Chinese immigrants in network marketing business in Western host country context

不良贷款管理中英文对照外文翻译文献不良贷款管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Non-performing Loans Management and RecoveryWilliam J. Bauman and Alan S. BlinderAbstractWith the deepening of China's economic system reform development and continuous improvement of the system of the market economy, banks ' lending business becomes completely open to individuals, personal loans of business growing, continues to expand the scope of business, especially the development of individual housing loan more quickly. Personal housing loan business in China at the time of its development, there are bad credit risks as well as the competitive situation is not optimistic, to a certain extent, hamper the development of individual housing loans, to sustainable development, research management must be strengthened on a number of issues. This article from the current development status of individual housing loan business to start, pointed out that because of the existing problems as well as problems and focus on how to develop personal housing loan bad credit risk reduction, foreign experiences and lessons learned, and thoughts and countermeasures for management, to promote the healthy and rapid development of the business.Key words:Housing loans to individuals; Bad credit risks; present situation; problem; Countermeasure1. IntroductionUnder the five-category loan classification, substandard, doubtful and loss loans are defined as non-performing loans.Because the reasons behind non-performing loans formation are different, credit associates must take effective measures to manage, recover and dispose of these parts of asset according to their different characteristics. The bank should first find out the responsibilities of the guarantor and dispose of the security in time. Only when they confirm that the guarantor has lost the guarantee abilities and the security is not sufficient to pay off the loan, can they begin to dispose of the non-performing loans.2. ReasonsThere are many reasons why banks have poorly performing loan portfolios. Irrespective of these causes, banks have an obligation to shareholders, depositors and creditors to maximize cash flow from assets, the most troublesome aspect of which has been the poor record of banks in recovering loans. It is this factor that has contributed the most to bank insolvency, and liquidity constraints.There are several complementary options available to banks to restructure problem loans and portfolios, including: Exercise of collateral (liens against property, inventories) through judicial or extra-judicial means.Out-of-court settlement that may focus exclusively on debt negotiation, restructuring and repayment, or lead to the financial, physical and operational restructuring of the enterprise.Bankruptcy/liquidation procedures through formal court proceedings. This may involve liquidation, reorganization or privatization of an enterprise to enforce partial or total loan repayment.(Besides the bank itself, sometimes government also leads a restructuring program to help the bank to solve the problem of NPL in order to stabilize the banking industry or the wholeeconomy, for example, Asset Management Company (AMC), a special purpose company, buys or exchanges NPL from bank and disposes of them).3. Work-Out UnitWith aggregate loan portfolios universally troubled by delinquencies and defaults, some banks have opted to develop work-out units to improve loan portfolio quality. When work-out units are established, they are usually set up to deal with most of a bank's problem loans, effectively sectioning off non-performing loans from the broader bank portfolio of performing loans. The benefits expected from work-out units include;Concentrated focus on the recovery of problem loans;More developed banking expertise and credit risk evaluation skills;Improved internal bank system (early warning systems, collateral requirements, credit information needs).Work-out units can make a significant difference in restructuring loan portfolios, particularly when supported by effective technical assistance.4.Loan Restructuring and Loan "Rollover"Case-by-case loan restructuring is common in market-oriented economies, particularlywhen borrowers are unable to meet the original terms of the loan agreement due to external factors. These restructuring invariably changes in the amount, terms and /or schedule of interest rates, principal repayment, and collateral values. Loan covenants ( ratios, report requirements) often change to facilitate compliance. In some cases, radical measures such as replacing management are involved.This approach is similar to what work-out units attempt todo: recover portions of loan portfolios which have deteriorated and are non-performing. However, workout units are often organized on the basis of sector, location or bank exposure. Case-by-case loan restructuring is conducted on an individualized basis. The benefits of individual case-by-case loan restructurings include:Reinforcement of the bank-client relationship.Retention of the loan by the bank on its balance sheet, even if provisions are made for possible losses.Preservation of the firm's relations with other parties (trade creditors, other banks, buyers, employees), thereby maintaining its reputation without embarrassing and costly bankruptcy / liquidation procedures.As with debt-equity swaps, the risk to the bank is that it is overly optimistic about prospects, and that additional resources are committed to the borrower adding to bank losses and reduced loan able funds at a future date. This has occurred frequently in transition economies (such as China, East European countries, former Soviet Union).In transition economy banks, the closest approximation to the Western loan restructuring has been the loan "rollover" which has been a common practice. Rollovers generally involve the following two techniques:Simple rollover of principal on/before the due date, with the enterprise meeting interest obligations.Rollover of principal on/before due date, with interest added b ack to the principal amount (“interest capitalization").The first technique is legitimate and rational unless the enterprise is unable to repay principal, and likely to remain impaired in the future. The second technique often reflects atroubled loan and enterprise, and has been typically practiced in transition economy banking systems. Further more, the latter technique has been accompanied by accounting treatment which mistakenly recognizes these assets as performing loans, artificially inflating income statements and balance sheet book values.5. Debt-equity Swaps and Loan Sales / Asset SwapDebt-equity swap results in bank ownership of enterprises occur with differing frequencies in different countries. In some countries, bank ownership of enterprises is common (German interlocking directorates), while in other countries it is strictly regulated (USA) or strictly prohibited (In China, debt-equity swap is done through asset management company). By swapping NPL for equity, banks can exercise more directcontrol/supervision over enterprise management while the enterprise benefits from increased debt capacity. The risk to bank is excess exposure to a risky investment which may jeopardize deposit safety and bank capital, and