一、大学英语分级教学与教学要求（一）根据教育部《大学英语教学要求》的精神，将我校本科学生原安排的第一学期、第二学期、第三学期、第四学期大学英语课程的学习要求分别定义为大学英语一级、二级、三级、四级。

课程名称分别为《大学英语（一）》、《大学英语（二）》、《大学英语（三）》、《大学英语（四）》。

（二）正常的教学安排为学生每学期完成一个级别的学习任务，大学英语一至四级分四个学期完成。

学生一般在第一学期修读大学英语一级，第二、三、四学期修读大学英语二、三、四级；英语成绩优秀的学生可以跳级学习，经批准，第一学期即可修读大学英语二级或三级。

（三）在新生入学时开始进行分级教学。

根据一年级新生实际的英语水平，将新生划分到教学要求不同的大学英语一级班、二级班、三级班进行分级教学，实行因材施教。

（四）从一级起读的学生应当修读大学英语一至四级；从二级起读的学生应当修读大学英语二至四级；从三级起读的学生应当修读大学英语三至四级。

（五）本科学生在校期间原则上修读四个学期的英语课程。

第一学期以大学英语二级或三级为起点、提前修完大学英语四级的学生，可以选修实用英语课程（课程名称为《大学英语（五）》和《大学英语（六）》），或选修英语辅修专业。

学生选修的实用英语课程学分可记为全校性选修课学分。

二、分级方法与修读（一）新生分级方法：新生入学后，根据其高考英语成绩分别编入不同等级的教学班；或者在新生入学后进行英语分级考试，然后根据其成绩，分别编入不同等级的教学班。

（二）分级教学的升级：原则上学生必须逐级通过考试。

学生在哪一级就读，应当参加本级的课程考试。

期评成绩合格后，方可随所在英语班级升入高一级就读。

期评成绩不合格的，继续在原级就读，直到成绩合格方可升级。

（三）不能升级的学生，下一学期（由外国语学院统一安排）编入新的英语班级，在新编入的英语班级修读原级课程和参加考核，并在开学初办理退、补选课程手续。

482020年47期总第539期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS基于POA 理论构建大学英语拓展课程体系——以生态化翻译类课程为例文/王 燕大学英语拓展类课程中的翻译课，主要面向非英语专业而开设，是适应培养国际竞争力人才需求和顺应大学英语教学改革要求的素质类课程，重在培养学生的英语语言应用能力(蒋惠珍，2019)。

目前，多数高校大学英语课程中的翻译教学上课规模大、学生语言基础不齐、翻译内容与社会环境脱节，这严重制约了学生语言能力的发展。

一、POA 理论与生态化翻译教学POA理论，是产出导向法Production-oriented Approach的简称，提倡“学习中心”，推崇“学用一体”，注重解决中国语境下英语学习的学用分离弊端，富有时代性和实践性，与翻译类教学的契合度较高。

生态化翻译课程强调生态主体(教师和学生)与教学生态环境(教学目标、教学方法、评估手段等)的整体统一和动态平衡。

比较POA理论和生态化翻译教学，不难发现二者的相通之处。

首先，教师的主导作用。

POA理论认为教师是课堂教学的设计师(文秋芳，2017)。

在生态化课堂，教师要从整体上发现学生生态主体的进步和不足，引导学生共同构建和谐的教学生态环境。

第二，强调学生的中心作用。

POA提倡“学习中心”，每个教学设计都与学生产出任务有关，力争做到“有效学习”(包红芳，2019)；生态化翻译教学认为学生作为译者是一切活动的主体，要关注译者的主体地位和主动性。

第三，在教学目标上，POA理论主张学用结合，语言学习要有真实、可交际的语境；生态翻译教学提倡真实的情景教学，学生的翻译活动不仅仅满足个性发展的需求，更要顺应社会发展的需求，与时代同向同轨，二者有异曲同工之妙。

第四，在评价方式上，二者都主张个人评价与小组团队评价相结合。

近年来，POA运用于大学英语教学吸引了一批研究者的注意， 有的聚集POA理论的有效性(张文娟，2017；张伶俐，2017)，也有学者从混合式教学角度对POA理论下的中英文化对比与翻译教学进行实证研究(张健，2019；谢捷，2020)。

关于大学英语级本科生分级教学期末考试的意见
一、按教学上的分级，按使用教材，以《教学大纲》为依据，、、各级分别命题。

二、各本科学院按教学上的、、各级的学生数分别安排考场组织考试。

三、考试结束，各学院分别将、、卷以考场为单位装袋，转公外部，与公外部分别办理交接手续。

各学院向公外部提供《学生成绩登记表》时，根据一个班学生英语学习的分级情况，按—张分别提供、、三级考生名单，以供分别登记。

四、公外部组织教师阅卷、评分和成绩登记
、、、卷分别以流水作业的方式进行阅卷评分；
、阅卷评分后，、、卷各登记各的卷面分数和平时成绩；
、组织教师分工负责，将各学院各班（行政班）的成绩输入计算机教务管理系统，然后将《成绩登记表》（原始手册）转交给各学院教务办。

五、考试结束后，公外部对全校级进行大学英语分级教学试验的学生按、、级分别进行《试卷分析》（以课程为单位的，和命题单位一致）对考试成绩进行检验和评估，写出评估报告，以便为今后的教学及对一些问题的处理提供依据。

