社会语言学论文(基础)Understanding of Sociolinguistics

有关语言学课程的论文范文语言学是研究语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展的一门学科。

下面是店铺为大家整理的有关语言学的论文，供大家参考。

语言学的论文范文篇一：《试谈社会语言学视角下的外语教学》一、引言社会语言学是20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的边缘性学科。

社会语言学是运用社会学和语言学等几门学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学角度来研究语言的社会本质及差异的学科。

社会语言学主要是注重语言的社会性,表现在：首先注重跨学科的实际应用的动态性，其次，侧重于语言的社会功能的表现。

它着重从语言与社会各种因素之间的关系来探讨和研究语言及其运用的规律，为更好地进行语言学的研究开辟了一个更广阔的崭新领域。

同时，给外语教学也带来了巨大而深刻的影响。

二、社会语言学的基本概念社会语言学主要是研究语言社会现象的一门学科。

它关注的不是语言的核心结构体系，而是语言的边缘部分，也就是说，它主要关注的是人们在日常生活中的语言表现。

研究的是语言和社会之间的关系问题，同时，考查社会语境中语言使用的现象，并且从社会语言学角度描述和解释语言使用的各种变化。

那么，根据研究的对象不同，社会语言学大致可以被分为宏观社会语言学和微观社会语言学两大类。

宏观社会语言学主要研究与全局相关的整体性问题，比如，语言规划的制定、语言政策、语言规范化问题、文字改革等等。

而微观社会语言学是研究各种社会条件下的语言变异，比如，民族或种族、阶级、性别、年龄等等社会因素对语言使用所产生的影响、人们对各种变体的态度及评价、各种语言变体的构造特点和社会功能等等。