demand scarce management time and resources.Debt-equity swap represents nascent venture capital operation. Perhaps only one in 10 of these investments may succeed, but this should be sufficient to cover the risk of the other nine losing investment. Given existing low book values and the currently thin market that is likely to improve in the coming years, banks are prudent to allocate a small percentage of assets to enterprises they believe will generate significant profit at a later date. At that point, banks can sell their shares, and reap significant profit to bolster capital. All of this makes more sense given the current downside risk, which is limited, as most of these transactions are paper transactions that do not further impairbank liquidity.But bank equity swap may be indicative of the failure of banks in some countries to properly define bank's roles as financial intermediaries, streamline their operations, specialize in a few key areas within the limit of their current managerial and staffing capabilities, write down their assets to more accurate values, and progress toward a more stable and prudently managed system devoid of excess risk. Investment in losing enterprises raises the risk of future liquidity being drained to prop up these enterprises in the hope of eventual profitability, which puts depositors and shareholders at risk.In addition to debt-equity swaps, loan sales swaps are an option that could be used to restructure bank balance sheets. However, this option has not been commonly found in transition economy due to absence of secondary market development.6. Securitization of Non-performing LoanNon-performing loan securitization is a pooling of non-performing loans packaged and issued as securities to investors through arrangements of legal structure, cash flow, and credit rating mechanisms. Non-performing Loans are also known as bad loans, overdue loans, receivables under collection, and loans still under normal payment statuses, but with circulating bonds rated lower than CCC level. During the securitization period, the originator (seller) will select the most ideal portfolio based on a set of eligibility criteria, such as debtors' locations, credit period, currency, and overdue ratings from all available non-performing loans.After the screening process, bank will proceed with the risk assessment, cash flow simulation and credit tranche. The securities are then offered to investors after confirmation fromcredit rating agencies and regulatory approval obtained. The asset management agency is particularly important to a non-performing loan securitization since the asset management agency's expertise is instrumental to increasing collection rates of these non-performing loans. Investors' risks are minimized through credit enhancement techniques; default risks, prepayment risks, etc. are also emphasized to evaluate the risk profile of non-performing loans.7. In-court Bankruptcy / Liquidation ProceedingsResorting to legal procedures to collect the repayment of non-performing loans is the last defense line. In practice, banks should grasp the timing of litigation. Because blind lawsuits will involve banks' time, energy, money and people. In addition, they could have negative impact on the relationship between banks and their clients.Firstly, before litigation, banks should investigate the borrowers' income resources and asset categories and prevent them from hiding or transferring asset in this period of time. Banks can apply to the court for asset preservation. Secondly, banks should try best to correct the deficiencies of credit documents and win themselves advantageous conditions in litigation. Thirdly, banks should also prepare themselves for the results of reconciliation or failure.Bankruptcy/liquidation is an effective complement to out-of-cnurt approaches, and serves as a last stage of debt collection, providing creditors with control over debtors in financial distress and prompting their restructuring. For this reason, many countries (transition economies) have developed and are seeking to expand the use of formal bankruptcy to broaden the array of dispute resolution mechanisms, provide banks with long neededrecourse, and instill greater financial discipline on enterprises.8. Exercise of CollateralWhen a debt matures or is going to mature and the debtor has encountered serious operation difficulties, the debtor cannot repay the loan in cash and the guarantor cannot repay the loan in cash either. Maybe after negotiation, the two parties (the bank and the borrower) or three parties (the bank, the borrower and the guarantor) can reach a consensus. In line with the consensus or the ruling by the court, the debtor or the guarantor can make in-kind repayment of debts, which is one of the important means to dispose of non-performing loans.9. Writing-off Bad LoansIn accordance with relevant state rules and regulation, if the principal of a loan is identified as unrecoverable, the bad loan can be written off. Writing-off of bad loans is the internal activity of a bank. So the bank still enjoys the recourse right and should continue to demand the repayment of the fund.10. ConclusionWere analyzed by the non-performing loans management recycling. Bad credit risk management, there are still many problems to be solved, how the lending business in the international financial place needs to be further research and continue to explore. In short,the management of non-performing loans of China's economic development has made a significant contribution, but there are still shortcomings in their own system, the external competitive environment in the development of the personal loan there are many adverse, which requires countries to fully understand individual housing loans an important role on the basis of, for the banks internal management and external riskmanagement and reasonable planning to ongoing development. Personal loans also have to recognize their own position and where to adopt appropriate strategies and market positioning, innovation, adjustment, reform, focusing on risk management in order to more rapidly grow.ReferencesSteven Husted,Michael Melvin, International Economics [M], (the fifth edition), Higher Education Press, 2002Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter? The Journal of Finance, 60, 137–177.Peng, Y. (2004). Kinship networks and entrepreneurs in China's transitional economy. American Journal of Sociology, 109,1045–1074Qian, Y. (2000). The process of China’s market transition (1978–1998):The evolutionary, historical, and comparative perspectives. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 156, 151–171.Shane, S., & Cable, D. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48, 364–381.Newton, K. (2001). Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy.International Political Science Review, 22, 201–214.Liu, Z. (2003). The economic impact and determinants of investment in human and political capital in China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51, 823–850. Birner, R., & Witter, H. (2003). Using social capital to create politicalcapital. In The commons in the New Millennium: Challenges andadaptation (pp. 291–334). Cambridge and London: MIT Press.不良贷款的管理和回收威廉J鲍姆，阿伦S布林德摘要随着我国金融体系建设的进一步发展和市场体制的迅速完善，银行的贷款业务逐渐向个人完全展开，个人贷款的业务种类不断增多，业务范围持续扩大，特别是个人住房贷款业务的发展更为迅猛。

