A Linear Controller for a Multifrequency Model of a Pulse-Width-Modulated uk Converter

仪器仪表常用词汇英语翻译pH 计pH meterX 射线衍射仪X-ray diffractometerX 射线荧光光谱仪X-ray fluoresce nee spectrometer 力测量仪表force measuring instrument孑L板orifice plate文丘里管venturi tube水表water meter力口速度仪accelerometer可编程序控制器programmable controller平衡机balancing machine皮托管Pitot tube皮带秤belt weigher光线示波器light beam oscillograph光学高温计optical pyrometer光学显微镜optical microscope光谱仪器optical spectrum instrument吊车秤crane weigher地中衡platform weigher字符图形显示器character and graphic display 位移测量仪表displacement measuring instrument 巡迴检测装置data logger波纹管bellows 长度测量工具dimensional measuring instrument长度传感器linear transducer厚度计thickness gauge差热分析仪differential thermal analyzer扇形磁场质谱计sector magnetic field mass spectrometer 料斗秤hopper weigher核磁共振波谱仪nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer气相色谱仪gas chromatograph浮球调节阀float adjusting valve真空计vacuum gauge动圈仪表moving-coil instrument基地式调节仪表local-m oun ted con troller密度计densitometer液位计liquid level meter组装式仪表package system减压阀pressure reducing valve测功器dynamometer紫外和可见光分光光度计ultraviolet-visible spectrometer顺序控制器sequence controller微处理器microprocessor温度调节仪表temperature controller煤气表gas meter节流阀throttle valve电子自动平衡仪表electronic self-balanee instrument电子秤electronic weigher电子微探针electron microprobe电子显微镜electron microscope弹簧管bourdon tube数字式显示仪表digital display instrument热流计heat-flow meter热量计heat flux meter热电阻resista nee temperature热电偶thermocouple膜片和膜盒diaphragm and diaphragm capsule调节阀regulating valve噪声计noise meter应变仪strain measuring instrument湿度计hygrometer声级计sound lever meter黏度计viscosimeter转矩测量仪表torque measuring instrument转速测量仪表tachometer露点仪dew-point meter变送器transmitter仪器仪表常用术语中英文对照带注释版性能特性performanee characteristic :确定仪器仪表功能和能力的有关参数及其定量的表述。

123With state-of-the-art circuitry such as ALPSART CX310/CX311 CROSSOVERS variable, fourth-order Linkwitz-Riley filters with in-phase outputs at all frequen-RANE AC22S/AC23S TIME CORRECTING CROSSOVERS Built-in 2ms delayallows for driver phase alignment. Both models feature 24dB per octave Linkwitz-Riley filters, individual band muting switches, and internal configuration switching. I/O is via active balanced XLR connectors. AC23S has a 100-240VAC power supply.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE AC22S .......................Stereo 2-way/mono 3-way ...........................................................375.00AC23S .......................Stereo 2- or 3-way/mono 4- or 5-way ..........................................469.00AC22SDBX 223S/XS & 234S/XS CROSSOVERS These dual-channel cross-inputs and outputs. All models include balanced ins and outs, mode switch for mono/stereo operation and a x10 range switch on both channels. The 234 adds mono 4-way operation and a low-mid output knob.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE 223S ..........................Stereo 2-way/mono 3-way, 1/4" TRS ..........................................159.95223XS ........................Stereo 2-way/mono 3-way, XLR ...................................................179.95234S ..........................Stereo 2-way/mono 4-way, 1/4" TRS ...........................................199.95234XS ........................Stereo 2-way/mono 4-way, XLR ...................................................239.95ASHLY XR1001 ACTIVE CROSSOVER ASHLY GRAP HIC EQUALIZERS Both models have detented metal-shaft faders,precision Wein-Bridge filters, Constant-Q, selectable 15dB or 6dB range, LED level indicators, high-pass filter and level control. Both include XLR, 1/4" balanced and Euroblock I/O.