2012南航翻译硕士英语(试题)

2012年南京大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：14.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：1，分数：10.00)请简要解释以下段落中画线部分的知识点（分数：10.00）(1).经济学家厉以宁说，在国际金融危机的冲击下，别看广东受的影响最大，但实际上也在一定程度上加快了地区经济的转型。

现在“ 民工荒”越来越厉害，廉价劳动力的优势已经不大了。

珠三角的劳动密集型产业发展了将近30年，积累了一定的资本、技术、人才。

广州地区现在聚集了一大批高校和科研院所，人口素质也在逐步提升，完全可以发展金融业、服务业等高附加值的产业。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：国际金融危机：是指一国所发生的金融危机通过各种渠道传递到其他国家从而引起国际范围内金融危机爆发的一种经济现象。

国际金融危机的基本特征：金融领域所有的或大部分的金融指标的急剧恶化，以至于影响相关国家或地区乃至全世界经济的稳定与发展。

导致国际金融危机的原因有：经济过热导致生产过剩；贸易收支巨额逆差；外资的过度流入；缺乏弹性的汇率制度和不当的汇率水平；过早的金融开放等。

民工荒：是指民工短缺现象。

这种现象最早出现在南方的一些主要城市，在春节时期尤为明显。

民工荒既包括“普工荒”，也包括“技工荒”，但无论哪种类型，其所反映出“荒”的特征都可以概括为一种结构性短缺。

珠三角：此处指的是珠江三角洲地区，包括广州、深圳、佛山、东莞、中山、珠海、惠州、江门、肇庆共9个城市。

珠江三角洲是西江、北江和东江人海时冲击沉淀而成的一个三角洲。

珠江三角洲地区是我国改革开放的先行地区及重要的经济中心区域，在全国经济社会发展和改革开放大局中具有突出作用，现已成为世界知名的加工制造和出口基地，是世界产业转移的首选地区之一。

翻译与写作（英语）2012年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题南京航空航天大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A科目代码： 842 科目名称：翻译与写作(英语) 满分： 150 分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part One: Translate the following into Chinese ( 60 points)（1）Judging from the scientists I know, and those whom I’ve read about, you can’t pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. “I don’t know if it’s the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac’s（狄拉克）equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity. “They’re so beautiful,” he says, “you can see immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”（2）It is time for the baby’s birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party. In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine. She is an open and trusting child, unprepared for and unaccustomed to the ambushes of family life,and perhaps it is just as well that I can offer her little of that life.I would like to give her more. I would like to promise her that she will grow up with a sense of her cousins and of rivers and of her great-grandmother’s teacups, would like to pledge her a picnic on a river with fried chicken and her hair uncombed, would like to give her home for her birthday, but we live differently now and I can promise her nothing like that.（3）I desire urbanity. I believe this is the rarest quality in the world. Indeed, it probably does not exist anywhere. A really urbane person — a mortal open-minded and affable to conviction of his own shortcomings and errors, and unguided in anything by irrational blind prejudices — could not but in a world of men and women be regarded as a monster. We are all of us, as if by instinct, intolerant of that which is unfamiliar: we resent its impudence, and very much the same principle which prompts small boys to jeer at a straw-hat out of season induces their elders to send missionaries to the heathen.Part Two: Translate the following into English (40 points)（1）从小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

KEYS(2012/12/30)A 卷PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A1. D2. B3. C4. C5. A6. D7. B8. C9. BSection B10. C 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. BSection C16. mental distress17. feel a little low18. stay connected with19. budget and interests20. immersed inPART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. BPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)41. D 42. A 43. B 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. C 50. BPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)51. C 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. C 60. B 61. C 62. D 63. A 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. C 69. B 70. A 71. A 72. D 73. C 74. B 75. B 76. B 77. A 78. D 79. A 80. CPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A 英译汉：参考答案：有关成功的故事使我们思考事业有成需要哪些因素以及获诺贝尔奖是什么样的感受。