六、关于学生考试试卷的整理、装订与保管，仍由公外部负责，但以学院、专业为基本单位，按、、三级分别装订成《学生试卷册》。

不再按原定行政班为单位进行，对《试卷册》其他要求不变。

七、《学生成绩登记表》的原始手稿，各学院教务办负责，以行政班为单位，把属于各班的、、级的《登记表》分检合订到一起再按系、专业、年级、课程、班的次序存放。

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湖北工业大学《大学英语》课程分级教学方案（试行）湖工大教[]号为不断深化教学改革，完善学分制，提高大学英语课程的教学质量和教学效率，结合我校情况，特制定本方案。

一、分级教学的指导思想和基本原则遵循“以人为本”、“以学生为中心”的教学理念，贯彻“因材施教”的原则，根据教育部关于《大学英语》课程教学的总体要求，构建适合学生个性发展的《大学英语》课程教学新体系，以不断提高学生的综合英语应用能力。

二、分级教学的教学目标学校按照《大学英语》课程教学大纲分别制定大学英语课程、、、级（以下简称“大学英语分级课程”）的教学大纲和教学要求。

本科学生应在二年内修完大学英语分级课程并通过水平测试，鼓励学生提前完成大学英语分级课程的学习。

三、分级教学的主要内容、分级标准：将大学英语课程划分为级、级、级、级，分别与培养计划中的大学英语第一学期、第二学期、第三学期、第四学期的教学目标和考核难度水平相对应。

、课程设置：每学期学校同时开设四个级别的大学英语课程，课程分别为大学英语级、大学英语级、大学英语级、大学英语级。

每个级别用的教材与《大学英语》第一册、第二册、第三册、第四册相对应。

与此同时，为了满足大学英语级以上水平的学生学习需要，学校每学期开设和备考班、高级英语口语与高级英语阅读等英语提高班，做到英语教学不断线。

、选课：学校按照“循序渐进”的原则安排大学英语分级课程的教学，由学生根据自己的学习基础与条件选择修读。

学生每学期必须且只能修读一个级别的大学英语课程，选课应按级别顺序进行，选择修读某级课程的条件是已修读了其低一级的课程或已通过了低一级的水平测试。

选课时间安排在每学期期末。

新生第一学期由学校根据高考英语成绩或入学英语水平测试成绩直接编排到相应级别课程学习，个别要转入到低一级课程学习的，可在开课后三周直接到教务处申请办理。

、开课：大学英语分级教学一般在每学期的第周开课，至周前结束。

学生原则上不得申请调动到其它级别学习。

大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式【摘要】本文主要介绍了大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式的背景意义和研究目的。

在基本理论部分，描述了该教学模式的理论依据和教学原则；在实施方式部分，介绍了具体的教学方法和课堂活动安排；在特点部分，分析了该模式的特色和优势；在效果评估部分，评价了该教学模式的教学效果和成效；在优势和不足部分，探讨了该模式存在的优势和改进的方向。

在启示和展望部分，总结了该教学模式对于大学英语教学的启示和未来发展方向。

通过本文的讨论，读者可以了解大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式在提高学生英语水平和教学效果方面的实际应用和价值。

【关键词】大学英语、分级教学、A班、课堂教学模式、背景意义、研究目的、基本理论、实施方式、特点、效果评估、优势、不足、启示、展望1. 引言1.1 大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式的背景意义大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式的背景意义在于满足不同学生的学习需求，提高英语教学的效果。

随着大学生入学英语水平的不同，传统以授课为主的教学模式已经不能完全适应学生的学习情况。

分级教学模式能够根据学生的英语水平将其分为不同的班级，设计相应的教学内容和教学方式，使得学生能够在适合自己水平的环境中学习，提高学习动力和学习成绩。

分级教学模式也有利于教师更好地进行教学计划和教学设计，针对不同班级的学生制定具体的教学目标和教学方法，使教学内容更加贴合学生的实际需求。

大学英语分级教学A 班课堂教学模式的背景意义在于为英语教学提供了更加个性化、有效的教学方式，能够更好地促进学生的英语学习。

1.2 大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式的研究目的大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式的研究目的是为了探讨如何有效提高大学英语教学的效果，促进学生英语水平的提高。