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE GQX3102 ...................2-channel 31-band, 45mm faders, 3RU .....................................669.00MQX2310...................2-channel 31-band, 25mm faders, 2RU .....................................509.00GQX3102MQX2310N E W N E W !N E W124Use the Pro’s Pass – your Full Compass consumer credit card,and get interest & payment deferred financing!Honesty and Valuesince 1971It features separate LF and HF contour filters, which add or remove room effects without disturb-ing the critical fader settings already made. The FCS966 features the Constant Q topol-ogy, providing a smoother and more predictable interaction between adjacent faders.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE FCS966 .....................Dual 30-band EQ w/Constant Q ......................................................CALLBEHRINGER DEQ2496 DIGITAL EQ/RTA/MASTERING PROCESSOR Featuring a 61-band RTA, 4-EQ modes including feedback destroyer, 3-dynamic EQ’s per channel, the DEQ2496 is a powerhouse. It uses 2-32/40bit SHARC processors, has 24bit/96kH z operation, multifunction meters, and 64-user memories. I/O includes RTA mic/line in with phantom power, AES-EBU & S/PDIF I/O, Wordclock & MIDI I/O, balanced XLR I/O, and a stereo aux output. 113dB of dynamic range.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE DEQ2496-ULTRACURVE .........RTA/processor ..................................................................326.99BEHRINGER FBQ2496 FEEDBACK SUPPRESSOR/PARAMETRIC EQ Using an ultra-fast feedback detection algorithm, it automatically locates up to 20 feedback fre-quencies per channel and sets narrow notch filters to eliminate them, leaving the sig-nal virtually untouched. Auto mode continuously monitors the mix, while manual mode allows individual setting of up to 40 fully parametric filters. Open MIDI architecture makes future updates and communication with digital equipment simple and easy.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE FBQ2496 ............................... F eedback suppressor/parametric EQ ...............................163.99CHANDLER LIMITED GERMANIUM TONE CONTROL EQ Uses active & pas-CHANDLER LIMITED TG CHANNEL MKII PRE AMP/EQ The TG Channel MKII BEHRINGER ULTRAGRAP H ANALOG GRAP HIC EQUALIZERS Dual graphic equalizers feature balanced XLR and TRS connectors, mono subwoofer output with adjustable frequency, FBQ feedback detection system and low-cut filter. The 31-band models also have sweepable high- and low-cut filters. The FBQ6200 also has a pink-noise generator, dedicated limiters with gain reduction meters and 45mm faders.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE FBQ1502-ULTRAGRAPH .........Dual 15-band EQ .............................................................108.99FBQ3102-ULTRAGRAPH .........Dual 31-band EQ .............................................................142.99FBQ6200-ULTRAGRAPH .........Dual 31-band EQ .............................................................196.99FBQ1502BEHRINGER DEQ1024 ULTRAGRAP H DIGITAL GRAP HIC 31-BAND EQ/FEEDBACK DESTROYER The FBQ Feedback Detection System instantly detects feedback frequencies and can be used as an audio analyzer. Switching on the automat-ic Feedback Destroyer removes feedback within a fraction of a second. The EQ section features three operating ranges (±12dB, ±6dB and 0/-24dB) and 31 illuminated 45-mm faders. The TRUE CURVE function precisely translates fader positions into an exact “WYSIWYG” frequency response. In addition, sweepable low-cut and high-cut filters, an “inaudible” Noise Gate/Peak Limiter and Pink Noise generator plus stereo imager provides unbelievable spatial enhancement and improved stereo imaging. Digital AES/EBU and S/PDIF as well as analog I/O with gold-plated XLR and 1/4" TRS connectors.