中国贸易指南英语Navigating the Complexities of Chinese Trade: A Comprehensive Guide in EnglishChina has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, withits trade practices and policies having a significant impact on the world stage. For businesses and individuals looking to engage in trade with China, understanding the intricacies of Chinese trade can be both challenging and rewarding. Thisguide aims to provide a thorough overview of the key aspectsof Chinese trade, from regulatory frameworks to cultural considerations.Understanding the Chinese Market1. Market Size and Potential: China is the world'ssecond-largest economy, offering vast opportunities for trade. It's essential to research the specific market segments that align with your products or services.2. Economic Zones: China has various economic zones and free trade areas that offer tax incentives and relaxed regulations. Familiarize yourself with these zones toleverage potential benefits.Regulatory Environment1. Laws and Regulations: China's legal system is complex,with national laws coexisting with local regulations. It's crucial to understand the legal framework governing trade, including intellectual property rights, contract law, and dispute resolution mechanisms.2. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: Tariffs can vary significantly depending on the product category. Additionally, non-tariff barriers such as quotas and licensing requirements can affect trade. Stay updated on the latest tariff schedules and non-tariff measures.Business Culture and Etiquette1. Guanxi: Relationships (Guanxi) are vital in Chinese business culture. Building a network of contacts andnurturing relationships can facilitate smoother business transactions.2. Negotiation Practices: Negotiations in China may be more prolonged and involve more participants than in the West. Patience and respect for the process are key.Logistics and Supply Chain1. Infrastructure: China has a well-developed logistics infrastructure, but bottlenecks can occur, especially during peak seasons. Plan your logistics carefully to avoid delays.2. Customs Clearance: The customs clearance process in China can be stringent. Ensure all documentation is accurate and complete to avoid unnecessary hold-ups.Payment and Financing1. Payment Methods: Letters of credit are commonly used in Chinese trade to mitigate risk. Understand the terms and conditions associated with different payment methods.2. Currency Exchange: The Chinese currency, the Renminbi (RMB), is subject to exchange rate fluctuations. Consider hedging strategies to manage currency risk.Intellectual Property Protection1. Registration: Register your intellectual property with Chinese authorities to protect your assets.2. Enforcement: While China has made strides in improving IP protection, enforcement can still be challenging. Work with local experts to navigate the system.Trade Agreements and Partnerships1. Bilateral Agreements: China has numerous bilateral trade agreements. Research these to understand the benefits and obligations they entail.2. Regional Economic Partnerships: Initiatives like the Belt and Road provide opportunities for trade and investment. Stay informed about these developments.Risk Management1. Due Diligence: Conduct thorough due diligence on potential partners, including financial health and reputation.2. Compliance: Ensure your business complies with both Chinese and international trade regulations to avoidpenalties and maintain a positive reputation.ConclusionEngaging in trade with China requires a deepunderstanding of its market dynamics, regulatory environment, and business culture. By taking a strategic and informed approach, businesses can successfully navigate thecomplexities of Chinese trade and capitalize on the opportunities it presents.。