南京航空航天大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A科目代码： 214 科目名称： 翻译硕士法语 满分： 100 分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I.Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire (40 %) Chaque phrase a un seulchoix :1._________ le mauvais temps, nous avons fait une sortie en bateau.A. Grace àB. A cause deC. Bien queD. Malgré2. Hier soir, j’ai dîné avec un _________ ami.A. vieilB. vieuxC. vieilleD. vieillard3. Elles sont très heureuses en Chine, nous _________ sommes aussi.A. enB. lesC. yD. le4. Cet accident de voiture _________ à l’imprudence du chauffeur.A. est dueB. a dûC. est dûD. s’est dû5. Oh! Ces femmes, elles se sont __________ de gros mots.A. ditB. ditesC. ditsD. dite6. On préfère qu’il s’en _________ tout de suite.A. vaB. allaitC. allerD. aille7. Cet outil sert ________ couper le fil en fer.A. àB. deC. pourD. en8. _______ savants que vous soyez, vous avez toujours à apprendre.A. QuoiqueB. Quels queC. QuelquesD. Quelque9. Isabelle a besoin de l’argent, je ________ ai prêté.A. lui leB. lui enC. le luiD. en lui10. Les Dupont invitent nos étudiants _________ dîner chez eux ce soir.A. àB. enC. deD. sans214 翻译硕士法语第 1 页共 8 页11. _______ son travail régulier, il fait souvent des heures supplémentaires.A. OutreB. ExceptéC. SaufD. A l’exception de12. D’habitude, elle rentre chez elle deux fois ________ semaine.A. laB. touteC. parD. chaque13. Mon auto est en panne. V oulez-vous me prêter ________ ?A. la tienneB. le vôtreC. le tienD. la vôtre14. Veuillez saluer _________ parents de ma part, merci.A. tesB. vosC. tonD. votre15. - Paul, tu penses souvent à tes parents? – Oui, _________.A. Je pense à euxB.J’y penseC.Je leur penseD. Je le pense16. _______ les efforts des médecins, deux enfants et une femme sont morts.A. MalgréB. SansC. AvecD. Par17. Sophie aura 10 ans demain, on vous attend pour fêter _______ anniversaire.A. sesB. saC. sonD. notre18. Elle ne dit pas un mot aux policiers _________ elle était sourde-muette.A. comme siB. commeC. tellementD. tant19. ________ a été construit le pont qui s’est écroulé hier soir?A. QuiB. Par quiC. Celui quiD. Qui est-ce qui20. J’ai passé toute la soirée _________ écrire des courriers électroniques.A. d’B. àC. parD. pour21. Xiao Ming veut bien m’aider ________ porter cette valise au 5e étage.A. deB. sansC. àD. pour22. J’aimerais bien savoir ce que vous pensez ________ l’économie mondiale.A. deB. àC. pourD. en23. Marie va ________ d’interprète auprès d’une délégation étrangère.A. se servirB. servirC. devenirD. se faire24. Est-ce que les enfants _________ les mains avant de se mettre à table?A. se sont lavéB. sont lavésC. se sont lavésD. se sont lavées214 翻译硕士法语第 2 页共 8 页25. Sophie ________ tout a coup qu’elle avait un rendez-vous avec Paul ce soir-là.A. s’est souvenueB. s’est souvenuC. a rappeléD. est rappelée26.Quand je lui ai téléphoné, il ________ de se lever.A. vientB. est venuC.venaitD. était venu27. Pascal va ________ Japon et Sophie va __________ Allemagne.A. en, enB. au, auC. en, auD. au, en28. Isabelle a ________ pleurer, ses parents ne cèdent pas à ses caprices.A. faitB. attentionC. peutD. beau29. Ce poisson est vraiment délicieux; j’aimerais bien en connaître _______.A. la façonB. la recetteC. la manièreD. la formule30. Ces pommes coûtent deux euros _______ pièce.A. chaqueB. uneC. laD. par31. Le directeur ne sait pas encore la nouvelle. On va _______ annoncer.A. lui enB. lui l’C. la luiD. l’y32. On aimerait bien connaître _________ s’est passé hier soir.A. qu’est-ce queB. ce queC. ce quiD. qu’est-ce qui33. Les touristes sont entrés dans un _______ hôtel.A. beauB. belC. belleD. beaux34. On ne devrait pas vivre seulement pour _______.A. moiB. nousC. soiD. lui35. Les Durand se dépêchent ________ monter dans l’avion.A. deB. enC. sansD. a36. Elle habite un appartement tout à fait semblable ________ vôtre.A. deB. auC. duD. à la37. J’ai besoin de ce livre. ________ demain sans faute.A. Le me