通过分级教学，可以更好地满足不同学生的学习需求，提高教学的针对性和个性化。

研究大学英语分级教学A班课堂教学模式也有助于探讨如何更好地发挥教师的教学作用，激发学生学习的兴趣和动力，促进他们全面发展。

学府考研培训学校2013年考研英语(词汇)基础班讲义主讲：杨柳考研英语核心词汇A（1）Abandon vt.放弃(=desert)放肆, 放纵; 沉湎于n.放肆; 放纵; 尽情; 任意abandon one's home/He abandoned his wife and went away with all their money./They abandon themselves to drinking./Do not abandon yourself to despair./ The girls jumped up and down and waved their arms with abandon. （2）Absorb vt.吸收, 吸引absorbability absorbable absorbingabsorb moisture from the air/ This job absorbs all of my time./ He is absorbed in study./ We will not absorb these charges./ The company will absorb all the costs./ to absorb the full meaning of a remark（3）Abuse vt.滥用(职权等), 妄用辱骂; 污蔑n.滥用, 虐待, 辱骂, 陋习, 弊端abuse one's privilege/ abuse a friend/ I'll not abuse your hospitality, your kindness./ a word of abuse/ reform social abuses/ They gave me much abuse for no fault./ He greeted me with a stream of abuse./ spousal abuse.（4）Accelerate v.加速, 促进accelerated cement/ He decided to accelerate his advertising./ some substance used to accelerate a fire.（5）Access n.通路, 访问, 入门vt.存取, 接近a man of easy access/ The only access to the town is across the bridge./ Citizens may have free access to thelibrary./ all-weather access/ an access of rage（6）Accommodate vt.供应, 调节, 和解, 向...提供, 容纳, vi. 适应accommodate a friend/ accommodate (sb.)for the night/ The eye can accommodate itself to seeing objects at different distances./ The guests are well accommodated./ Wherever he goes,he readily accommodates to new circumstances.（7）Accumulate v. 堆积; 积聚His debts accumulated./ He accumulated a good library.（8）Accuse vt.控告, 谴责, 非难n. 谴责, [律]指控the accused/ Man often accuses nature for his own misfortunes./ They accused him of taking bribes./ be under an accusation of/ bring [lodge, lay] an accusation against/ swear an accusation against sb./ a false accusation（9）Accustom vt.使习惯于to accustom oneself to cold weather/ They had to accustom themselves to the hot weather./ The child was accustomed to having her way.（10）Acquaint vt.使熟知, 通知be directly acquainted with/ Let me acquaint you with the facts./ My mother acquainted her with my intention./ I am already acquainted with him./You must acquaint yourself with your new duties/ Let me acquaint you with my family.（11）Acquire vt.获得, 学到acquisition n.采集, 获得We must cherish experience acquired at the cost of blood./ acquire 100 shares of stock./ acquire proficiency in math./ Some people go back for their education to acquire another degree or diploma to impress the society./ Some smoking and alcoholic drinks are an acquired taste and are not in born./ He is a valuable acquisition to the team. （12）Activate vt.刺激, 使活动vi.有活力activated by selfish motives/ His lofty spirit has greatly attracted and activated others./ activated carbon（13）AdaptThe movie was adapted from a novel. / The movie was adapted from a novel.adapt adjust fit suit matchYou should ----- yourself to the new environment.You can't see through the telescope until it is ----- to your eyes.The shoes ----- me well.No dish ----- all tastes.A red jacket doesn't ----- green trousers.（14）Adhere vi.粘附, 胶着, 坚持v.坚持adherence n. 粘着, 忠诚, 坚持adhere to the original plan（15）Adjust vt.调整, 调节, 校准, 使适合adjust the watch/ adjust the errors/ adjust the accounts/ adjust the losses/ adjust the timing of a car's engine（16）Administer v.管理;治理,施行, 实施,给与,administration n.管理,行政部门administer a trust fund/ administer justice/administer medicine to a patient/ Physical exercise administers to the circulation of the blood.（17）Admire v. 赞美；赞赏；钦佩I'd admire to go./ I admire (him for) his courage./ We all admired at his sudden success.（18）Admit vt. 让...进入; 使获得;接[容]纳承认;导入, 进气, 供给admit sb. into the university/ The auditorium admits 5.000 persons./ I admit that I was wrong./ This key admits to the garden./ This, I admit, is true./ The evidence can not admit of doubt./ A ticket that admits the whole group./ a door admitting to the hall./ The rules and regulations admit of no other explanation./ His illness admits of no delay.admit acknowledge confessI admit that she is right./ With so much evidence against him he had to acknowledge his error./ He has confessed hiscrime.（19）Adopt v. 选定,沿用, 借用(别国语言等)收养, 立嗣adopt sb.'s methods of teaching/ adopt an idea/ adopt a report/adopt a constitutional amendment/ adopt a child/ an adopted child and his adoptive parents.（20）Adore v. 崇拜, 爱慕, (口语)喜爱adores mink coats/ an adorable set of twins（21）Advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者辩护者; 律师vt.提倡, 鼓吹an advocate of peace/ Our premier advocates higher salaries for teachers./ Devil's advocate（22）Affect v. 患(病), 中(暑)be affected by heat [cold]/ Inflation affects the buying power of the dollar.（23）Affiliate vt.使密切联系;使隶属于,把...收为养子;追溯, 寻根(to), 来自(upon) affiliation n.