2017 年 1-11月《中国日报》热词1.王储crown prince2.兄终弟及agnatic seniority3.碳排放收益carbon emission bonus4.爱国主义、集体主义、顽强拼搏patriotism, collectivism and the spirit of indomitable struggle5.企业资信enterprise credit standing6.慢就业delayed employment7.债券通Bond Connect8.全网络售票online-only ticket sales9.“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛the Belt and Road Initiative Forum for International Cooperation10.“一照一码”营业执照a unified business license with a unified social credit code11.“多证合一”integrate multiple certifications and licenses into one consolidated license 12.国家赔偿state compensation13.住宅用地供应housing and land supply14.千年大计strategy crucial for a millennium to come15.“生前契约”pre-plan funeral arrangement contracts16.药品加成drug upmarket17.投资争端解决机制investor-state dispute settlement mechanism18.国企和劳动标准等社会政策social policies including SOEs and labor standards19.耕地轮作休耕制度crop rotation and follow system20.驾驶证互认recognize the validity of driving licenses issued by each other country21.境外账户信息offshore accounts information22.失信被执行人名单defaulter list23.抄袭plagiarism24.因私护照passport for private affairs25.中央财政引导资本fund allocated from the central budgets26.应势而为，勇于担当responsive and responsible leadership27.购汇purchase foreign currency28.彩礼betrothal gifts29.徇私舞弊play favoritism and commit irregularities30.人群贫血率prevalence of anemia31.多层次养老保障体系multi-level aging security system32.撤军withdraw troops33.撼山易，撼解放军难it is easier to shake mountains than the PLA34.管办分开separate supervision from day-to-day operation35.无现金社会cashless society36.空中列车sky train37.课外培训extracurricular training38.海外保障基地overseas logistic base39.军事基地military base40.军队部署deployment of troops41.生态补偿ecological compensation42.传销pyramid sales43.军装照picture in PLA uniforms44.传谣spread rumors45.地震深度seismic depth46.共有产权住房homes with joint property right47.汽车分时租赁short-time vehicle rental48.家政服务员domestic worker49.金色十年golden decade50.共享运动仓shared gym51.电子温度计electronic thermometer52.告别赛farewell match53.互联网法院Court of the Internet54.混改方案mixed-ownership reform plan55.释放内需潜力unleash the potential of domestic demand56.保镖服务bodyguard service57.日全食partial solar eclipse58.肉鸡broiler chicken59.集体建设用地collective owned land parcel60.居民租赁市场residential leasing market61.网络评论实名认证name registration for online commenting62.创业城市start-up friendly city63.创业热度enthusiasm for entrepreneurship64.智力支持intellectual support65.撤军disarmament/ withdrawal66.武装对峙military stand-off67.金砖国家工商论坛BRICS business forum68.中华人民共和国国歌法China 's National Anthem Law69.巡视利剑Sharp Sword of Inspection70.廉洁执政clean governance71.质量认证quality certification72.综合补给舰comprehensive supply ship73.虚拟货币virtual currency74.无痛分娩pain-free delivery75.无证移民undocumented immigrants76.公司合作制项目public-private partnership project77.（版权）转授权sublicensing78.归属感a sense of belonging79.无边框显示屏edge-to-edge screen80.全面屏设计all-screen design81.党章Party constitution82.资源环境承载能力监测预警机制an alert mechanism to monitor regional environmental and resource capacity conditions83.临界超载near overloading84.双一流高校建设方案a construction plan for85.一流大校“-FiDrsot-ucbllaess ” universityFirst-class university86.一流学科first-rate preponderant disciplines87.停工令order to stop construction work88.缩表reduce balance sheet89.融资成本financing cost90.婚骗marriage fraud91.静止轨道气象卫星geostationary orbiting weather satellite92.气象防灾减灾meteorologic disaster prevention and reduction93.非首都功能non-capital function94.电子身份标识electronic identification95.隐私条款privacy policy96.超国民待遇supernational treatment97.价格优惠政策preferential price policy98.洗澡蟹式留学生bathing crab returnees99.中国造马桶盖made-in-China toilet seats100.深空门空间站Gateway station101.基层代表grassroots delegates102.动态价格调整medical treatment partnership103.脉冲星pulsars104.达摩院DAMO Academy105.自行车高速路bicycle expressway106.火流星fireball meteor107.行为经济学behavior economics108.数据造假falsified data109.差额选举competitive election110.等额选举single candidate election111.中央委员会候补委员alternate members of the CPC Central Committee112.纪念邮票commemorative stamps113.小型张邮票stamp sheetlet114.线上统一清算平台unified clearing platform for online payment115.超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice116.双中子星并合引力波gravitational wave created by the collision of two neutron stars 117.现代化经济体系modernized economy118.中国特色强军之路a strong army as socialism with Chinese characteristics 119.商品房销售价格行为commercial properly sales120.虚构房屋销售信息fabricating information on housing sales121.隐私面单privacy waybill122.金拱门Golden Arches123.离婚冷静期cooling off period for divorcing couples124.智能轨道快运系统Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit125.国事访问+ 待遇state visit plus experience 126.双11 促销Double 11 promotion127.减免money-off128.价保price protection129.政治投机主义political opportunism130.留任stay in power131.性别差距gender gap132.元首外交head-of-state diplomacy133.一箭双星the Beidou-3 navigation satellites on single carrier rocket 134.差评negative online review135.虚假好评fake positive online review136.刷单brushing137.快运服务express delivery service138.虐童案child abuse case139.互联互通connectivity140.火球sizzling fireball141.天堂文件Paradise Papers142.离岸金融服务商offshore service provider143.东亚经济共同体East Asian Economic Community144.国家账本state balance sheet145.混合所有制改革SOE mixed ownership reform146.绿色包装eco-friendly packaging147.消费革命consumer revolution148.公共健身场所public exercise venue149.吉利钱lucky money150.淘汰赛失利playoff defeat151.非法律效力公投nonbinding referendum152.勤王清君侧take control of the country to153.数字人才库target criminals around the president digital talent pool154.自主经营权和合法财产所有权保护protection of operational and property rights 155.居民产权保护resident's property protection156.国有股权划转state-owned equity transferring157.行为准则behavioral standards158.专项督查special inspection159.学前教育preschool education160.幸福产业happiness industries161.灵活就业flexible employment162.庭前会议pretrial conference 163.大饱眼福a feast for eyes 164.内衣市场lingerie market。

