科技英语翻译篇章 ()
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科技英语翻译1.1翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成:叶片和叶柄。
1.2对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
(直译)All four(outer planets)probably have cores of metals,silicates,and water.这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。
科技英语翻译复习重点(英译汉篇)一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.(直译法)紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。
2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.(直译法)机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。
3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.(增词法)20世纪70年代,集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸,降低了价格,同时加快了运行速度,提高了可靠性。
4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.(增词法)原子动力反应堆不需要油,因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果,而不是燃烧的结果。
5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.(省略法)机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件,包括三种基本类型,即:结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。
Unit 91 In popular culture, the term UFO–or unidentified flying object–refers to a suspected alien spacecraft, although its definition encompasses any unexplained aerial phenomena. UFO sightings have been reported throughout recorded history and in various parts of the world, raising questions about life on other planets and whether extraterrestrials have visited Earth. They became a major subject of interest–and the inspiration behind numerous films and books–following the development of rocketry after World War II.通俗地说,所谓 UFO--或者不明飞行物--指疑似外星人的飞船,不过它的定义也包括无法解释的空中现象。
在全世界各地不同时期都有 UFO 目击的报告,引起人们关于外星生命以及地外生命是否访问过地球的争论。
在二战后火箭技术的发展下,它们成了人们感兴趣的一大主题--也是数不清的电影和书籍背后的灵感来源。
Flying Saucers2 The first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947, when businessman Kenneth Arnold claimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while flying his small plane. Arnold estimated the speed of the crescent-shaped objects as several thousand miles per hour and said they moved “like saucers skipping on water.” In the newspaper report that followed, it was mistakenly stated that the objects were saucer-shaped, hence the term flying saucer.飞碟首个著名的飞碟目击事件发生在 1947 年,一个叫 Kenneth Arnold 的商人声称他在华盛顿的雷尼尔山附近玩小型飞机模型时看到了一组9个高速移动的物体。
科技英语阅读与翻译全文Humanitarian Aid in SpaceSpace exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries.For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects.The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau tobetter understand their own local wildlife.JAXA is considered to be a pioneer in this area since the launch of their humanitarian aid initiative in 1997. The organization strives to make use of space applications for social welfare and reduce disparities in the world through a number of practical endeavors. The effort currently has a global reach, with projects taking place in seven continent, from Latin America to Africa.JAXA’s humanitarian aid programs will continue to grow with better technology and increased resources. The ongoing work reinforces the concept that space science and technology have the potential to contribute to enhancing the lives of people on Earth.人道主义援助在太空太空探索技术将在各个方面受益于发展中国家。
Monograph1、What is a Monograph?什么是专著?A monograph is a specialized scientific book.一本专著是一本专业的科学书籍。
