国际商务环境 International Business Environment Ethics Ch4

– Ad-hoc effort on an opportunistic and often naï basis ve

Exports require volumes of specialized paperwork
US Export Support


Exporting Opportunities and Risks

Perception: Exports
– Offer huge revenue / profit opportunities overseas – Are “there for the pickings”

Large firms are more successful
Export Performance Improvement Factors

Government information sources – US: various parts of the Dept. of Commerce – Other countries: similar entity – Embassies and consulates: commercial sections Export management companies – Act as the export department of firms – Experienced specialists – Not exclusive Focused export strategy
Steps in the Export Process
Determine ene trade terms (INCOTERMS: ex works, FOB, CIF, etc.) determine tasks to be performed in the foreign market

Quality and Cost Management
TQM: technique to improve products and services quality Six Sigma: Statistically based cost cutting system
– Reduces defects, boosts productivity, eliminates
Logistics:
– controls physical transmission of materials
through the value chain
Production and logistics decisions
– Lower costs of value creation – Add value through better attention to customer
Other Issues
Strategic alliances with suppliers Just-in-time inventory system management The role of information technology The role of the internet
through the supply chain suppliers –> customers
Relationship Between Quality and Costs
Quality …
Increases Productivity Improves Performance Reliability Lowers Rework and Scrap Costs Lowers Warranty Costs Lowers Manufacturing Costs Lowers Service Costs Increases Profits

• City centers often become poor neighborhood with high crime rates and failing infrastructure.
• Efforts to revitalize city centers (gentrification, 中产阶级化) are often criticized for alienating poor local residents and highlighting social division.
• Principles: just be legal vs. do whatever you can
• Guidelines: external vs. internal (code of conduct)
• Specific issues: environment, bribery, and child labor
Suburbanization (郊区化)
• In US and UK, rich people have long been abandoning cities centers for suburbs due to congestion and pollution.
• Some old industry areas became "rust belts" as local industries declined.
Business opportunities
• Changing business patterns: housing, professional childcare services, private pension schemes, etc.

Expatriate Success Predictors
Self-orientation
– Strengthen self-esteem, self-confidence, mental well-being – Adapt to food, music, sport, outside interests – Superior technical competency
Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management
Different approaches to staffing policy Foreign postings
– Why do managers fail? – How can they increase their chances of
Japanese MNCs
1. Manager cannot cope with broader responsibility 2. 3. 4. 5.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
overseas Manager cannot adjust culturally Manager’s lack of personal or emotional maturity Lack of technical competence Spouse cannot adjust culturally
Polycentric Multidomestic • key overseas positions staffed by local managers Geocentric Global and Transnational • best for job gets it
Expatriate Managers Failure Rates