三、我国的外语教学现状一直以来，我国外语教学重视的是语言教学，而忽视文化教学。

无论是对教师还是对学习者而言，他们都会把自己的大部分时间和大部分注意力用在学习和讲解词汇及语法上，却不注重语言应用功能在文化特征方面和社会实践方面的探究。

因此，使得学生对语言的运用能力整体都不合格，主要表现在不能用外语进行有效而流利的跨文化交际，不能将我国的传统文化真正传播出去。

英语语言学毕业论文(精选多篇)第一篇：英语专业毕业论文：社会语言学the definition of sociolinguistics and its characteristic外语系06接本6班尹珊珊24号[abstract]sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. it ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another. sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language.[key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function [content]sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. it also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes. as the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes. it is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.the study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determine language in its contextual environment. code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. sociolinguistic differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter’s focus is on the language’s effect on the society. while the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which most sociolinguistic inquiries depend. sociolinguistics is different from many of the other branches of linguistics in that it studies external as opposed to internal language. internal language applies to the study of language on the abstract level, or in the head, put simply. external language applies to language in social contexts, or outside the head. this distinction is important, because internal language analyses, such as syntax and semantics, operate1on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language. external language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. these two approaches, while distinct, complement each other in practice.understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. this may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the inter-personal level ofneighborhoods or a single family.sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. class and occupation is one of the most important linguistic markers found in society.one of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related. as can be implied from the example below, the working class tends to speak less standard language. the lower, middle, and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard. however, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak ‘less’ standard than the middle class. this is because not only class, but class aspirations, are important. men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. these differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. that is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. the initial identification of a women’s register was by robin lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women’s role in society. a later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. however, both these perspective have the language style ofmen as normat ive, implying that women’s style is inferior. more recently, deborah tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to ‘cultural’ differences. comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style,aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti. communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. one explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. a similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. that is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male. sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in mid 1960s. but scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives, and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways. this paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguisticstudy to point o ut the lack of comprehensiveness in fishman’’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics.参考文献：《社会语言学概论》戴庆厦主编商务印书馆《社会语言学概论》祝畹瑾编著湖南教育出版社.《语言学概论》杨信彰高等教育出版社第二篇：英语语言学论文题目英语语言学论文题目13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象49论文化差异与英汉商标互译55浅谈英汉句子结构差异59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默62试论广告英语的语言特点65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用69新闻报道中的转述动词研究73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究74英汉数字习语的对比研究76英译汉中词序的变动78英语广告的语言特征80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度101词义演变的原因与方式137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异149从英语人名中看性别歧视157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考162对严复译作中“信”的质疑167法律英语用词特征分析168法律语言翻译与法律文体177副词ever的句法环境和语义特征180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能183广告口号语的语言特点189国际商务文化之对比研究204汉语中双关语的翻译213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读228论广告英语中的幽默265论广告英语的语言特点268论汉英谚语的语言特征280论清教理念与美国西进运动282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法324名词化的语篇功能330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展352浅析英语无标志被动句356浅议译者能力359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法384体育新闻英语文体研究375社会语言学视野中的网络语言418新闻英语中的语法特点研究423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性425移就的审美价值和生成基础426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角429隐喻与一词多义的关系438英汉被动句对比研究439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究443英汉汉英双关语及其翻译研究444英汉合成词构词对比研究446英汉名词短语修饰模式比较447英汉拟声词异同探讨448英汉人称代词运用对比研究449英汉人名的比较研究450英汉时间的空间隐喻对比研究451英汉习语的文化共性和个性的研究453英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别454英汉颜色词跨域对比分析?