rendsB. Me le rendsC. Rends-le-moiD. Rends-moi-le38. Elles étaient ________ contentes d’être invitées à la soirée.A. toutB. touteC. tousD. toutes214 翻译硕士法语第 3 页共 8 页39. Le matin, il y a eu _______ soleil, mais après-midi, le ciel était couvert.A. unB. leC. duD. de la40 De nous tous, c’est elle qui danse _________.A. mieuxB. le mieuxC. bienD. très bienII. Compréhension écrite (15%)Le sacrificeLa presse nous donnera-t-elle un jour l’occasion de lire des articles sur les femmes qui ne travaillent pas, plus exactement, sur les femmes qui n’ont pas d’activité professionnelle? Bon nombre de ces femmes vous diraient que le choix qu’elles ont fait comprend aussi des sacrifices. Car ces femmes-là ne sont pas seulement des “bonnes à tout faire”, beaucoup d’entre elles ont fait des études, ont travaillé, et sont avant tout des femmes des années 90! Mais à choisir entre le travail et les enfants, elles ont abandonné le travail. Grâce à ce choix, on verra moins d’enfants restant seuls à la maison devant un écran qui ne leur répondra jamais, ou marchant dans la rue sans autre but que celui d’oublier qu’on les a oubliés. Ces femmes sont très attentives à l’épanouissement de leurs enfants. Leur attitude montre que chacune a un rôle à jouer dans la construction d’une société un peu meilleure. Le travail qu’elles font pour la société est énorme et indispensable, le gouvernement doit penser à créer un nouveau métier, celui de “responsable de famille”, avec un bon salaire et une bonne retraite.41. Que signifie dans le texte “bonnes à tout faire”?a. Ce sont des femmes gentilles.b. Ce sont de bonnes femmesc. Ce sont des femmes de ménaged.Ce sont des femmes qui font tout dans la maison42. Pourquoi bon nombre de ces femmes pensent-elles que leur choix comprend aussi des sacrifices?a. Parce qu’elles ont abandonné leur travail à cause de leurs enfants.b. Parce qu’elles ont fait des étudesc. Parce qu’elles ont quitté leur travaild. Parce qu’elles sont des femmes modernes.214 翻译硕士法语第 4 页共 8 页43.Pour quoi les enfant marchent-ils dans la rue?a. Pour oublier leurs parentsb. Pour leur plaisirc. Pour ne pas rester à la maisond. Pour oublier qu’ils sont négligés par leurs parents44. Quel est le point de vue de l’auteur?a. Les femmes doivent rester à la maison pour faire le ménage.b. S’occuper des enfants, c’est aussi un travail que le gouvernement doit reconnaître.c. Les femmes doivent abandonner le travail.d. Une femme moderne doit travailler pour avoir une situation un peu meilleure.45. Pourquoi l’auteur écrit-il cet article?a. Il appelle les femmes à rester à la maison.b. Il appelle le gouvernement à payer les femmes qui restent à la maison.c.Il appelle toute la société à reconnaître un nouveau métier:”responsable de famille”d. Il appelle la société à s’occuper des enfants après la classe.PollutionUn conseil international, présidé par la France, s’est réuni hier à Bruxelles pour essayer de trouver des solutions contre la pollution industrielle mondiale.Tous les premiers ministres des plus grands pays étaient présents. Ils veulent trouver rapidement des solutions à ce problème.Toutes les grandes industries (exploitations pétrolières, agricoles, chimiques) devront baisser la production et développer une politique de sauvetage de l’environnement.Le premier ministre japonais refuse de participer à ce projet. Il n’accepte pas de revoir sa production industrielle nationale. Il a violemment protesté mais il n’a pas le choix. Il a dû accepter la décision de la majorité en signant l’accord international contre la pollution.De plus, au cours de cette réunion, les premiers ministres ont ajouté que ce problème n’était pas seulement le problème des entreprises. En effet, le plus important214 翻译硕士法语第 5 页共 8 页est d’essayer de faire comprendre que ce problème est celui de tout le monde. Si nous ne changeons pas nos habitudes, nous détruirons la Terre.Coûte que coûte, 20 sept 200046. Ce texte est __________.a. un