联系, 从属关系affiliate a child into one's own/ She affiliated her child to Smith./ She affiliates with an academic society./ This hospital is affiliated with that university./ affiliated herself with a new law firm.democrats with no party affiliation/ a sister city affiliation/ author affiliation/ business affiliation/ educational affiliation/ father-son-grandson affiliations（24）Afflict vt.使苦恼, 痛苦, 折磨Be afflicted with gout/ be afflicted with a conscience（25）Aggravate vt.加重; 加剧[口]使恼火; 激怒; 使...恶化His bad temper was aggravated by his headache./ Threats will only aggravate her./ Don't aggravate me, child./ Grief aggravated her illness./ If he aggravates me any more I shall kick his ass.（26）Allege vt.断言, 宣称, 提出(作为理由)托词alibi n.[律]犯罪现场, 辩解, 托辞allege sth. as a reason/ It is alleged that .../ to allege his innocence of the charge/ The defendant alleges temporary insanity.（27）Alleviate vt.减轻(痛苦等), 缓和(情绪) alleviation n.减轻,起缓和作用的东西, 解痛物[药], 慰藉物Heat often alleviates pain./ a drug that alleviates cold symptoms/ find alleviation in books（28）Allocate vt.拨给,部署,按计划分配; 配给, 配置allocate shares/ allocate a room to be used for storage/ allocated time for recreation/ We must allocate the money./ That space has been allocated for a new hospital./ Even though the Red Cross had allocated a large sum for the relief of the sufferers of the disaster, many people perished（29）Alter v.改变alternate v.交替, 轮流, 改变alternative n.二中择一, 可供选择的adj.选择性的, 二中择一的alter my will/ alter ego/ Night and day alternate./ showers alternating with sunshine./ alternate between happiness and depression./ The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road./ I had no alternative to staying at home./ We have no alternative but to go on./ There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.（30）Anticipate vt.预期; 预料; 期待,予先准备confidently anticipate/ anticipate sb.'s arrival with much pleasure/A man who always anticipates his income can never save or become rich./ He tried to anticipate all my needs./ We anticipate hearing from you again.（31）Appeal v.n. 呼吁, 恳[要]求,诉诸, 求助(于)(to),引起兴趣,appeal for aid/ appeal for mercy [sympathy]/ appeal to arms [force]/ appeal to another court/ appeal against a decision/ appeal from a judgment/ Bright colours appeal to small children./ artistic appeal/ The game has lost its appeal./ She appeals to me.（32）Arise vi.起来, 升起，兴起; 出现; 发生，产生, 引起, 造成(from)，起身, 起立Before they could start a mist arose./ Smoke arose from the chimney./ A new difficulty has arisen./ Accidents arise from carelessness./ How did this quarrel arise?Arouse vt.唤醒，唤起,激起,引起，激励arouse sb. from sleep/ arouse suspicion/ arouse sb.'s enthusiasm/ The odd sight aroused our curiosity.（33）Arrest vt.逮捕, 扣留(船, 货物等)阻止, 抑制, 防碍，吸引, 引起arrest the bleeding of blood/ arrest sb.'s eye/ The policeman arrested the thief./ Poor food arrests the natural growth of children./ The bright colors of the flowers arrested Susan's attention./ a criminal under arrest（34）Articulate adj.明了的, 明白的; 发言清晰的, 音节分明的，能说会道的; 口齿清晰[伶俐]的，关节相连的, 有关节的，vt. 使字句明晰地发出音来, 明确表达, 咬清音节发音，形成(声音), 把...发音，使...相互连贯A baby cannot use articulate speech./ Mary is the most articulate of the sisters./ The backbone is an articulatestructure./ Articulate your words carefully so that everyone in the room can understand you./ an articulate essay. （35）Ascend v.上升, 上浮, 登高;追溯到ascend to a former century/ ascend the throne/ The stairs in the Five-Star hotel ascend in a graceful curve.（36）Ascertain vt.探知, 发现; 确定,调查, 查明, 断定We must ascertain the usual customs of the local people and arrange accordingly.（37）Ascribe vt.把...归于, 把...推诿到...上,认为...属于He ascribed his failure to objective conditions./ The play is usually ascribed to Shakespeare./ She ascribed difficulties to overspending./ He ascribed his failure to bad luck./ No one knows who wrote that play, but it is often ascribed to me.（38）Assassinate vt.暗杀, 行刺,中伤, 破坏(名誉等) assassination n.assassinate a person's character（39）Assault n.v. (动手或动口的)攻击,暴行make a surprise assault on/ take a town by assault/ an assault force/ an assault river crossing/ air assault（40）Assert vt.宣称, 断言, 声明,维护, 坚持assertion n.断言；坚持主张；维护assert one's rights/ assert sth. to be true/ assert national independence/ stand to one's assertion/（41）Asset n.资产, 有用的东西Good health is a great asset./ Ability to get along with people is an asset in business./ frozen assets/ An agreeable personality is a great asset./ prove herself an asset to the company.（42）Assign vt.分配, 委派,确定, 选定,把...归因于(to, for)布置(作业)be assigned to a new post/ assign a day for a meeting/ assign property to another/ assign one's failure to idleness/ assign homework/ heirs and assignsassign allot apportion allocateThe hardest work was assigned to the strongest laborers.We allot a half hour a day for recreation.“The first duty of a legislator is to apportion penalties”A portion of the budget was allocated for the education of each student.（43）Associate vt.联合, 结交; 加入,由...联想到..., 把...联系起来n.伙伴, 朋友; 同事, 同人, 伴侣adj.同伙的, 同伴的准, 副的associate one thing with another/ We associate China with the Greet Wall./ Don't associate with dishonest boys./ What do you associate with such a heavy snow?