—以red和红为例458英汉隐喻性词汇对比研究462英汉语中红绿色文化比较468英语道歉方式研究469英语动物词汇的文化内涵与汉译470英语复合词的语义分析及其类型471英语惯用句型的意义及汉译480英语情态助动词的主客观区别485英语委婉语的使用原则与策略487英语语言性别歧视现象研究488英语语言中的性别歧视491英语中的性别歧视508源语中的“异”与译语中的“达”522中美拒绝言语行为研究523中美礼貌用语跨文化对比分析524中美企业文化比较的启示533中西人名文化对比534中西饮食文化差异536中学生英语学习策略研究543中英非语言交际的文化差异及对比544中英恭维语对比研究545中英广告中语言使用对比研究546中英两种语言中的颜色词及其象征意义547中英亲属词的文化内涵分析548中英请求言语行为策略选择之比较552宗教对中美节假日的影响553介词in的语义向度：认知视角554近代英美关系及其文化基础559跨文化交际中非语言交际及其文化基础561快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力570语境对词义的制约作用第三篇：06级毕业论文语言学06级毕业论文语言学：1. 浅谈非语言交际中的身势语body language on nonverbal communication2. 浅论英汉语被动句的异同a brief study on the meaning of similarities and differences betweenenglish and chinese passive3. 英式英语与美式英语的对比分析the distinctive analysis between british english and american english4. 隐喻理论在词汇教学中的应用the application of conceptual metaphor theory in vocabulary teaching5. 二语习得中的个人因素personal factors in second language acquisition6. 对比研究下的英汉新闻语篇中的语法隐喻grammatical metaphor in english and chinese news contrastive approach 7. 英语诗歌语言的修辞美the rhetorical beauty in the language of english poetry8. 英语口语交际能力形成的培养the formation of communicative competence in oral english training9. 美国黑人英语特色研究the phonological features of american black english10. 法律新词在英语中的应用the new legal words used in english11. 从词汇方面分析英语中的性别歧视语analysis on the glossaries of gender discrimination from the lexicological aspect12. 英语中的否定句on the english negative sentences13. 非言语交际中的面部表情的特征the signs of facial expression in non-verbal communication14. 词义演变的原因和方式on the causes and ways of evolution on word meaning15. 言语行为理论对语言教学的影响the influence of speech act theory on language teaching16. 从交际功能看英汉委婉语a comparative analysis of english and chinese euphemisms from the perspective of communication function17. 论文摘要的语类结构分析the analysis of generic structure in english thesis abstract18. 语言环境对二语习得的影响influence of language environment on second language acquisition19. 公共演讲的文体特征stylistic features of public speech20. 关于英语幽默的文化特点的研究a study of cultural features in english humor21. 浅谈科技文中动词名词化现象及其翻译the analysis on nominalization in est and its translation22. 语境在话语理解中的作用on the role of context in utterance interpretation23. 运用词块法记忆英语单词的实效研究on the effectiveness of chunks in the memorization of english words 24. 试论动词-ing形式在中学教学中的应用the study of v-ing form and its application to teaching in middle school 25. 英语写作目的与写作风格之间的联系the relation between english writing purpose and its style26. 青年流行语及其社会文化心理探微research on vogue words and the related social cultural psychology of the young27. 关于肢体语言的研究study on body language28. 从美国总统奥巴马就职演说辞看其演说的文体风格stylistic analysis of the inauguration speech of american president barack obama29. 论广告英语中的句法特征on syntactic characteristics of english for advertising30. 母语习得与二语习得的对比the comparison between native language acquisition and the second language learning31. 浅析英语句子的歧义性an analysis on ambiguity in english sentences32. 语用失误及其策略研究33. 会话含义初探analysis of conversational implicatures34. 交际中性别差异的研究study of gender differences in verbal communication35. 浅析母语对二语习得的影响on the influence of mother tongue on the second language acquisition 36. 论语境在话语理解中的作用the function of context in language interpretation37. 浅谈模糊语的语用功能及其应analysis of pragmatic functions of vague language and its application 38. 英语歧义现象初探the analysis of ambiguity in english39. 论英语中的性别歧视现象on sexism in english40. 动物词的中英文化内涵对比different connotation of animal words between english and chinese culture41. 沉默在英语会话中的运用及影响因素the use of silence in conversation and its implication42. 英语新闻的批判性分析a critical analysis of english news reports43. 英语词汇中的外来语词汇的演变the developments of english loan words44. 英语新闻标题的特点分析the characteristics of english newspaper45. 关于英语习语文化内涵的探讨a study of english idioms from the perspective of culture46. 浅析英语中的歧义现象a brief discussion on ambiguity in english47. 语境对词义的影响the effect of context on the meaning of the words48. 交际中的说谎探究a study of lying in the communication49. 形态学探究及在翻译中的应用exploration on morphology and its using in translation50. 浅析英语双关语在广告中的语用功能analysis on the pragmatic function of english puns in advertisement51. 试论反语的幽默属性和语用功能on the humor features and pragmatic function of verbal irony52. 浅谈外交语言a study on diplomatic language53. 母语和第二语言阅读的认知体系差异differences in cognitive system between mother tongue reading and the second language reading54. 论法国文化对英语词汇的影响the french influence on english vocabulary55. 浅析英语中存在的性别歧视现象a brief analysis of the sexism in english56. 政治委婉语及其修辞应用political euphemism and its application of rhetoric 57. 原版电影与英语学习original film and english learning58. 浅析系统功能语言学对语言学习的影响59. 东北方言对英汉语音习得产生的影响60. 现代英语词汇衍变动因探究61. 浅谈英语语调62. 关于美国俚语功能的研究63. 提高外语学习中词汇习得能力的研究64. 现代仿拟创新研究65. 文化因素对语言交际的影响66. 认知视角下的英语隐喻分类研究67. 英语委婉语的交际功能68. 肯尼迪总统就职演讲的文体分析69. 浅谈英语歧义现象70. 对情景喜剧《老友记》的文体学分析71. 流行语对社会的影响72. 认知语境对话与的解释和制约73. 英语中的汉语借词74. 语篇中的衔接75. 从社会语言学的角度分析网络语言76. 英语中语言的性别差异小议gender differences in the use of english77. 语言的社会变体及其社会意义78. 英语模糊限制语的人际功能探究79. 英语习语的修辞分析80. 英语中外来语的形成及运用81. 浅析英语演变的整体性及其演变原因82. 解析礼貌原则及其文化特征83. 浅析言语行为理论84. 浅析英语中主要介词的功能85. 论广告英语的语言特点86. 论合作原则在翻译中的应用87. 基于合作原则的英语言语幽默分析第四篇：语言学毕业论文参考题目语言学毕业论文参考题目一、现代汉语1．略论“了1”与“了2”的语法功能差异2．“还”、“又”、“也”的功能比较3.汉语副词“一直”、“一向”比较研究4．“从来”、“历来”、“向来”比较研究5.程度副词“十分”、“非常”句法语用研究6．简析“差点儿”和“差点没”的关系7．说“一点儿”与“有点儿”8．“名+名”语法小类试析9．试论汉语概数表示法的多样性10．现代汉语语气副词的功能分析11．汉语词类研究述评12.“相当”语法化过程及个人在语言约定论中作用辨析13．谈谈状语的非常规位置及其作用14．语法知识在作文批改中的运用（体会）15．语文教学中的语言分析（提示：中学语文教学存在重文学轻语言的倾向，语言分析往往孤立进行，如何综合内容及篇章进行语言分析，分析要领及原则是什么？试以具体的课文分析为例，展开具体论述。