小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接：/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供：英语短新闻蚂蚁金服提高对速汇金的收购价Ant Financial, the digital payments affiliate of China’s Alibaba, has raised its bid for MoneyGram by 36 per cent to $1.2bn a month after Euronet Worldwide gate-crashed its original $880m offer.在Euronet Worldwide不请自来地加入竞购一个月后，中国阿里巴巴集团(Alibaba)关联企业、数字支付公司蚂蚁金服(Ant Financial)将其对速汇金(MoneyGram)的出价提高了36%，从最初的8.8亿美元提升至12亿美元。

The battle for Texas-based MoneyGram characterises many of the challenges facing Chinese mergers and acquisitions. Rival bidder Euronet and US politicians alike flagged the political risks of selling to a Chinese entity, while Ant pre-emptively raised $3bn overseas to avoid being snagged by China’s capital controls.围绕总部位于美国德克萨斯州的速汇金展开的这场收购大战，凸显出中国在并购方面面临的许多挑战。

竞购对手Euronet和美国政界人士都强调了将速汇金出售给中国实体的政治风险。

同时，蚂蚁金服预防性地在中国境外筹集了30亿美元，以避免受到中国资本管制的掣肘。

中国网购发展英语作文The rapid growth of the internet and the rise of e-commerce have transformed the way people shop and conduct business in China. Over the past two decades, online shopping has become an integral part of the lives of millions of Chinese consumers, revolutionizing the retail industry and shaping the country's economic landscape. This essay will explore the key factors driving the development of online shopping in China, its impact on consumer behavior, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.One of the primary drivers of the growth of online shopping in China is the country's vast and rapidly expanding internet user base. China boasts the world's largest online population, with over 989 million internet users as of 2022. This massive user base, combined with the widespread adoption of smartphones and the increasing availability of high-speed internet, has created a fertile ground for the e-commerce industry to thrive.Another crucial factor is the changing demographics and consumer preferences in China. The country's burgeoning middle class,particularly the younger generation, has embraced the convenience and accessibility of online shopping. These tech-savvy consumers are drawn to the wide selection of products, competitive prices, and the ability to compare options and make purchases from the comfort of their homes or on the go. The rise of social media and the integration of e-commerce platforms with popular apps like WeChat have further amplified the appeal of online shopping, making it a seamless part of people's daily lives.The development of robust logistics and delivery infrastructure has also been a significant contributor to the growth of online shopping in China. The country's extensive network of courier services, including industry giants like SF Express and ZTO Express, has enabled efficient and reliable product delivery, even to remote areas. This has helped to overcome the geographical barriers that once hindered the expansion of e-commerce, particularly in rural regions.Furthermore, the Chinese government's supportive policies and initiatives have played a crucial role in fostering the growth of the online shopping industry. The government has invested heavily in the development of digital infrastructure, including the rollout of 5G networks and the promotion of smart city initiatives. This has created an environment conducive to the development of innovative e-commerce technologies and platforms.The impact of online shopping on consumer behavior in China has been profound. Consumers have become increasingly comfortable with making purchases online, with a growing preference for convenience, personalization, and instant gratification. This has led to the rise of various e-commerce models, such as online marketplaces, social commerce, and live-streaming e-commerce, each catering to the unique needs and preferences of different consumer segments.The growth of online shopping has also transformed the way businesses operate in China. Traditional retailers have been forced to adapt and develop omnichannel strategies, integrating their physical stores with online platforms to provide a seamless shopping experience. This has led to the emergence of new business models, such as "new retail," which blends online and offline elements to create a more immersive and personalized shopping environment.Moreover, the data-driven nature of e-commerce has enabled businesses to gain deeper insights into consumer behavior, preferences, and purchasing patterns. This has allowed them to develop more targeted marketing strategies, personalize product offerings, and optimize their supply chains to better meet the evolving needs of their customers.Despite the remarkable growth of online shopping in China, theindustry also faces several challenges. One of the key concerns is the issue of data privacy and security, as the collection and use of personal data by e-commerce platforms have raised concerns among consumers. Regulatory authorities have stepped up efforts to address these concerns, introducing stricter data protection laws and guidelines to ensure the responsible use of consumer data.Another challenge is the need to address the growing environmental impact of e-commerce, particularly in terms of packaging waste and the carbon footprint of delivery services. Some e-commerce companies have begun to implement sustainable initiatives, such as the use of recyclable packaging and the optimization of logistics to reduce emissions, but more comprehensive efforts are needed to mitigate the industry's environmental impact.Looking ahead, the future of online shopping in China appears promising. As the country continues to embrace technological advancements and the digital economy, the e-commerce industry is poised to evolve further. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and the Internet of Things, are expected to enhance the online shopping experience, making it more personalized, interactive, and seamless.Moreover, the ongoing expansion of e-commerce into new sectors, such as healthcare, education, and financial services, presentssignificant growth opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated the shift towards online shopping, as consumers have become more reliant on digital platforms for their everyday needs, a trend that is likely to continue in the post-pandemic era.In conclusion, the development of online shopping in China has been a remarkable success story, driven by a combination of technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, supportive government policies, and the adaptability of businesses. As the industry continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role in shaping the country's economic and social landscape, presenting both challenges and opportunities for consumers, businesses, and policymakers alike.。