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE DEQ1024-ULTRAGRAPH .........31-band EQ, w/feedback destroyer ..................................217.99BEHRINGER DS P 110-SHARK 24BITMULTIFUNCTION P ROCESSOR Combines a discreet mic-preamp with gain control and phantom power, noise gate, compressor, level conversion from mic to line and vice versa, subsonic filter with cutoff, 24bit A/D and D/A converters and balanced 1/4" and XLR connec-tions. It also includes an automatic 12-filter feedback suppressor with “learn” func-tion and delay line with up to 2.5 seconds of delay adjustable in meters/feet/msec.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE DSP110-SHARK .....................Multi-function processor ....................................................87.99DSP110-SHARK-RACK-KT ......Optional 19" rack kit .........................................................30.00125EMP IRICAL LABS LIL FREQ SINGLE CHANNEL EQUALIZER This equalizer’shigh pass section has a dedicated bypass switch and sharply cuts everything below 1 ofthe 8 pre-selected frequencies. Each of these 8 pre-selected frequencies has an LEDthat glows softly when the section's bypassed and brightly when the section's engaged.The high & low shelving sections provide smooth boost and cut of the bass & treblefrequencies. Features 4 sections of fully parametric EQ that operate below 0.0007%THD at high audio levels. The dynamic EQ section offers threshold control and fre-quency control modes. This section combines filters and a compressor-like circuit thathelp control high frequencies like sibilants. Also features a soft-knee high frequencylimiter and 4 gain reduction indicator LEDs (-1.5dB, -8dB, -14dB, -24dB). Also featuresDC-coupled ins & outs and 1 transformer-coupled out.ITEM DESCRIP TION P RICEELQ-LIL-FREQ ......1-ch equalizer w/para EQ, dyn. EQ, hi-pass, high/low shelving......1699.00ME30LA AUDIO EQ231-G DUAL 31-BAND 1/3 OCTAVE GRAPHIC EQUALIZER ItsJDK AUDIO R24 2-CHANNEL 4-BAND EQ The JDK Audio R24 dual-channel,4-band equalizer (modeled after the classic APSI model 562 EQ), has two identicalchannels of equalization in a rack mounted unit with internal power supply. The EQfeatures continuously variable adjustment of frequency and gain using individualcontrols. Other features are 12dB of boost/cut per band, peak/dipping parametricconfiguration, custom transformer balanced output, fully balanced 1/4" and XLR inputand output, and a high headroom +24 dB clip level.ITEM DESCRIP TION P RICER24 ...........................2-channel 4-band EQ ................................................................1015.75N E WN E W!126We offer over 700 top brands, low prices and outstanding service.Honesty and Value since 1971SEE PAGES 134-135This compact feedback exterminator is designed FBX1200SUMMIT AUDIO EQP-200B DUAL CHANNEL TUBE EQ Stereo program passive EQ with vacuum tube amplification based on the original Pultec program equalizer design. Jensen 990 op-amps on the output give a clear and open sound to the passive EQ elements in the filter circuits. It features 2 independent channels and a transfor-merless signal path. Handcrafted in the USA.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE EQP200B ...................Stereo program equalizer, passive, tube ...................................2699.00ALESIS 3630 COMPRESSOR RMS/PEAK DUAL CHANNEL COMPRESSOR LIMITER WITH GATE A full function compressor limiter with variable attack, ratio and decay gives you the control you need to handle the toughest signals. Two independent or linkable chan n els, I/O metering, gain reduction metering, gate with adjustable threshold and rate controls, TRS side chain for ducking and de-essing, and true ste r eo linkable operation.