关于社会语言学的英语作文PPP: the current practice introduces 9ee7ad grammar translation method, oral teaching method and situational language teaching method, auditory language method, whole body response, silent community language learning, suggestive whole language multiple intelligences neurolinguistics programming vocabulary method, competitive language teaching method, communicative language teaching method, cooperative language learning, content-based teaching method and methods.中文翻译：PPP：目前的实践介绍了9ee7ad语法翻译法口语教学法和情景语言教学法听觉语言法整体身体反应静默式社区语言学习暗示全语言多元智能神经语言学程序设计词汇法竞争性语言教学法交际语言教学自然法合作语言学习基于内容的教学基于语言教学的方法和方法。

For young people, mastering one or several foreign languages has become a valuable asset. Some people find it easy to learn a foreign language, while others find it a real headache. To write an explanatory article to explain whether it is quite complicated for different types of language learners to master a foreign language.However, due to the conflict between different language learning motivations and the processing methods of the targetlanguage, the final judgment should depend on the case study of several key factors. In this case, the relationship between China and other countries has changed greatly More and more foreign companies are investing in China, and more and more people, especially young people, are particularly interested in foreign language learning, because their language ability may become a pass for a respected joint venture or bring them a high salary vacancy. In addition, some observers believe that adequate financial support from well-known foreign educational institutions also contributes to the rise of language learners.For example, in China, if a student performs well in examinations such as TOEFL or GRE, he is more likely to be admitted to a foreign university. This consideration can partly explain the increase in language learners. However, in other cases, the above situations are not always enough.For example, a person is likely to finish a linguistics out of his interest, or he is planning to be an interpreter. These are exceptions, but according to the above analysis, they do exist, and it is reasonable to conclude that it is a social phenomenon that more and more people begin to learn a foreign language, but Johnson, on the one hand, has to bear in mind that what they have to pay attention to in their language learningis to improve their awareness of English pronunciation It's a pet.中文翻译：对年轻人来说，掌握一门或几门外语已成为一项宝贵的财富。

社会语言学（五篇范例）第一篇：社会语言学网络流行语新谈摘要：随着互联网时代的深入发展，一些流行语跳出网络进入了人们日常生活中。

在电视上报纸中以及人们的日常交流中，网络新词随时随地可见，它紧跟着社会热点，贴切地融入人们的语言里，迎合了当下“草根”一代，身后跟着众多的粉丝。

作为社会语言学的一部分内容，流行语同时也对社会媒体和传统文化造成了影响和冲击。

如同网络一样，依附于它的网络语言亦是一把“双刃剑”，有其可取之处也有其不合理、不规范的地方，甚至一些低俗的内容。

因此我们应该辩证地看待这些流行语，给予正确的认识[1]和适当的引导。

关键词：社会语言学网络流行词正确认识对媒体及传统文化的影响随着互联网络的飞速发展和日益普及，国际交流这种交流方式已被越来越多的人接受并逐渐受到欢迎。

网络交际与以往我们交际的方式不同的是，它完全不受任何时空的限制。

真因为它无与伦比的优越性和独特的魅力这种全新的高科技交流方式正在全球风靡。

随着QQ、BBS、网络论坛、虚拟社区等网络载体的出现，网络交流已经逐渐成为现代人生活的一部分。

同时，与之相应出现的网络流行词也极大地影响着信息时代中的人们的生活。

一，顺应时代发展潮流，网络流行语应运而生在我们生活的这个年代，不论是生活、工作、娱乐的脚步都大大加快了。

高效率的追求让我们电脑上的输入速度不得不也跟着变换。

为了高速度的输入，人们逐渐对一些汉语和英语词汇进行改造，对文字、图片、符号等随意链接和镶嵌，创造出了大量的汉字、数字、英文字母混杂组合的新词汇，于是一些完全不符合汉语的规范表达方式的网络语言就这样出现了。

网络语言，代表了一定的网络文化。

它广泛地出现在聊天、网络论坛等各种因特网应用场合，并渗透到现实生活中，对人们的生活产生了一定影响，它来源及其广泛，大多取材于方言俗语、各门外语、缩略语、谐音、误植，甚至以符号合并以达到形象效果等等。

属于混合语言，通常使用注意文字或俗称的“火星文”，而且又由于语言及文化的不同，形成了各种不同的、有地方特色的因特网语言。

Viewing the Movie My Fair Lady from SociolinguisticPerspectiveby寇佳艳School of TourismXi'an International Studies UniversityXi’an, China2010Viewing the Movie My Fair Lady from Sociolinguistic PerspectiveAbstractMy Fair Lady is a classic movie, which has already been appreciated too much from the viewpoint of literature and translation, but few analysis are from linguistic viewpoint. It is also acknowledged that this movie is a good example of sociolinguistics. This paper is to analysis their dialogue in the film from sociolinguistic perspective. To be specific, this paper will discuss several sociolinguistic aspects by analyzing their dialogue and these aspects are language and social class, language and gender and language planning.摘要《窈窕淑女》是一部经典电影，许多学者已经从文学和翻译学角度对这部电影做了赏析，但很少有评析是以社会语言学角度出发的。