As learned treatises on clearly defined topics, which may be infra-, inter-, or cross- disciplinary, monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists.和有infra-, inter-, or cross规律,明确界定主题的学术论文一样,专著一般是专家为了其他专家的利益而写的。
Although usually regarded as a component of the review literature of science, monographs are works that demand the highest standards of scholarship.尽管通常被认为是科学综述文献的一个组成部分,专著是要求最高学术标准的作品。
Their preparation calls for exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge on the part of their authors, who, interalia, must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.就能够收集、核对、分析、集成体,综合所有能用的上的科学和工程学术期刊的档案文献和根据需要加入的一些原始资料的作者而言,专著的起草要求知识异常的深度和广度。
科技英语阅读1-9单元译文:Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例:设想有这样一群理发师,他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件,不给自己理发;然而按照要求,他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
(如果这样的话,这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发)1901年,伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期,弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式(如:x =2)和数学特性(如偶数)之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展,我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年,发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
就现在而言,这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
例如,我们可以用 x代表整数,通过n 来表示并且n大于3小于7,来表示4,5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是:x={n:n是整数,3<n<7}。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
我们也可让y={x:x是美国的一个男性居民}。
表面上看,似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。
但是,罗素(和策梅洛一起)发现x={a:a不再a中}导致一个矛盾,就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x它本身是在x的集合中吗?否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
当罗素发现了悖论,弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。
尽管这样,他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试,去解决这个问题(但没有成功)。
罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。
他解释说,悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。
所以,罗素介绍了对象的分级系统:数、数集、数集的集合等等。
这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础,至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。
策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理:对于任意公式A(x)和任意集合b,都会有一个集合满足y={x:x既在b中又满足A(x)}取代了以前的公理:对于任意公式A(x),都会有一个集合满足y={x:x满足A(x)}。
Unit 3当所以人的朋友,是私人的事情吗脸谱网有一个重要的隐私人员,但是我怀疑他将从现在存在10年。
那不是因为脸谱不顾一切去掉隐私保护,但由于脸谱和其他社交网站的普及促进了共享个人的一切事物,消除了从公共分离出私事的结点。
由于共享的个人信息的范围扩展到,几个朋友一起归入脸谱的许多杂项的个人的“朋友”标签中,披露的事情成为很常态和私人的事情变得古怪和不合时宜。
脸谱的年轻成员,是那些高中生或者大学生,以及脸谱开始出现在校园里的时候那些舒适共享任何东西分应届毕业生。
它的老成员是仅仅在2006年打开网络工作场所后加入的。
任何人都调整到一个新的善于自我表达超过沉默的价值体系。
脸谱表示它有1.75亿会员,是世界上最大的社会网络。
但在美国,大多数成员都还比较年轻。
脸谱提供广告给5440万成员的目标,且不分年龄人人共享。
但是,如果广告客户想缩小它的目标观众到那些25岁或更老的,数量就会下降到2880万。
它缩小到30或以上岁数的人,脸谱只有仅仅提供2030万。
许多超过30 岁的人尚未注册,因此脸谱有一个惊人的增长机会。
每个星期,新成员是在美国以百万和全球范围会员和个人网络的增长,似乎不受公司在其短暂的五年历史的失态的影响。
其中的一个实例是在二月,当它与它的服务条款拨弄时。
新的语言似乎断言脸谱“不可撤销”的权利是去保留和使用一个成员的个人信息。
即使成员已经关闭了他或她的脸谱帐户,也应该多一点编辑。
这个强烈抗议是大声的,仅仅一些成员需要增加他们的声音去创建一个喧嚣声,然后脸谱恢复旧的语言。
几天后,它为公司和另一项权利和责任的草案,提供了一个草案原则,对将被批准的成员。
脸谱提供给成员很多隐私选项。
我算43个可以调整的设置,不包括一堆限制的、可以看出一个人的脸谱朋友安装软件应用程序的信息。
脸谱的默认设置是为在某些方面的新的帐户保护用户。
例如,在一个人的个人资料只限于朋友和其他人的学校,工作场所或地理网络。
它不是朋友的朋友访问。
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous by—products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones。