共享经济在中国的现状英语作文The Current Situation of Sharing Economy in ChinaIntroductionThe concept of sharing economy has been gaining popularity in China in recent years, with a growing number of startups and established companies entering the market. This essay will explore the current situation of sharing economy in China, including its development, challenges, opportunities, and impact on the economy and society.Development of Sharing Economy in ChinaSharing economy refers to an economic model in which individuals or organizations share resources, services, or goods through an online platform. In China, the sharing economy has experienced rapid growth in the past decade, driven by factors such as technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and government support.One of the key drivers of the sharing economy in China is the rise of mobile internet and digital payment technologies. Platforms such as Didi, Meituan, and Mobike have successfully leveraged these technologies to connect consumers with service providers and facilitate transactions. This has made it easier forconsumers to access a wide range of services, from ride-hailing to food delivery to bike-sharing.Another factor contributing to the growth of sharing economy in China is the changing lifestyles and preferences of consumers. Increasingly, people are valuing experiences over ownership, leading to a shift towards sharing economy services. For example, instead of buying a car, many urban residents in China prefer to use ride-hailing services like Didi or car-sharing platforms like GoFun.Moreover, the Chinese government has played a role in promoting the sharing economy through policies and incentives. In 2016, the State Council issued guidelines to support the development of sharing economy, citing its potential to boost innovation, create jobs, and drive economic growth. Since then, various local governments have introduced measures to encourage the growth of sharing economy startups and regulate the industry.Challenges and OpportunitiesDespite its rapid growth, the sharing economy in China faces several challenges. One of the main challenges is the lack of regulation and oversight, which has led to issues such as unfair competition, data privacy concerns, and disputes between usersand platform operators. For example, there have been cases of unlicensed operators offering ride-hailing services or counterfeit products being sold on sharing platforms.Another challenge is the issue of trust and quality control. Because sharing economy platforms rely on peer-to-peer interactions, there is a risk of fraud, poor service quality, or misuse of resources. Users may be hesitant to use sharing economy services if they are not confident in the reliability and safety of the platform.However, the sharing economy also presents opportunities for innovation and growth in China. By leveraging technology and data analytics, sharing economy platforms can improve efficiency, personalize services, and expand their user base. For example, platforms like Xianyu and Pinduoduo have introduced social networking features and gamification to engage users and drive sales.Furthermore, the sharing economy has the potential to create new business models and job opportunities in China. As traditional industries are disrupted by digital platforms, there is a growing demand for skilled workers in areas such as artificial intelligence, data science, and customer service. This has led tothe emergence of new startups and the retraining of workers to adapt to the changing economy.Impact on the Economy and SocietyThe sharing economy has had a significant impact on the Chinese economy and society. On the one hand, it has contributed to economic growth by increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and creating new markets. For example, by connecting consumers with underutilized resources, sharing economy platforms have improved the utilization rate of assets and increased productivity.On the other hand, the sharing economy has also raised concerns about income inequality, job insecurity, and labor rights. Many sharing economy workers are classified as independent contractors rather than employees, which means they may not receive benefits such as health insurance, retirement, or paid leave. This has led to calls for better protections and regulations to ensure the rights of workers in the sharing economy.Moreover, the sharing economy has the potential to address social and environmental challenges in China. By promoting resource sharing, sustainable consumption, and collaborative consumption, sharing economy platforms can help reduce waste,pollution, and carbon emissions. For example, bike-sharing services have been praised for reducing traffic congestion and promoting a healthier lifestyle in urban areas.ConclusionIn conclusion, the sharing economy is a fast-growing sector in China that has the potential to drive innovation, create jobs, and improve efficiency. However, it also faces challenges such as regulatory issues, trust concerns, and labor rights. To harness the full potential of sharing economy in China, it is important for policymakers, industry players, and consumers to work together to address these challenges and build a sustainable and inclusive sharing economy ecosystem.。