这部电影也是有关社会语言学一个很好的教材。

Sociolinguistics --- the study of the relation between language and societyRelatedness between language and societyLanguage can be used to fulfill social functions.Language can indicate one‟s geographical background.Language can indicate one‟s social s tatus.What is sociolinguistics about?social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communitiesIncluding regional, ethnic and social groups.Sociolinguistics is also concerned with theimpact of extra linguistic factors on languageuse, such as age, gender, profession, and socialStatus.Section 1 Survey1The scope of enquiry 研究范畴•the relation between language and society between the uses of language and the social structure (in which language users live)Sociolinguistics and related disciplines Sociolinguistics is related to other disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, education and planning as it has drawn a lot (e.g. taking concepts and findings) from the work done by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, educators and planners who also use much work of sociolinguistics to help their studies.Primary task: to map linguistic variation on social conditions变异现象(variation)1 synchronic共时的variation (variation at a single point of time)2 diachronic 历时的variation (variation over time) or language change语体：语言的功能变体,是以语言交际功能为标准所划分的语言风格类型。

社会语言学论文A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in Language******学号：************院系：外国语学院班级：英语1101指导教师：***二〇一四年五月二十三日A Brief Analysis of Gender Differences in LanguageAbstractSociolinguistics is the descriptive study that concentrates on the study of how language is used, and the effects of language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, for instance, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc. With regard to this paper, the emphasis will be put onto the differences in the actual speech of different gender. We can classify the gender differences in language into two categories. The first category is mainly about sexism in language, as for this category, we mainly focus on how speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward different genders. The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women.In the first part, I will make a brief introduction about sociolinguistics and gender differences in language. In the second part, it will concern the categories of gender differences in language and previous study of gender differences in language. The third part concentrates on the approach of the analysis. The fourth is about the data collection and research methodology. The fifth part analyzes the differences of the speech between men and women from three perspectives— the purpose of the speech, the topic of the conversation and the mode of the speech. The final part comes to the conclusion about the gender differences in language.Key words: Gender differences, sociolinguistics, analysisMain Body1、IntroductionThe knowledge of gender differences in language is very helpful for language learners, and gender differences may exist not only one but all languages. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. The initial identification of a women's register was by Robin Lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society. A later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. However, both these perspective have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. More recently, Deborah Tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences. Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. Such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti. Communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. One explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. Thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. A similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.All in all, gender differences can be reflected in many aspects in our daily life, we should pay more attention to it, thus we can avoid many misunderstandings between men and women.2. Literature ReviewCategories of Gender Differences in LanguageAccording to Wolfson, the research about language and sex can be divided into two categories. The first category is about sexism in language and the ways in which speakers demonstrate their different cultural attitudes toward men and women. Two areas of sexism in English have been well-studied. One is that females are excluded from mention in English because the generic he/man problem. Men are regarded as the representatives of all human beings and their speech is the standard, while women are seen as inferior and secondary in society. The second is that females are give negative treatment in society. Bad words in our daily is always related to female words. Female words are often used to insult a male, whereas male words are usually used to compliment female.The second category is about the differences in the actual speech of men and women. The formation of these differences in language may have historical, physiological, social and psychological factors. Lakoff (1973) was one of the early articles to deal with the issue of differences in men’s and women’s speech. She has concluded six major characteristics of women’s speech: lexical choice, question intonation in statements, hedges which includes tag questions and statement modifiers which remove assertive force, emphatic modifiers and intonational emphasis, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation and superpolite forms.3. Theoretical FrameworkThe contrast analysis of male and female language in daily conversation concerns many aspects, such as the topic of the conversation, the mode of the conversation and so on. The differences of the speech between men and women may result from their conception of value, their hobby and their interest etc. They hold different opinions according to the same matter. So we can refer to the ethnography of speaking in describing the gender differences in language. Ethnography refers to theinvestigation of cultures using a particular methodology, that of participant observation. The ethnography of speaking proposed by Dell Hymes in 1962.…The ethnography of speaking is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking as an activity in its own right. (Hymes 1962:101) This ethnographic framework takes into account the various factors that are involved in speaking. An ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. (Wardhaugh1998)Conversation means to exchange ideas through interaction, so we can also employ the approach of interactional sociolinguistics—rapport talk proposed by Deborah Tannen (1984,1982) to analyze the gender differences in language. Tannen (1990a) has described the characteristics of men and women’s speech from nine dimensions: intimacy-independence, connection-status, inclusive-exclusive, relationship-information, rapport-report, community-contest, problems-solutions, novice-expert and listening-lecturing. From the description, we can conclude that women’s speech tends to be solidarity, yet men’s speech tends to be independent.4. Research MethodologyThere is a binary distinction between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is inductive, subjective, ungeneralisable, soft, process and verification oriented, hypothesis-driven, and hypothesis generating research, while quantitative research is deductive, objective, generalisable, hard, outcome and discovery oriented, data-driven and hypothesis testing research.In this paper, I employ the quantitative and descriptive methodology to discuss the differences of the speech between men and women. Firstly, the characteristics of women and men’s speech are collected. Secondly, the differences are described through the collection.5. Contrast Analysis of Speech of Men and Women in Daily ConversationThe speech of women differs from the speech of men in daily conversation. Men and women differ in the kinds of language they use because men and women often fill distinctly different roles in society. We can analyze the differences of the speech of men and women from many aspects, such as the purpose of the speech, the topics of the speech and the mode of the speech. Many of the differences may result from different socialization practices.5.1 The purpose of the conversationThe purpose of the women’s speech is to establish the rapport relationship among the members in the community. They try their best to become a member of the community. They want to keep intimate relationship through interaction. So in their speech, the main purpose is to express their feelings and listen to others. The style of their speech appears more obedient and negative.However, the purpose of men’s speech is task-oriented, they have a more analytical approach, so they try to solve problems and troubles through interaction. They seldom express their intimate feelings to others. They also want show their independence in the communication. So it is absolutely different from the purpose of the women’s conversation.5.2 The topic of the conversationThe topic of women’s conversation is different from that of men’s. The topic of the women’s conversation mainly concerns social life, emotion, this can not be separated from their position, profession, social status, and personality. Women’s speech is regarded as trivial and gossip-laden because in the speech community of women, they mainly discuss clothing, love, family, trifles in daily life, experience, emotion, food and drink, life’s troubles. The purpose of the speech is to show the intimate relationship with the addressees, and through the speech they want to reinforce their membership in the community.On the contrast, men show great interest in topics concerning business, politics, legal matters, sports, geography, economy and military etc., these aspects can reflect their solid position in society.6. ConclusionIt can never be denied that gender differences do exist in all languages. Since women and women play different role in social life, they will definitely employ the different skills or methods in their communication or conversation.Women’s speech is different from men’s speech in lexical choice, syntax and pragmatics in daily life. Like O’Barr and Atkins said, “women’s language ” would be more appropriately termed “powerless language”. It demonstrated to us that means this kind of language is less convincing, less intelligent, less competent, and less trustworthy, because women are more concerned about the emotion, intimacy, food, dress, relationship in conversation, they are always ready to share their happiness and sadness with people close to them or even strangers. However, men’s language is regarded as power because the controlling status in society, and what they are interested in is business, military, politics, sport and geography, they communicate with others in order to exchange ideas with them.After learned the sociolinguistics as well as this brief analysis of the gender differences in language, I came to realize that, as a language learner, we should not only learn the basic knowledge about language, but also know the culture of the language. What’s more, I realize that the gender differences in language can never be neglected in language learning for the essential role it plays.Reference1.Nessa Wolfson. Perspectiv e: Sociolinguistics and TESOL, Heinle & Heinle Publishers2.赵蓉晖.《语言与性别：口语的社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社3.陈琳. 《英语中女性特点及其发展趋势探究》.《语文学刊》. 2010年第10期4.杨永林. 《社会语言学研究》.上海外语教育出版社20045.胡文仲.《超越文化的屏障》.外语教学与研究出版社。