/ associate editor/ associate judge/ an associate member/ an associate partner/ associate professor（44）Assume vt.假定, 设想,担任; 承担; 接受采取; 采用; 表现为, 呈(形式, 姿态, 位置) 擅取, 侵占assume this to be true/ assume that/ assume office/ assume the reins of government/ assume a leading position/ assume responsibility/ assume a new aspect/ assume airs of/ assume great airs/ assume a new name/ The motion of matter always assumes certain forms./ He's not such a fool as you assumed him to be./ The god assumes a human form.（45）Assure vt.使确信, 使放心向...保证; 郑重宣告,保障The news assured us./ I assure you (that)there's no danger./ Nothing can assure permanent happiness.（46）Attach v.附上, 贴上,连接; 加入, 参加(to)，使附属, 使隶属，使依恋,attach a document to a letter/ attach labels to the luggage/ attach part of sb.'s salary/ attach one's name to/ attach his horse to a tree./ No blame attaches to him./ attached please find/ attached no significance to the threat/ be attached to one’s family（47）Augment v.增大, 增加augmentation n.扩大, 增加,增加物,扩编augment one's income by hard working/ Continuing rains augmented the flood waters./ deposit augmentation （48）Authorize v.许可;给予同意;批准the city agency that authorizes construction projects./ authorized her partner to negotiate in her behalf（49）Automate vt.使(...)自动化,使用自动化技术于(某方面)automated teaching（50）Avail v.有益于, 有利于, 有助于n. 效用, 帮助, 利益No words availed to pacify him./ All his efforts avail to nothing./ I'm afraid my help didn't avail you much./ to little avail/ of little avail/ to no avail（51）Avert vt.防止, 避免,转移(目光、思想等)(from) aversion n.嫌恶，厌恶to take an aversion to/ She has an aversion to pets./ Big dogs are an aversion of little girls'./ avert one's glance from sth./ Preparedness averts peril./ Many highway accidents can be averted by courtesy./ Accidents can be averted by careful driving.B（1）Baffle vt.使挫折, 阻碍,使困惑, 使人难以理解,用隔音板隔(音)They succeeded in -fling the enemy's attack./ This puzzle baffles me./ baffle with the storm/ baffle-board（2）Besiege 包围, 围攻, 对...不断提出(质问等)Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years./ The professor was besieged with questions from his students./ Hundreds of admirers besieged the famous writer./ Reporters besieged the winner for interviews.（3）Bestow vt.给与, 授, (on, upon)用; 利用,放置, 安置, 贮藏I do not deserve all the praises bestowed upon me./ Time spent in study is well bestowed./ Several fancy gifts werebestowed on the distinguished guests.（4）Betray vt.背叛,陷害(朋友等)辜负, 不忠于betray one's country to the enemy/ Don't betray the people's trust in you./ Confusion betrays the guilty./ betray oneself/ Her hollow laugh betrayed her contempt for the idea./ betray a secret/ Her face betrayed her nervousness. （5）Blend v.n.混合；搀杂You must blend the flour and eggs and sugar together before you make cakes./ When they sing, their voices blend nicely./ The countryside and the houses seem to blend (into each other)./These buildings blend in well with the trees./ Oil and water do not blend./ a blend of coffee/ His manner was a blend of friendliness and respect.（6）Boom v.发出隆隆声：发出低沉而有回响的声音,迅速成长或发展,暴涨,Business is booming./ a field commander booming out orders./ The tower clock boomed out twelve./ In a city with booming industry, land is precious and cannot be extravagantly used for traffic.（7）Boost v.n. 推; 升, 提,宣传,boost a person over a fence/ an advertising program to boost local products abroad/ a boost in price（8）Boycott vt.n.联合抵制boycott a nation/ boycott a commercial product/ boycott sb./ credit boycott/ school boycott（9）Breeze n.微风, 煤屑, 焦炭渣, 轻而易举的事, 小风波vi.吹微风, 逃走We breezed through the test./ The exam was a breeze. / He breezed in and demanded tea./ When he saw us, the master just breezed in and smiled.（10）Broaden v.（使）变宽，（使）扩大Traveling broadens the mind./ His face broadened out into a grin./ The road broadens out at this point.（11）Burnish v.使变光滑, （使）变光亮n.光泽, 光亮; 光滑The stone burnishes well./ a high burnish（12）Bustle v.匆匆忙忙n.喧闹；熙攘the bustle of the big cityC（1）Calculate v.计[核、推]算，推测calculate the cost of a journey/ calculate the consequence of/ This advertisement is calculated to attract the attention of housewives./ I calculate we'll be in time./ calculate on fine weather tomorrow/ We're calculating on your help.（2）Cease v.n.结束, 停息, 终止cease to rain [raining]/ The great man ceased to think./ My joy shall never cease./ cease out/ cease to be/ cease to be in force/ cease to be in effect/ Cease fire!（3）Censor n.检查员vt.检查, 审查census n.人口普查（4）Certify vt.证明,证明合格; 授给执照I hereby certify that.../ The accounts were -fied (as) correct./ He was -fied (as) insane.（5）Charge n. v.charge a gun with powder/ charged water/ charge one's memory with facts/ charge sb. with murder/ charge the loss of lives to the driver's carelessness/ charge two dollars for repairing the bike/ charge the enemy/ Electrons are negatively charged with electricity./ He was charged with an important mission./ Please charge these purchases to my account./ I charge you not to forget what l have said./ Charge !