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE 3630..........................2-channel compressor/limiter .......................................................99.00A-DESIGNS HM2 COMPRESSOR “NAIL” This hybrid tube/solid state, dual-chan-nel compressor brings analog warmth with hints of color and richness to recordings. Features a 3-stage hard threshold (threshold/hard threshold/filter), “Mix” switch for variable wet/dry selection, attack/release/gain selections, in/out switch, and a stereo link. It has balanced XLR I/O, custom aluminum knobs and face plate, LED indictors switchable to stereo, and gain reduction switch for meters.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE HM2-COMPRESSOR ...Tube/solid-state dual-channel compressor ...............................2475.00RANE ME60S STEREO MICROGRAPHIC Rane’s constant-Q filters offer precise bandwidth control and minimal interaction between frequency sliders. It also features center-detent sliders w/ dust dams (great for smoky or outdoor venues), +/- 12dB/ +/-6dB range switch, and balanced XLR, 1/4" TRS and unbalanced RCA I/O connectors.ITEM DESCRI P TION P RICE ME60S .......................Dual 1/3-octave EQ .....................................................................589.00。

n.晶体管n.二极管n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alter nati ng adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器in tegrated circuit 集成电路lin ear time inv aria nt systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数tolera nee n 公差；宽容；容忍conden ser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromag netic adj 电磁的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差lin ear device 线性器件in tegrated circuits 集成电路an alog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horiz on tal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富atte nu ati on 衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter 万用表freque ney 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube dual-trace oscilloscope 阴极射线管双踪示波器sig nal gen erati ng device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输岀电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波trian gle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator 振荡器feedback 反馈，回应phase 相，阶段，状态filter 滤波器，过滤器rectifier 整流器；纠正者1ban d-stop filter 带阻滤波器ban d-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n 十六进制的bin ary adj 二进制的；二元的1 octal adj 八进制的domai n n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码the Fourier tra nsform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform快速傅里叶变换microc on troller n 微处理器；微控制器beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁polarize v （使）偏振，（使）极化fuzzy adj模糊的|Artificial In tellige nee Shell 人工智能外壳程序Expert Systems 专家系统Artificial In tellige nee 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑in tellige nt age nt 智能代理electromag netic adj 电磁的coaxial adj同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电two-dime nsio nal 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dime nsio nal 三维的；立体的；真实的object-orie nted programm ing 面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释distortion n失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer ModeADSL 非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital subscriberlineVDSL 甚高速数字用户线very high data rate digitalsubscriber lineHDSL 高速数据用户线high rate digital subscriber lineFDMA 频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple Access)TDMA 时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA 同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple Access)WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(WidebandCodeDivisio n Multiple Access)TD-SCDMA(Time Divisio n Sy nchro nous Code Divisio nMultiple Access)时分同步码分多址SDLC(sy nchro nous data link con trol) 同步数据链路控制HDLC(high-level data link con trol) 高级数据链路控制IP/TCP(i nter net protocol /tra nsfer Co ntrol Protocol)网络传输控制协议ITU (I nternatio nal Telecomm un icati on Union) 国际电彳言联盟ISO 国际标准化组织(In ter natio nal Sta ndardizatio nOrganization );OSI开放式系统互联参考模型(Open