article de magazineb. un article d’un quotidienc. un récitd. un roman policier47. De quel type d’information s’agit-il?a. Il s’agit d’une information culturelleb. Il s’agit d’un fait divers.c. Il s’agit d’une information politiqued. Il s’agit d’un événement artistique48. Que veulent essayer de faire les premiers ministres?a. augmenter les productions industriellesb. diminuer les productions industriellesc. développer l’industried. ralentir l’évolution d’agriculture49. Le premier ministre japonais ne veut pas ____________.a. de pollution dans son paysb. signer l’accord international contre la pollutionc. développer l’industrie dans son paysd. augmenter la production industrielle de son pays.50. Si nous ne changeons rien, quel sera le résultat?a. un grand danger pour notre Terreb. moins de pollutionc. la même Terre dans 20 ansd. une Terre plus fécondela victimeLes vêtements de la victime étaient de bonne qualité, moins usés qu’ils ne paraissaient tout d’abord, mais dans un état étonnat de mauvain entretien. Les vêtements d’un homme sans femme, qui porte tous les jours le même complet (西装), sans jamais se donner un coup de brosse et, avait-on envie d’ajouter, il lui arrive de dormir tout habillé. La chemise, qui était neuve, qui n’avait pas encore été lavée, avait été portée une huitaine de jours au moins et les chaussettes ne valaient pas mieux.214 翻译硕士法语第 6 页共 8 页Dans les poches, aucun papiers, aucune lettre, aucun document permettent de prouver l’identité de l’inconnu mais, par contre, des objets très variés : un couteau à multi-usages, un tire-bouchon, un mouchoir sale et un bouton qui manquait à la veste, une clé, une pipe et du tabac ; un portefeuille qui contenait deux mille trois cent cinquante francs et une photo représentant une maison d’un endroit en Afrique, avec une demi-douzaine de femmes noires qui regardaient sans expression l’appareil ; des morceaux de ficelle, un billet de chemin de fer de Juvisy à Paris, portant la date de la veille.51. Comment était le complet de la victime ?a. Il était de bonne qualité, mais très usé.b. La victime se couchait toujours avec son complet.c. Le complet était bien entretenu par sa femme.d. Le complet était peu usé, mais sale.52. « Les chaussures ne valaient pas mieux », autrement dit :a. Les chaussettes ne valaient pas cher.b. Les chaussettes valaient moins cher que la chemise.c. Les chaussettes étaient moins sales que la chemise.d. On ne les avait pas lavées plus souvent que la chemise.53. Depuis quand la victime était arrivée à Paris ?a. La victime était arrivée à Paris le jour d’avant.b. Depuis longtempsc. Depuis une huitaine de joursd. On ne sait pas exactement54. D’où vient le bouton qui était dans la poche ?a. De la chemiseb. Du completc. Du pantalond. Le bouton a été ramassé dans la rue.55. Comment la victime est-elle venue à Paris ?a. Par avion, de l’Afrique à Paris.b. Par l’autoroute, de Juvisy à Paris.c. Par le train, de Juvisy à Paris.d. Par le bateau, de Juvisy à Paris.214 翻译硕士法语第 7 页共 8 页III. Version (25%) France n’est pas seulement une escale ou un pays riche d’un patrimoine deculture, elle est aujourd’hui un vrai centre international pour les échanges internationaux.2.Un excès de sel est mauvais pour la santé. Les pouvoirs publics ont annoncé lamise en application d’une loi visant à réduire de 20% l’ajout de sel dans les aliments industriels.3.Les maladies de coeur seront soignées plus tôt et mieux. On pourra, avec certainsmédicaments, avoir une meilleure mémoire, changer de tempérament.4.Ce système de transport public est vraiment excellent, beaucoup de Parisiens enprofitent au lieu de conduire leurs propres voitures pour aller au travail et en revenir.5.Dans les petites villes, le déjeuner est plus copieux que le dîner. D’abord il y a deshors-d’ouevre variés. Ensuite on choisit de la viande ou du poisson. On finit souvent le déjeuner avec du fromage.IV. Thème (20%)1.中国地域辽阔，气候也十分复杂，地区差别很大。

Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettesuncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once statefunding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after thecompany made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclearstation in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, andself-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claiminto a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on someaspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and completeeach other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a longway. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode ofproduction, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much ofthe world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。

南京大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2012年(总分149,考试时间90分钟)ⅠDirections: Translate the following abbreviations, terminology, words or underlined words into their target languages respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one point for each.1. 不可再生资源2. 泡沫经济3. 通货紧缩4. 财政赤字5. 参政议政6. 人才流失7. 扶贫8. 春蕾计划9. 按揭贷款10. 网民11. 用户在技术交流时，向贵方专家提出了许多问题。

12. 中国的经济是一个大问题，各级导务必优先考虑。

13. 一座大厦如果有了白蚁，不加防治，不到十年时间，里面的地板就会被蛀蚀一空。

14. 我们要有一个农、林、牧、副、渔布局合理，全面发展，能够满足人民生活和工业发展需要的发达的农业。

15. EU16. IMF17. APEC18. YOG19. FIFA20. ISBN21. sovereign credit rating22. webcasting23. no smoke without fire24. look for a needle in a haystack25. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.26. Last December, Washington Post first reported that investigations were being made in each of the cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.27. Slowly, Apollo Ⅱ began to rise. The sound of the liftoff overwhelmed the screams of millions of spectators, many of whom now called in unison, "Go! Go! Go! Go!"28. I had been overwhelmed by her beauty and her smile.29. She tried to right her husband from the charge of bribery.ⅡDirections: Translate the following two source texts into their target languages respectively. If the source text is in English, its target languages is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target languages is English.1. When scientists evaluate the connection between tornadoes and climate change, there are two big questions they"re asking: First, are the 2011 tornadoes part of a trend? Has tornado activity changed along with rising global temperatures so far? Second, scientists ask whether the factors that create tornadoes have been affected by climate change and whether those factors are likely to be affected in the future.For one thing, our data on tornado trends are imperfect. At first glance, you might think the number of tornadoes has increased since the 1990s. But most of that is actually the result of more public awareness and better reporting and technology, improving our ability to spot smaller, weaker tornadoes and to notice tornadoes in places where few people live. Bad datum means that we can"t reliably say whether tornado counts are increasing.There are many things that can affect the factors that make tornadoes more likely. Scientists have found that climate change is something that can affect tornado conditions. But when they looked at data for the past 30 years" worth of Aprils in the Mississippi Valley, they don"t see evidence of any trends that would mean tornado weather is already becoming more frequent.Because of that, it would be problematic to claim that the recent spate of tornadoes in the Southeast was caused by climate change. But that"s not the same as saying tornadoes can"t be caused by climate change. It"s not the same as saying that climate change isn"t a contributing factor. Or that tornadoes won"t be caused by climate change in the future. It"s not even the same as saying that, years from now, with better data and technology, we won"t look back and see a trend happening that isn"t obvious today. The big question—are tornadoes caused by climate change?—is made up of lots of little questions. And we don"t know all the answers to the little questions yet.2. 有时候，在工作中重要的是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to __12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitim acy by making themselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understan ding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous d irections. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate ef fort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground p ipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works itthrough the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credib le discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When H offa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been a ssociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out tha t much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fo ught against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B] appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) _____________________________________________________The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) _____________________________________________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) _______________________________________ ______________For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) __________ ___________________________________________Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45) _____________________________________________________What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to behuman. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyonddownloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creativeways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embedit in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading -between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced byanother in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of theworld's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtfuldownloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题一答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. [B] maintain2. [A] when3. [B] weakened4. [D] accepted5. [C] bound6. [B] subject7. [D] applies8. [B] raise9. [A] line10. [B] as 11. [A] so12. [C] upset13. [C] cultivate14. [D] tied15. [A] concepts 16. [C] shapes17. [A] dismissed18. [C] address19. [D] accountable20. [D] as a resultSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. DBACC CDADA 31. ADBDD CDBAAPart B (10 points)41. CDAFGPart C (10 points)46. 在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。

山大2012翻译硕士真题回忆英语翻译基础一 20道选择，语法和词汇共20分二 10道选择，改错共10分三阅读，2篇选择题的，每篇大约6、7道选择。

1篇回答问题的，3个问，每题要求40词，尽量用自己的话 1篇要求写 summary ，文章挺长，8分四作文，题目是给了一个叫 john某某的名人名言，曰：“Contended with little yet wishing for more” 写300字题量大，建议开始就抓紧时间。

词汇量的积累将大有帮助。

英语翻译基础术语英译汉comfort stationaffirmative actionclinic psychologyanti-federalistgold rush"A Level "Baimuda triangleAIDSIQRenaissancelynching术语汉译英：航空航天医学高峰会议储蓄银行外汇集中营中国社会科学院负翁“一国两制”基本国策社会主义市场经济主页临时工文人画文化产业水利工程枢纽篇章英译汉是物理方面的，大意是物理学上你永远不可能有绝对的定论，实验结果你不断验证你的理论是对的，但一旦有不同的实验结果，结论就会被推翻。

小扯了一下爱因斯坦的相对论和牛顿的万有引力定律。

汉译英是科教兴国（翻译练习中挺常见到的文种）百科与写作百科口头禅城狐社鼠注意经济学科学模型皈依孝贤良仁生态旅游易卜生主义哥特式小说科学发展管理学财政学社会达尔文主义行政法刑法机械论空想主义应用文随着市民养宠物现象增多，带来的问题增多。

有的人喜欢宠物，有人不喜欢。

引发人们之间的矛盾。

也假设你是某都市报记者，写一篇社区规范养宠物的倡议书。

450字左右大作文以身体健康和生活幸福为题。

讲讲健康的重要性，影响健康的因素，养成良好生活习惯的必要性和意义。

800字建议大家扩大词汇量，不然还是很吃亏的。

作文拼命写，此招尤为提百科与写作分数的办法。

这份卷子山大出作文题目前总是很照顾考生实际，比较接地气。