电子商务发展对中国人民的影响英语作文The development of e-commerce has had a significant impact on the people of China. With the rapid growth of online shopping and digital transactions, the way people conduct business and make purchases has been transformed. This has not only influenced the economy, but also the daily lives and habits of the Chinese people.One of the most noticeable effects of e-commerce on the people of China is the convenience it brings to their lives. With the rise of online shopping platforms such as Alibaba, , and Taobao, people can now easily purchase a wide variety of products from the comfort of their own homes. This has greatly reduced the need for physical stores and has made shopping more efficient and accessible. Additionally, the availability of online payment methods such as Alipay and WeChat Pay has made transactions more convenient and secure, further contributing to the growth of e-commerce in China.Moreover, the development of e-commerce has also created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and small businesses in China. With the rise of online marketplaces, individuals and small businesses can now reach a much larger customer base without the need for a physical storefront. This has led to the growth of a new generation of online entrepreneurs, who are able to start and grow their businesses with minimal overhead costs. As a result, e-commerce has played a significant role in driving innovation and economic growth in China.Furthermore, the impact of e-commerce on employment in China cannot be overlooked. The growth of online businesses has created a demand for a new set of skills, such as digital marketing, e-commerce management, and logistics. This has led to the creation of new job opportunities and has also changed the nature of traditional retail jobs. Many people have transitioned from traditional retail jobs to roles in e-commerce, contributing to the overall transformation of the labor market in China.In addition to its economic impact, e-commerce has also influenced the way peoplein China interact and communicate. Social media and e-commerce platforms have become integrated, allowing people to share their shopping experiences andrecommendations with their social networks. This has created a new form of social commerce, where people rely on the opinions and experiences of others to make purchasing decisions. As a result, e-commerce has not only changed the way people shop, but also the way they socialize and connect with others.In conclusion, the development of e-commerce has had a profound impact on the people of China. It has brought convenience to their lives, created new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs, transformed the job market, and changed the way people interact and communicate. As e-commerce continues to evolve, its influence on the people of China will only continue to grow, shaping the way they live, work, and connect with each other.。

浙江省绍兴市新昌中学2024届高考英语考前最后一卷预测卷考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。

2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。

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考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．During the economic crisis, we should help those for ______life is far from easy．A．whom B．whose C．who D．whoever2．The world is not always ______we wish it to be.A．that B．whichC．what D．where3．––Is this tea good cold as well?––______ with ice, this tea is especially delicious.A．Served B．Serving C．Having served D．To be served4．It is said that the only survivor in the car crash was badly injured. However, somehow the doctors managed to help him ______.A．pull through B．put through C．look through D．break through5．A heavy sandstorm is going to envelop our city. It is unwise to have your car .A．wash B．washedC．washing D．to wash6．You never really understand a person________you consider things from his point of view.A．if B．onceC．as D．until7．—Did you meet Mr. Smith?—Yes. When I arrived, he ________ for New York to attend a press conference.A．was just leaving B．just leftC．just leaves D．had just left8．The church which is easily ________ from my home is being rebuilt.A．accessible B．availableC．acceptable D．responsible9．---Mr. Johnson has been chosen as the manager of the sales department.---___________ he was so excited this morning.A．No chance B．No wayC．Not possible D．No wonder10．He would be in better health now _______ with too much work when young.A．had he not burdened himself B．if he was not burdenedC．were he not burdened D．had he not been burdened himself11．—I keep on meeting with difficulties in the experiment. I can hardly go on.—Where there are difficulties, there are ways to get over them. ________A．Suit yourself. B．Good for youC．Pull yourself together! D．What’s the deal?12．Y ou’ll recognize me when you get out of the station. I______ jeans and a white T-shirt.A．will be wearing B．had wornC．was wearing D．have worn13．The split between humans and living apes is thought by some scholars ____ 15 to 20 million years ago.A．to occur B．occurring C．to have occurred D．having occurred14．With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ________ each year.A．is washing away B．is being washed awayC．are washing away D．are being washed away15．Everyone had a form in his hand, but no one knew which office____．A．to send it to B．to sent it C．to be sent to D．to have it sent16．US slang is hugely ______ thanks to the many different ethnic groups that have settled in the country.A．delicate B．dynamic C．diverse D．desperate17．Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______ of children.A．stretch B．expand C．reach D．extend18．I like such houses with beautiful gardens in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy .A．it B．one C．that D．this19．Jack’s fellow workers often turn to him for help when trapped in trouble because he is a _____of ideas. A．fountain B．sessionC．diagram D．resource20．--Mum, I don’t think I am qualified enough t o do this.--Honey, be confident! You should know it is ____ a man thinks of himself ___ really determines his fate.A．that; that B．how; that C．what; that D．how; that第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