/ Do they charge for the use of the telephone?/ a positive charge/ free of charge（6）Chase v.n. 追赶, 追击,雕镂, 錾花, 镂刻,在...上镶嵌宝石chase silverware/ a richly chased plate/ chased the dog away.（7）Chatter v.n.饶舌, 喋喋不休地闲聊,(牙齿、机器等)振动, 打颤; (鸟等)鸣, 啁啾Fear or cold sometimes makes a person's teeth chatter./ The sparrows were chattering in the garden./ monkey chatter/ Who chatters to you, will chatter of you.（8）Cherish vt.抚育,爱护; 珍爱,怀有, 抱有(希望等)cherish fond dreams of/ cherish a grudge against/ cherish justice/ cherished desire/ support the army and cherish the people/ cherish a deep love for/ He cherished the memory of his departed youth.（9）Chew n.v. 咀嚼chew over a matter/ chew over/ chew upon sth./ chew the fat/ chew the rag（10）Choke n. & v. 窒息choke one's feeling/ The smoke almost choked me./ choke on a fish bone/ choke with anger（11）Chopchop wood/ chop off a finger/ chop up meat/ chop up history/ chop a ball/ chop at a tree/ The hawk chops upon its prey./ He chopped in with a sarcastic remark./ The wind chopped to the west.（12）Circulate v.使循环；环流a circulated cheque/ People who circulate false news are to be blamed./ circulate from group to group at the party/The rumour circulated rapidly./ Blood circulates through the body./ Please circulate these fliers.（13）Claim v.n.（根据权利）要求，索赔，认领，申请,主张，断言, 需要重视claim a large amount against him/ Every citizen may claim the protection of the law./ Does anyone claim this umbrella?/ He claimed that he had done the work without help./ There are several matters that claim my attention/a claim upon one's sympathy/ admit a claim/ They have no claim on us./ He has the best claim to the honour./Investigation showed his claim to be false.（14）Clarify vt.澄清,讲清楚，阐明使（头脑等）变清楚.clarify one's position/ The cloudy solution -fies on standing./ His mind suddenly -fied.（15）Clatter v. n.卡嗒卡嗒地响,嘁嘁喳喳没完没了地说笑She clattered on and on about her children./ Don't clatter your knives andforks while eating.（16）Cling vi.粘着［住］，（to）坚持，依靠，抱定（希望）紧握，拥抱clinging vine/ cling to a purpose/ cling to the last hope/ He is of a clinging sort./ They clung together when the time came to part.（17）Clutch v.抓住, 攫住n.离合器,一次产的或孵的蛋,一窝鸡The girl clutched her doll to her breast./ He clutched at the rope we threw to him./ in the clutches of the enemy （18）Coincide vi.与...一致(with)My opinion coincides with his./ These two lines coincide with each other./ This story coincides with the facts. （19）Collaborate vi.合作，共同研究（with）;协调，通敌,勾结collaborate on a book with sb./ During the wartime, anyone who collaborated might be sentenced to be shot. （20）Collapse n.倒塌, 崩溃, 失败, 虚脱vi.倒塌, 崩溃, 瓦解, 失败, 病倒If you work too hard, your health may collapse./ This bridge table collapses.（21）Collide vi.(车等)碰撞；(意志等)冲突，抵触（with）In running round the corner, he collided with another man./ If the aims of two countries collide，there may be war. （22）Comb n.梳子, 梳, 鸡冠, 蜂巢v.梳(发), 搜索comb subversives out of the organization/ The storm combed the whole state.（23）Commemorate vt.纪念，庆祝；(某物)成为...的纪念,铭记This monument commemorates our victory.（24）Commit v.commit an error/ commit a crime/ commit suicide/ commit one's soul to God/ commit him to jail/ commit one million dollars worth of iron and steel in capital construction/ He would not commit himself in any way./ commit oneself on/ commit oneself to/He was too young to commit fully to marriage./ to commit oneself to a promise（25）Communicate v.communicate a secret/ communicate a disease/ This room communicates with the other room./ Since then, they lost their ability to communicate with an audience./ Music . . . can name the unnamable and communicate the unknowable（26）Compel强迫，强制顺从,获得,强取I was compelled to do so by absolute necessity./ He was compelled by illness to suspend his experiment./ Hiscleverness and skill compel our admiration./ He had a presence that inspired and a voice that compelled.（27）Compliment n.称赞, 恭维, 致意, 问候, 道贺vt.称赞, 褒扬, 恭维Your presence is a great compliment./ A sincere compliment boosts one's spirit./ A free sample is enclosed with the compliments of the manufacturer./ compliment a person on his first born（28）Comply vi.应允，同意；遵照，根据comply with the rules/ comply with a formality/ He readily -lied with my request.（29）Compose v.组成, 写作, 排字, (使)安定, 调解compose a poem/ compose one's thoughts [passions]/ compose a dispute/ Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen./ She composed herself to answer the letter.（30）Comprehend vt.充分了解，领悟,包含，包括；综合comprehend the meaning of life/ The park comprehends all the land on the other side of the river.（31）Compress vt. 压缩, 摘要叙述Wood blocks may compress a great deal under pressure.（32）Comprise v.包含, 由...组成The French got . . . French Equatorial Africa, comprising several territories./ The Union comprises 50 states. / Fifty states compose (or constitute or make up ) the Union.