SystemIn terc onn ect )GSM 全球移动通信系统( Global System for Mobile Communi cati ons )GPRS 通用分组无线业务(Gen eral Packet Radio Service)FDD(freque ncy divisi on duplex) 频分双工TDD(time divisi on duplex) 时分双工VPI 虚路径标识符(Virtual Path Identifier )；ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network )综合业务数字网IDN 综合数字网(integrated digital network )HDTV (high defi ni tion televisi on) 高清晰度电视DCT(Discrete Cos ine Tra nsform) 离散余弦变换VCI(virtual circuit address) 虚通路标识MAN 城域网Metropolitan area networks LAN 局域网localarea network WAN 广域网wide area network 同步时分复统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Divisio nMultiplexi ng 单工传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex tran smissi on 全双工传输full-duplex tra nsmissi on 交换矩阵Switching Matrix 电路交换circuit switchi ng 分组交换packet switching扌报文交换message switching 奇偶校验paritychecking 循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redu nda ncyCheck 虚过滤Virtual filter 数字滤波digital filtering伪随机比特Quasi Ra ndom Bit 带宽分配Bandwidth allocatio n信源information source 信宿destination 数字化digitalize 数字传输技术Digital tra nsmissio n techno logy 灰度图像Grey scale images 灰度级Greyscale level 幅度谱Magnitude spectrum 相位谱Phase spectrum 频谱frequency spectrum 智能设备Smart Device 软切换Soft handover 硬切换HardHa ndover 相干检测Cohere nt detecti on 边缘检测Edge detection 冲突检测collision detection 业务集合service integration 业务分离/综合serviceseparation/ integration 网络集合networkintegration 环形网Ring networks 令牌环网TokenRing network 网络终端Network Terminal 用户终端user terminal 用户电路line circuit 电路利用率channel utilization (通道利用率)相关性cohere nee 相干解调cohere nt demodulation 数字图像压缩digital image compressi on 图像编码image encoding 有损/无损压缩lossy/losslesscompression 解压decompression 呼叫控制CallControl 误差控制error eontrol 存储程序控制storedprogram eon trol 存储转发方式store-a nd-forwardmanner 语音视频传输voice\video transmission 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) 会议电视VideoCon fere nee 有线电视cable television 量化quantization 吞吐量throughput 话务量traffic 多径分集Multipath diversity 多媒体通信MDM MultimediaCommu nicatio n 多址干扰Multiple AccessInterferenee 人机交互man machi ne in terface 交互式会话Conv ersati onal in teracti on 路由算法Routing Algorithm 目标识另U Object recognition 话音变换Voice transform 中继线trunkline 传输时延transmission delay 远程监控remote monitoring 光链路optical link 拓扑结构Topology 均方根rootmean square whatsoever=whatever 0switchboard (电话)交换台bipolar (电子)双极的tran sistor diode semic on ductoranode n 阳极，正极cathoden 阴极|breakdow n n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中oscilloscope 示波镜；示波器gain 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN 结MOS( metal-oxide semiconductor ) 金属氧化物半导体enhan ceme nt and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt 堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay eon tact 继电接触器sin gle in structi on programmer 单指令编程器dedicated manu factures programm ing unit 专供制造厂用的编程单元in sulator n绝缘体，绝缘物noneon ductive adj非导体的，绝缘的antenna n天线；触角modeli ng n 建模，造型simulati on n仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量wavelet n微波，小浪sine 正弦cosine 余弦inv erse adj 倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performa nee 高精确性，高性能the in sulati on resista nee 绝缘电阻assembly lan guage in structi ons n 汇编语言指令premise （复）房屋，前提cursor （计算机尺的）游标，指导的elapse （时间）经过，消失vaporize （使）蒸发subsystem （系统的）分部，子系统，辅助系统metallic （像）金属的，含金属的，（声音）刺耳的dispatch （迅速）派遣，急件consen sus （意见）一致，同意deadli ne （最后）期限，截止时间tomographic X线体层摄像的alas 唉，哎呀cluster把…集成一束，一组，一簇，一串，一群en cyclopedia 百科全书millio nfold 百万倍的semic on ductor 半导体radius半径范围，半径，径向射线half-duplex tra nsmissi on 半双工传输accompa nime nt 伴随物，附属物reservati on 保留，预定quotatio n 报价单，行情报告，引语memora ndum 备忘录red undancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身；照此；以这种资格textual本文的，正文的verge 边界variati on 变化，变量conv ersi on 变化，转化ide ntity 标识；标志criterio n 标准，准则in parallel o n 并联到，合并到juxtapose 并置，并歹卩dial ing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavele ngth divisi on multiplexed 波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片）no greater tha n 不大于update不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的in evitably 不可避免的in evitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segme nt 部分abrasion 擦伤，磨损deploy采用，利用，推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET（field effect tra nsistors）场效应管audio recordi ng 卩昌片ultra-high-freque ncy（UHF）超高频in excess of 超过in excess of 超过hypertext 超文本in gredie nt 成分，因素in gredie nt 成分，组成部分，要素metropolita n-area n etwork（WAN）城域网metropolitan area network（WAN）城域网，城市网络con gestio n 充满，拥挤，阻塞collisio n 冲突extractive 抽岀；释放岀extract抽取，取岀，分离lease 出租，租约，租界期限，租界物pass on 传递，切换tran smissi on 传输facsimile 传真inno vative二inno vatory 仓新的，富有革新精神的track 磁道impetus 促进，激励cluster 簇stored-program con trol(SPC) 存储程序控制a large nu mber of 大量的peal 大声响，发岀supersede 代替suppla nt 代替，取代out-of-ba nd sig nali ng 带外信号simplex tran smissi on 单工传输con ductor 导体等级制度，层次底层结构，基础结构地理的，地区的地理上GIS(grou nd in strume ntation system) 地面测量系统gro und stati on 地面站earth orbit 地球轨道Lan d-sat 地球资源卫星rug 地毯，毯子ignite 点火，点燃，使兴奋electromag netic 电磁的in ductive 电感arc 电弧teleph ony 电话（学），通话dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料；电解质的，绝缘的capacitor 电容telecomm uni catio n 电信，无线电通讯sce nario 电影剧本，方案modem pool 调制解调器（存储）池superimpos ing 叠加，重叠pin 钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制mono lithic 独立的，完全统一的alumi nize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substa ntial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fadi ng 多径衰落multi-path 多路，多途径；多路的，多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED（light-emitti ng-diode）发光二极管evolution 发展，展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dime nsion 范围，方向，维，元sce nario 方案sce nario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器nonin vasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed fun ctio nal pla ne（DFP）分布功能平面DQDB（distributed queue dual bus）分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partiti on 分成segme ntati on 分割in terface 分界面，接口asu nder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的dispe nse 分配allocate 分配，配给；配给物cen tigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular蜂窝状的cellular蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage(also called sec on dary storage) 辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退n egative 负电vicinity附近，邻近vicinity附近地区，近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-freque ncy(HF) 高频high defi ni tion televisi on 高清晰度电视铬给…作注解根据，按照公布，企业决算公开公用网功能，功能度汞共鸣器共振古怪的，反复无常的管理，经营cursor光标（显示器），游标，指针opticalcomputer 光计算机photoco nductor 光敏电阻optical disks 光盘optically光学地，光地wide-area n etworks 广域网specification规范，说明书silicon 硅the in ter nati onal telecomm un icatio n union(ITU)际电信联盟excess过剩obsolete 过时的，废弃的maritime 海事的syn thetic 合成的，人造的，综合的syn thetic 合成的，综合性的rati onal 合乎理性的rati on alizati on 合理化streamli ne 合理化，理顺in frared 红夕卜线的，红外线skepticism 怀疑论ring n etwork 环形网hybrid混合物coun terpart 伙伴，副本，对应物electromecha nical 机电的，电动机械的Robot机器人Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学accumulati on 积累in frastructure 基础，基础结构substrate 基质，底质upheaval 激变，剧变compact disc 激光磁盘（CD）concen trator 集中器，集线器cen trex system 集中式用户交换功能系统conv erge on 集中于，聚集在…上lumped eleme nt 集总元件CAI(computer-aided in structio n) 计算机辅助教学computer-i ntegrated manu facturi ng(CIM) 计算机集成制造computer mediated comm un icatio n( CMC) 介通信record 记录register expedite weight 力口权acceleratecategorize in additi on hypothetical rigidly兼容性，相容性监视监视mono chromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的hierarchy infrastructuregeographicgeographicallyextraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的chromiumanno tate interms ofdisclosurepublic n etworkfun cti on alitymercury res onator resonancewhimsicaladmi nistration计算机中记录器，寄存器加快，促进加速，加快，促进加以类别，分类加之，又，另外假设的坚硬的，僵硬的compatibilitysurveilla