By far the most common genetically modified (GM) organisms are crop plants. But the technology has now been applied to almost all forms of life, from pets that glow under UV light to bacteria which form HIV- blocking "living condoms" and from pigs bearing spinach genes to goats that produce spider silk.到目前为止最常见的转基因生物体是农作物。
然而,这项技术现在已经应用于几乎所有形态的生命,从宠物在紫外线照射下发光到构成HIV-blocking 的“活的安全套”的细菌,从继承菠菜基因的猪到生产蜘蛛丝的山羊。
GM tomatoes, as puree, first appeared on British supermarket shelves in 1996 (a different fresh GM tomato first appeared in the US in 1994), but the consumer furore that surrounded GM technology did not erupt until February 1999.This was because a controversial study suggested that a few strains of GM potatoes might be toxic to laboratory rats.Those experiments, subsequently criticised by other experts, were carried out in Scotland by biochemist Arpad Pustzai.转基因西红柿酱, 在1996年第一次出现在英国的超市货架上(1994年不同的新鲜番茄在美国首次出现),但直到1999年2月消费者对基因技术的愤怒才爆发。
Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现:地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明,地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出,由于不可持续的使用,地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统(包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候)正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
芝加哥的屋顶绿化由于当城市中宝贵的房屋建筑用地已所剩无几,城市规划者开始将目光转向空中。
寻找绿色空间也不例外。
欧洲的绿色屋顶长期以来为人们提供了环境、审美和经济方面的利益。
这种想法是否也会植根在美国植根呢?在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市,当市长理查德•戴利看到了欧洲花园般的屋顶之后,便开始了绿色屋顶的创意。
在最近的一次电话采访时他说:“我认为,如果把芝加哥所有平坦的屋顶都利用起来,可以开辟数千英亩的土地用于美化环境,还有利于建筑物供暖、降温,以及进入排污系统的雨水控制。
”他继续说:“当你透过窗户眺望看这个城市时,你看到的不是钢筋混凝土,而是为对环境的美化。
所以我想,这就是我们应该做的到事情。
”绿色屋顶通常是由无需经常维护的抗旱植物组成(如景天属暑天景植物)。
这些屋顶的厚度均小于4英寸(10厘米),可直接在上面种植或制作成已有植物预先栽种在上面的种植垫。
即使斜屋顶也可以进行绿色屋顶处理。
利用率较高的绿色屋顶系统可以包括多种植物和园林要素,如树木,但只有在平坦的屋顶上才行。
这种绿色屋顶需要更深的种植材料或土壤替代物,它们更重,更昂贵,并且需要更多的维护。
绿化屋顶的最大好处之一是水资源管理。
它们能吸收落在屋顶上的大约50%%-60%%的雨水,这些雨水一部分通过植物蒸发(或“呼气”)回到大气中而消耗掉了,另一部分水保留在土壤中或其他培养媒介中,。
其余的则缓慢地、在人们的控制下缓慢地流入城市雨水排水系统,这个过程有助于抑制城市供水系统中大量雨水激增的现象,而要扩充该系统的费用是很昂贵的。
位于东兰辛伊斯兰莘市的密歇根州立大学植物和土壤学家布拉德•罗说:“在许多城市,甚至一场雷雨就可能造成(雨水的排水系统)溢流,并与污水混在一起。
谁知道它们会流到哪儿去呢?”绿色屋顶的支持者还列举出其他好处,如节省能源。
一个绿色屋顶可以降低多少能源成本,这取决于屋顶类型和使用该屋顶当地的气候。
比较温暖的气候是节省能源的最佳条件,因为与降低取暖费相比,使用绿色屋顶能够更有效地减少空调费用。
1.In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classifiedas metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous alloys are those in which the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category(范畴).在人类可获得的一百多种元素中,约四分之三是金属。
而这些金属中又大约有一半至少在工业或商业上具有一定的重要性。
所有的金属,不管是纯金属还是合金,都能根据成分进一步分成黑色金属或有色金属。
黑色金属主要是以铁、锰、铬为主要成分的合金,其余金属材料自然都属于有色金属的范畴。
2.Direct reduction offers a number of advantages including low investmentexpenditure and the use of cheap primary energy instead of coke. Consequently, this technique offers may developing countries the possibility of building up a national steel industry. In fact, direct reduction combined with electric arc furnace must in future be considered among the important steel production techniques alongside the blast furnace and oxygen converter technique.直接还原法具有一些优点,包括低投资成本和使用廉价的原始的能源代替焦炭,所以这种技术为许多发展中国家提供了建设国家钢铁工业的可能性。
事实上,与电弧炉结合,直接还原在今后与高炉和吹氧转炉技术一样一定会成为重要的钢铁生产技术。
3.In September 2004, the National Cancer Institute announced an initiative tobring new blood to an old and desperate fight. Called the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in cancer, the initiative will wager $144.3 million over the next 5 years that nanotechnology will open entirely new and effective strategies for diagnosing and treating cancer. It’s a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. Unlike death rates for heart disease and stroke,which have declined drastically, cancer mortality has n’t changed since the 1950s.2004年9月,美国国家癌症研究所宣布了一项重大举措,给这场古老而顽强的抗癌之战注入了新的活力。