（33）Compromise n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全make compromise with/ compromise of principle/ He did it without compromise of his dignity./ compromise a lawsuit/ compromise sb.'s reputation/ A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit.（34）Conceal vt.隐藏，隐瞒；遮住；对...保密a concealed enemy/ conceal one's feelings（35）Conceive vt.想到；想象；怀（恨等）；怀（胎）conceive a hatred/ conceive prejudices/ conceive a child/ Scientists first conceived the idea of atomic bomb in the 1930s./ The baby was conceived in February and born in March.（36）Condemn vt.谴责,宣告（某人）有罪，决定废弃；使处于某种地位或境界condemn sb.'s behaviour/ condemn sb. to death/ condemn sth. as unfit for/ The old bridge is unsafe, it should be condemned./ He got well again, although the doctors had condemned him./ His amiability condemns him to being a constant advisor to other people's troubles./ His bad leg condemned him to a wheelchair./ His writings condemned him.（37）Confer vt.授予(称号、学位等), 赠与, 协议v.协商, 交换意见confer a medal [title] on [upon] sb./ The engineers and technicians are still conferring on the unexpected accident. （38）Confine vt.限制, 禁闭n.界限, 边界This is outside the confines of human knowledge./ He is confined to the house by illness./ I shall confine myself to the subject of geography./ She expects to be confined at the end of May.（39）Conform vt.使一致,使顺从vi.符合, 相似, 适应环境adj.一致的, 顺从的conformist n.（法律，习惯等）遵守者,英国国教徒conform to the customs of society/ conform with the regulations/ A coat must conform to the figure of the wearer./ "On the first day when a pupil enters school, he is asked to conform to the school rules."（40）Confront vt.出现在...面前, 遭遇,面对，正视confront reality/ My house confronts his./ The prisoner was confronted with his accusers./ A soldier has to confront danger and death.（41）Conquer v.the conquered/ Man can conquer nature./ To conquer or to die./ Man has yet to conquer the stars.（42）Consent v. n. 同意，赞成，插座，塞孔Silence means consent./ I ought first to have asked your consent./ consent to stay on/ My father would not consent to my leaving school.（43）Conserve vt.保存，保重n.蜜饯；果酱cons erve one’s strength（44）Constitute vt.构成，组成,指定，任命，成为...的本质；使构成好的体质constitute a direct threat to sb./ constitute new traffic regulations/ constituted authorities/ constitute sb. Chairman/ Twelve months constitute a year./ He is so constituted that he needs very little sleep.（45）Constrain vt.强迫；强制（to）抑制，约束；把...关进；监禁I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness./ Cold weather constrained the plant's growth.（46）Contaminate vt.弄脏; 沾污; (以放射性物质)污染,传染; 感染,损害a wound contaminated by bacteria/ be contaminated by bureaucratism/ Flies contaminate food.（47）Contend v.抗争，争夺,争论，争辩,斗争，战斗contend with others for a prize/ contend with a person about sth./ contend with poverty/ The defense contended that the evidence was untrue.（48）Contract n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约bind oneself by contract/ a breach of contract/ break the contract/ draw up a contract/ negotiate a contract/ I'm under contract to teach here for one year./ Metals contract in cold weather./ contract a trade agreement/ contract a marriage/ contract friendship with/ contract a bad habit/ contract pneumonia/ contract huge debts by rash spending/ contract one's muscles of the arm/ I will "is contracted to "I 'll"./ The bodybuilders contracted their biceps in unison. （49）Contradict v. 反驳；与...矛盾，contradict a statement/ contradict oneself/ The reports contradict each other./ Your actions contradict(with) your declared moral principles./ It's difficult to contradict someone politely./ Don't contradict!（50）Convene vt.召集，集合，召唤，叫出，传（被告等）Party congresses at all levels are convened by Party committees at their respective levels.（51）Converge v. 聚合, 集中于一点armies -ging on the capital/ Parallel lines converge at infinity./ She and her husband both converged upon the caller. （52）Converse［书面用语］谈话，交谈（with，on，upon）I conversed with her on a certain problem./ He's willing to converse with anyone about the quotations on the stockmarket.（53）Convert n.皈依者vt.使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰At what rate does the dollar convert into pounds?/ John has converted to Buddhism./ convert defeat into victory/ Many Africans were converted to Christianity./ a convert to socialism（54）Convey vt.传导，传［表，转］达convey the supplies to the warehouse/ I can't convey my feelings in words./ The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier./ Wires convey electricity.（55）Convict vt.证明...有罪, 宣告...有罪n.罪犯convict sb. of robbery/ He was convicted of murder./ Their embarrassment convicted them.（56）Cooperate vi.合作；协作；互助（事物）配合cooperate with (sb.) in (sth.)/ cooperate in harmony/ cooperate towards that end（57）Corporate adj.团体的；法人组织的,共同的；自治的，市政当局的a corporate body/ corporate responsibility/ corporate town（58）Correlate vt.使相互关联vi.和...相关n.相关的人［物］关连adj.相关的，关连的correlate the theory with practice（59）Correspond v.