近年来，随着中小企业的飞速发展，中小企业融资问题，已经成为一些中小企业进一步发展所面临的“瓶颈”。

在我国经济体制转型和经济结构调整的特殊历史时期,中小企业融资问题不仅表现得较为突出,也更为复杂。

下面是搜索整理的中小企业融资问题英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

中小企业融资问题英文参考文献一：[1]XUE-FENG JI. Analysis on Financing Problems of SME in Internet Finance Mode[P]. 2nd International Conference on Advanced Education and Management Engineering (AEME 2017),2017.[2]Xiao-juan GUO. Difficulties and Countermeasures on the Financing of SMEs[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[3]Jing Zhang,J. Ke. The Financing Efficiency of Enterprises Listed on SMEs Board[P]. 3rd International Conference on Society Science and Economics Development (ICSSED 2018),2018.[4]Wan-rong ZHANG. A Study on Financing Difficulties of SMEs in China[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[5]Zhao-Hui CHEN,Zhi-Juan ZHOU. Problems and Suggestions on the Mode of Intellectual Property Financing of Small and Medium-sized Technological Enterprises[P]. 4th International Conference on Social Science (ICSS 2017),2017.[6]YU SHI. Research on Problems and Countermeasures of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Financing[P]. 2nd International Conference on Advanced Education and Management Engineering (AEME 2017),2017.[7]Yuping Wei. Empirical Analysis on Financing Constraints of SMEs of China — Proofs from Pre-IPO three Years’ Panel Data of China’s Listed Companies Listed in 2015[P]. DEStech Transactions on Materials Science and Engineering,2016.[8]Ru-Xin WANG. Financing Management of SMEs Under Internet[P]. DEStech Transactions on Economics, Business and Management,2018.[9]Yi-ning SUN. The Impact of Supply Chain Finance on SME Financing[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science,2018.[10]Wen-bo MA,Meng-wei TANG. Financing SMEs and Innovation[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science,2018.[11]A-Tai ZHENG. Influence of Internet Finance on SME Financing — A Case Study of P2P Model[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and HumanScience,2018.[12]ZHEN-HONG XIAO,MEI-GUI TAN. Research on SMEs’ Credit Risk Evaluation of Supply Chain Finance Based on the Third-party B2B Platform[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science,2018.[13]Shu-yuan XIAO,Mei-gui TAN. The Evaluation of SMEs Credit Risk Supply Chain Finance Based on the Third-party B2B E-commerce Platform[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science,2018.[14]Zheng-cheng WU. On SME Financing in China from Perspective of Supply Chain Finance[P]. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science,2018.[15]Nittamachi Naoto. Problems of Small Business Finance : from the White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan[J]. Journal of Household Economics,2014,39(0).[16]Annalisa Ferrando,Alexander Popov,Gregory F. Udell. Sovereign stress and SMEs’ access to finance: Evidence from the ECB's SAFE survey[J]. Journal of Banking and Finance,2017,81.[17]Peter Quartey,Ebo Turkson,Joshua Y. Abor,Abdul Malik Iddrisu. Financing the growth of SMEs in Africa: What are the contraints to SME financing within ECOWAS?[J]. Review of Development Finance,2017,7(1).[18]Qaiser Munir,Sook Ching Kok,Tamara Teplova,Tongxia Li. Powerful CEOs, debt financing, and leasing in Chinese SMEs: Evidence from threshold model[J]. North American Journal of Economics and Finance,2017,42.[19]Iftekhar Hasan,Krzysztof Jackowicz,Oskar Kowalewski,?ukasz Koz?owski. Do local banking market structures matter for SME financing and performance? New evidence from an emerging economy[J]. Journal of Banking and Finance,2017.[20]Renate Kersten,Job Harms,Kellie Liket,Karen Maas. Small Firms, large Impact?A systematic review of the SME Finance Literature[J]. World Development,2017,97.[21]Anahí Briozzo,Diana Albanese,Diego Santolíquido. Corporate governance, financing and gender: A study of SMEs from Argentinean Securities Markets[J]. 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The Characteristics and Financing of SMEs in China[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Asian B&R Conference on International Business Cooperation (ISBCD 2018),2018.[52]Zuguo Yin. Research on Financing Mode of SMES Based on Internet Finance[P]. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Management and Computer Science (ICMCS 2018),2018.[53]Yaoyao Feng,Jiangli Yang,Xiaojuan Cai. Analysis on Internet Financing Methods of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Xi'an[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Economy, Management and Entrepreneurship (ICOEME 2019),2019.[54]Tingting Wu. Research on Commercial Credit Financing of Rural Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Questionnaire Analysis Based on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Gaochun and Lishui Counties[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Economy, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2016),2016.[55]Yue Wu. 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