社会语言学论文关于社会语言学的论文含有动物名称商标的语言特点摘要：含有动物名称的商标，由两部分组成，我们记为“X+动物名称”和“动物名称+X”。

其中“X”是有标记的意合部分，可以直接意会到含有动物名称商标的寓意；动物名称是无标记的意合部分，是象征意义的体现。

动物名称在商标语言中与行业、性别、年龄、职业和地域有关。

把有标记的意合部分和无标记的意合部分结合起来分析，可以领会含有动物名称商标的整体含义。

关键词：动物名称意合部分商标社会语言学一、引言随着市场经济的繁荣发展，商品的种类也逐渐丰富，相应地，商品与商品间的区别也越来越重要，商标的作用就越来越突显。

在众多的商标中，不仅有文字商标，还有图案商标；不仅有以地名、人名或企业产品等方式命名的，而且作者众多以动物名称命名的。

比如2007年的中国名牌产品中含有动物名称的商标占9.11%；2009年的中国驰名商标中含有动物名称的商标占6.5%。

可见，含有动物名称的商标占有相当可观的比例（人名和地名在2007年中国名牌和2009年中国驰名商标中的比例在3%以下）。

在2007年的中国名牌产品和2009年的中国驰名商标中，含有动物名称的很多，比如：龙、凤、鹰、雕、马、鸟、狮、狼、猪、燕、牛、兔、象、鹭、猴、猫、鱼、鹏、蝶、蜻蜓、羊、鹤、蜂、天鹅、驼、虎、雁、龙虾等。