通信（with）相当于；等于；相关（to）correspond with sb./ The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament./His expenses do not correspond to his income./ Her job corresponds with her interests./ His actions do not correspond with his words. （60）Counterfeit n. adj.赝品, 伪造品, 伪造的, 假冒的vt.伪造, 假冒counterfeit death/ It is against the law to counterfeit money.（61）Crumble v.弄碎, 粉碎, 崩溃n.面包屑Her hopes crumbled to nothing.（62）Culminate v.达到顶点A reading from Shakespeare culminates the performance./ Years of waiting culminated in a tearful reunion.（63）Cultivate vt.种植, 耕种, 开恳, 培育; 养殖,启发, 结识(有地位的人)cultivate a new generation/ cultivate the habit of analysis/ cultivate a love of art/ He always tries to cultivate rich and famous people.（64）Curb vt.给(马)装上勒马链; 勒住(马),控[抑]制; 约束,设路边石于, n. 路边curb one's anger/ curbstoneD（1）Deafen v.（2）Decay n.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退v.衰落What made the Roman Empire decay?/ Sugar can decay the tooth.（3）Declaredeclare war/ declare peace/ declare sb. (to be) innocent/ She declared that she didn't want to see him again./ Have you anything to declare?/ Well, I declare!Declare announce proclaim（4）Decline vt.谢绝, 拒绝, 推辞，使下降; 倾斜; 使(头)低垂n.下倾,晚期，斜坡decline an offer/ decline an invitation/ decline to answer a question/ sink into a decline/ on the decline/ the decline of life（5）Decorate v.decorate a house for New Year/ decorate sb. with a medal（6）Decree n.法令, 政令, 教令, 天命, 判决v.颁布Fate decreed that.../ decree a punishment（7）Dedicate vt.献(身), 致力, 题献(一部著作给某人)dedicate a book to a certain person/ The mayor dedicated the World Fair yesterday.（8）Deduce vt.推论, 推断, 演绎(from)追溯根源，引出, 推导induce vt.引诱;归纳induce sb. to do sth./ His illness was induced by overwork./ deduce a conclusion from these facts/ If you see a doctor leaving a house, you may deduce that someone in the house is ill.（9）Deflect vt., vi (使)偏斜, (使)转向, (使)弯曲deflect a stream from its original course/ The bullet struck a wall and was deflected from its course.（10）Defunct adj.死了的; (公司)倒闭了的, 已不存在的已废止的, 已失效的the defunct/ a defunct law/ an innovator defying tradition（11）Defy vt.不服从, 公然反抗, 藐视, 挑衅, 违抗, 使...难于n.挑战a strong fort which defies attack/ They defied him to jump off the bridge./ I defy you to prove that I have cheated./ Itdefies description.（12）Degenerate vi.堕落；退步；腐化；恶化adj.退步的；堕落的；腐化的a degenerate form of an ancient folk art./ old water pipes that are degenerating with age/ a dispute that degeneratedinto a brawl./ His health degenerates rapidly.（13）Deliberate adj.深思熟虑的, 故意的, 预有准备的v.商讨He deliberated the question before he made an answer./ a deliberate decision/ a deliberate murder/ mistake the oversight for a deliberate insult./ move at a deliberate pace（14）Demonstrate v.示范, 证明, 论证How do you demonstrate that the earth is round?/ The salesman demonstrated (how to use) the washing-machine./ demonstrate affection by hugging.（15）Denounce v.公开指责, 公然抨击, 谴责denounce a treaty（16）Deprive vt.夺去, 剥夺; 使丧失(of)撤职, 免去...的职务使不能有; 使不能享受She was deprived of schooling at ten./ Sickness deprived me of the pleasure of meeting you./ He must have been deprived of a normal childhood by something.（17）Derive vt. 得自vi. 起源derive itself from/ derive knowledge from books/ Many English words are derived from Latin.（18）Descend v.下来, 下降, 遗传(指财产,气质,权利), 突击, 出其不意的拜访be descended from ...[descend from ...]/ Men are descended from ape-men./ He descended from the top of the mountain./ The river descends to the sea./ He (is) descended from a good family./ a tradition descending from colonial days./ summer tourists descending on the seashore village./ to descend the steps/ in descending order of importancedescend fall drop（19）Deserve vt.应得; 应受(赏罚等)deserve attention [sympathy]/ deserve to be rewarded [punished]/ If you do wrong, you deserve punishment./ He has deserved well of his country.（20）Designate vt.指明, 指出, 任命, 指派adj.指定而尚未上任的(用于名词后)He was designated by the President as the next Secretary of State./ a captain designate/ He designated Smith as his successor.（21）Despise v.despised all cowards and flatterers./ despised the frigid weather in January./ despised any thought of their own safety.（22）Detach vt.（常与from连用）分开；拆开；分离；移开be detached from/ Men were detached to defend the pass./ detach a check from the checkbook/ detach a calf from its mother/ detached herself from the group.（23）Deteriorate vt., vi.使恶化, 弄坏败坏(风俗); 使变坏(品质等)退化; 堕落Time and neglect had deteriorated the property./ The weather deteriorated overnight./ His health had deteriorated while he was in prison./ The nation's highways are deteriorating at a rapid pace.（24）Deviate v.背离, 偏离deviate from（25）Dictate v.口述, 口授, 使听写, 指令, 指示, 命令, 规定n.指示dictate a letter to sb./ refuse to be dictated/ He obeyed the dictates of his conscience./ dictated the rules of the game. （26）Diffuse v.散播, 传播, 漫射, 扩散, (使)慢慢混合adj.散开的, 弥漫的diffuse learning/ diffuse lighting/ diffuse sound（27）Diminish vt.使减少; 缩小,贬低diminish the cost of production/ He likes to diminish the skill of others./ His illness diminished his strength.。