这个被称为国家癌症研究所癌症纳米技术联盟的行动将在未来5年投资1.443亿美元促使纳米技术开辟一个全新、有效的诊断及治疗癌症的途径。
这是一个资金雄厚的标志,也显示人们对纳米技术治疗癌症的关注程度已经上升到最高层的政府层面。
在抗击癌症之战几乎陷入停顿之时,它来的正是时候。
与近来死亡率处于下降趋势的心脏病和中风不同,自从20世纪50年代起,癌症的死亡率就一直居高不下。
4.THE European Central Bank (ECB) decided a year ago to hold this week’smonetary-policy meeting in Barcelona, but the timing turned out to be perfect.Spain is in the crosshairs of the markets, not least because of budgetary overruns by regional gover nments such as Catalonia’s. And the contrasting economic fortunes of beaten-up Spain, where the jobless rate has reached 24%, and resilient Germany, where it is below 6%, exemplify the difficulty of finding the right monetary policy in a currency union of 17 members.欧洲中央银行(ECB)早在一年前就决定了将于本周在巴塞罗那召开货币政策会议,现今看来,会议召开的恰是时候。
现在的西班牙正处在市场的风口浪尖,特别是因为加泰罗尼亚等自治区政府的预算超支才导致了西班牙到了这般田地。
同德国相比,西班牙经济死气沉沉,失业率飙升至24%;德国经济稳步反弹,失业率则低于6%。
如此鲜明的对比恰也印证了,在这个由17名成员组成的货币区内制定出一项正确的货币政策确实不易。
5.This study investigates the potential differences between American andJordanian undergraduate students’ apology strategies. It attempts to bridge the existing gap in the literature since there are only few studies which discuss Jordanian apology strategies and fewer that compare them to their American counterparts. Not only do the authors tabulate and compare the strategies used by the two groups, as well as the male and female respondents in each group, but they also examine the potential differences in the use of these strategies.本研究调查了美国大学生和约旦大学生道歉策略潜在的不同,鉴于讨论约旦人道歉策略的文献几乎没有,而且将之与美国大学生道歉策略进行对比的文献也为数不多,本研究试图缩小这一差距。
作者不仅用表列出了两组研究对象所使用的道歉策略,对组间和组内男女调查对象进行了对比,还考察了这些策略使用上潜在的差异。
6.Yet?there?are?clearly?some?very?real?issues?that?need?to?be?resolved.?Like?any?new?product?entering?the?food?chain,?genetically?modified?foods?must?be?subjected?to?rigorous?testing.?In?wealthy?countries,?the?debate?about?biotech?is?tempered?by?the?fact?that?we?have?a?rich?array?of?foods?to?choose?from?--and?a?supply?that?far?exceeds?our?needs.?In?dev eloping?countries?desperate?to?feed?fast-growing?and?underfed?populations;?the?issue?is?sim pler?and?much?more?urgent:?Do?the?benefits? of?biotech?outweigh?the?risks?但是,显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。
就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样,转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。
在富裕的国家里,由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择,而且供应远远超过需求,所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。
在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家,问题比较简单,也更加紧迫:生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢??7.The?statistics?on?population?growth?and?hunger?are?disturbing.?Last?year?the?world's?population?reached?6?billion.?And?by?2050,?the?UN?estimates,?it?will?probably?near?9?billion.?Almost?all?that?growth?will?occur?in?dev eloping?countries.?At?the?same?time,?the?world's?available?cultivable ?land?per?person?is?declining.?Arable?land?has?declined?steadily?since?196 0?and?will?decease?byhalf?over?the?next?50?years,?according?to?the?International?Service?for?t he?Acquisition?of? Agri-Biotech?Applications?(ISAAA).?关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。