除了中国名牌产品和中国驰名商标以外，还有许多商标中含有动物名称，这些商标的动物名称涉及动物的种类更多，涉及的行业更广。

通过观察含有动物名称的商标，我们可以发现这类商标的结构是“X+动物名称”或“动物名称+X”。

对于“X”，我们可以对其字词以及结构作一些描写；对动物名称作社会语言学分析，可以发现商家在取名时的匠心独运。

为了集中体现动物名称在商标中的语言特点，我们排除了图形商标，只选择文字商标作为论述的对象。

面对众多行业的商标，我们选择与生活密切相关的、动物名称较多的行业来作解析的例子，这些行业包括服饰、交通工具、食品、烟酒、首饰珠宝、日化用品、电器、装饰材料等。

Understanding of Sociolinguistics1 Introduction (1)2 Some definitions of sociolinguistics (1)3 The scope of sociolinguistic study (2)4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of sociolinguistics (2)5 Conclusion (3)References (3)Abstract：Sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in 1960s．But scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives，and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways．This paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in Fishman’s view on the definition of sociolinguistics．Key words：sociolinguistics；definitions；scope；lack of comprehensiveness1 IntroductionThough the social aspect of language attracted early attention，it was not until the mid 1960s that sociolinguistics became an independent discipline with its representatives William Labor and Dell Hymes．It has become an indispensable course in linguistic study together with syntax，phonetics and phonology, semantics. etc．．But scholars from various disciplines have different answers to the questions：‘What is sociolinguistics?’，‘What does the sociolinguist do?’，‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’，and ‘What methods should be adopted in carrying out sociolinguistic study?’．Fishman argued that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end (cited from Wardhaugh，R．1986：16)．Before we make any comment on this view，it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the definitions of sociolinguistics and the scope of sociolinguistic study．2 Some definitions of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is a cross—disciplinary subject．Linguists and sociolinguists are not the only researchers involved in studies of language in society．Scholars such as anthropologists，psychologists，educators，and planners have an interest too．They study the socio—cultural aspect of language from different angles and come up with different understanding．Peter Trudgill says that sociolinguistics is a science that combines linguistic and social concerns in varying degrees (cited from Fasold，R．1990：FS0)．This view seems to p1ay sociolinguistics at a high level by considering it “a science”, but is vague in the failure to specify the “varying degrees”．William Labov defines sociolinguistics as the secular linguistics．While William Downes sees sociolinguistics as that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social，including contextua1 factors in their explanation．To quote Holmes’ view，sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used．Gumperz states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find relations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur．This definition covers a broad range，therefore is more inclusive of the scope of sociolinguistic study．Susan Pinlips in 1980 defines sociolinguistics b riefly as the ‘study of the ways in which a person’s speech conveys social information’．This view manifests that language is a social behavior．People’sdifferent choices of linguistic forms may reflect their different social background．Wolfson expresses his view by saying that sociolinguistics is the study of the interplay of linguistic，social，and cultural factors in human communication．In Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching ＆Applied Linguistics, sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class，educational level and type of education, Age, sex，ethnic origins，etc．(Richard，J．C．1992：425)．It seems that there is no agreement on the exact definition of sociolinguistics，just like what Dell Hymes has claimed：“Different people may have different understanding of the term ‘sociolinguistics’．Therefore，no one has the patent for its definition.”(cited in Fasold．1990：F 12) But however different views scholars hold，they are ready to agree at least one point．That is，sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society．Whatever sociolinguistics is，it must be oriented toward both data and theory．But still scholars will come up with different answers to the question ‘What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?’．3 The scope of sociolinguistic studyWe can generally divide sociolinguistic study into the broad sense and the narrow sense．The former is also widely called the macro-sociolinguistics，and the latter micro-sociolinguistics．To make the division clear, Wolfson compared sociolinguistic study to a sort of telescope through which language behavior may be studied in its socio-cultural context．In looking through the small end of the telescope，we view speech at the level of face-to-face interaction，and this type of study is called micro-sociolinguistics．By looking through the large end of the sociolinguistic telescope，we are able to see the workings of language contact，choice，use，maintenance，and change at the social level，a field of study called the sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics．Hudson in 1980 made a distinction between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in stating that the former is the study of language in relation to society while the later is the study of society in relation to language(cited in Wardhaugh，R．1986：12-13). That is to say．sociolinguistics can be studied either from the perspective of language or from that of society．Hudson further argues that the influence which society exerts on language is the major concern of sociolinguistic study．Some scholars also classify sociolinguistic study into the theoretical research model and the practical research mode1．But no matter how scholars define and understand sociolinguistics，it is generally agreed that sociolinguistic study mainly deals with social variation, language varieties，the differences of language use conventions，and the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the variation, varieties and differences．Social variation in language including the variation of region，social class, register, style，age and sex has been one of the major focuses of sociolinguistics since its formation in the early 1960．Language variety has been and still is the main concern of sociolinguistics，but the scope of sociolinguistic study may be very wide such that it can cover almost everything．Sociolinguistics is an empirical science．it must be founded on an adequate data base．This requires that when we are considering sociolinguistics，we should take the various kinds of research methods Into account．It is better to collect data through observing naturally occurring linguistic events．The ethnomethodology makes one significant contribution to the development of sociolinguistic study．4 The comment on Fishman’s definition of so ciolinguisticsFishman says that sociolinguistics is the name commonly given to the study of who speaks(or writes)what language (or what language variety)to whom and when and to what end．The American sociolinguist Nessa Wolfson shares the similar view with Fishman in generalizing the scope of sociolinguistics to be‘Who says what to whom，when and how’(cited from Hudson．1980：F14)．Brief as Fishman’s definition is，it includes the major elements in sociolinguistics:“what” representsthe language or language variety．“who”, “whom”, “when”and “to what end”represent those social variables．This may be better understood by considering the four components that influence linguistic choices，namely，the participants，the setting or social context of the interaction．the topic and the function(Holmes，Janet．1997：12)．Hymes’s SPEAKING theory may also be adopted to account for Fishman’s definition to some extent．In spite of its brevity and reasonableness，this definition is not comprehensive enough to inform us the nature of sociolinguistics，the relationship between it and the sociology of language or other disciplines．Neither does it cover the broad range of the scope of sociolinguistic study．It looks at sociolinguistics from the viewpoint of interpersonal interactions，and covers social variation and language variety, thus belongs to the scope of micro-sociolinguistics．To mention only the language variety does not make the whole story．It also fails to mention the research methods and the theoretical base of sociolinguistic study．Therefore，Fishman’s definition can not provide us with an overall and thorough understanding of sociolinguistics．5 ConclusionThough scholars from various disciplines have shown great interest in the socio—cultural aspect of language，different researchers define sociolinguistics differently and come up with different understanding．In fact，sociolinguistic study is characterized by a wide variety or inclusiveness of its research scope．Cf．McGregor argues that as long as we are fully aware of this point，questions like “How to define sociolinguist ics?” and “What content should be included in sociolinguistic study?” seem to be not very imperative and important(quoted in Fasold，R．1990：F12)．References1, Downes, William，1998．Language and Society【M】．2nd edition．Cambridge：CUP．2, Fasold，R．1 990 The Sociolinguistics【M】．Oxford：Blackwell Publishers Ltd．3, Holmes．Janet．I 997．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．4, Hudson，R．A．1 980．Sociolinguistics【M】．2-edition．Cambridge：CUP．5, Richards，C．J．and Platt，J．and Platt，H．1 992．Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching＆Applied Linguistics【M】．New York：Longman Ltd．6, Salzmann，Zdenek．1993．Language．Culture．& Social An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology 【M】．Boulder：Westview Press，Inc．7, Trask，R．L．I999．Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics【M】．London；Routledge．8, Wardhaugh．R．1986．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics：Issues of Society and Schooling 【M】．Oxford：Basil Blackwel1．9, Wardhaugh．R．1998．An Introduction to Sociolinguistics【M】．3 edition．Oxford：Blackwel1．10, Wolfson，N．1989．Perspectives．Sociolinguistics and TESOL【M】．Cambridge：Newbury．。