neesurveilla neeretrieval 检索，(可)补救 verificati on 检验 simplicity 简单，简明film胶片，薄膜 take over 接管，接任 rugged ness 结实threshold 界限，临界值 with the aid of 借助于，用，通过 wire line 金属线路，有线线路 cohere nt 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相干的 compact 紧密的 approximati on 近似 un dertake 进行，从事 tran sistor 晶体管 elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的 vigilant 警戒的，警惕的 alcohol 酒精，酒 local area n etworks(LANs) 局域网 local-area n etworks(LANs) 局域网 drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演岀 focus on聚集在，集中于，注视in sulator 绝缘 root mean square 均方根 un iform 均匀的 ope n-system-i nterc onn ectio n(OSI) 开放系统互连 expire 开始无效，满期，终止 immu nity 抗扰，免除，免疫性 take …into account 考虑，重视… programmable in dustrial automati on 可编程工业自动化demo un table tun ablereliable 可靠 be likely tovideotex video n egligible可拆卸的可调的 可能，大约，像要 可视图文电视 可以忽略的deviate 偏离，与…不同 spectrum 频谱 come into play 其作用 en trepre neurial 企业的 heuristic methods启发式方法 play a •••role(part) 起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的，组织的 hypothesis前提 fron t-e nd 前置，前级 pote ntial 潜势的，潜力的 inten sity 强度coin cide nee 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀 inven tory 清单，报表spherical 球的，球形的 disti nguish 区别，辨别 succumb屈服，屈从，死global fun ctio nal pla ne(GFP) 全局功能平面 full-duplex tra nsmissi on 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图 deficie ncy缺乏therm onu clear 热 核的 artifact 人工制品 AI(artificial in tellige nee)人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化 diskettes(also called floppy disk)软盘sector 扇区 en tropy 熵upli nk 上行链路 arsenic 砷simulta neous 同时发生的，同时做的 simulta neous 同时发生的，一齐的 coaxial 同轴的 copper 铜 statistical 统计的，统计学的 domin ate 统治，支配 in vest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景 graphics 图示，图解 pictorial图像的coat ing 涂层，层 deduce 推理reas oning strategies 推理策略 inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构 heterod yne 夕卜差法的peripheral 夕卜界的，外部的，周围的 gateway 网关 hazardous 危险的 microwave 微波(的)microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器 microelectro nic微电子nua nee 微小的差别(色彩等) en compass围绕，包围，造成，设法做到mai nte nance 维护；保持；维修satellite comm uni cati on 卫星通彳言 satellite network 卫星网络 tran sceiver无线电收发信机radio-relay tra nsmissi on 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite无源卫星n eural n etwork神经网络very-high-freque ncy(VHF) 甚高频 sparse 稀少的， dow nli nk aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的；天线broadba nd 宽(频)带pervasive扩大的，渗透的 tensile 拉力的，张力的roma nticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散，不连续 ion 离子 force 力量；力 stereoph onic 立体声的 contin uum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集 smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的 toke n 令牌on the other hand另一方面 hexago nal 六边形的，六角形的 hexag on 六角形，六边形 mon opoly 垄断，专禾U video-clip 录像剪辑 alumi num 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜 forum 论坛，讨论会logical relati on ships 逻辑关系 code book 码本pulse code modulatio n(PCM) 脉冲编码调制 roam 漫步，漫游bps(bits per sec on d) 每秒钟传输的比特 ZIP codes美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的 analog 模拟，模拟量patter n recog niti on 模式识另 U bibliographic 目录的，文献的 n eodymium 钕the europea n telecomm uni cati on sta ndardizati on in stitute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准局coordi nate配合的，协调的；使配合，调整ratify 批准，认可 bias 偏差；偏置 upgrade distortio n iden tification 升级失真，畸变 识别，鉴定，验明precursor visualizati on pragmatic 实际的 impleme ntation 实施，实现，执行，敷设en tity 实体，存在 vector qua ntificati on 矢量量化mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错vex使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空 facilitate 使容易，促进 reti na 视网膜 compatible 适合的，兼容的tra nsceiver 收发两用机 authorize 授权，委托，允许 data security数据安全性data in depe ndence 数据独立 data man ageme nt 数据管理 database数据库database man ageme nt system(DBMS) 理信息系统database tran sacti on 数据库事务 data in tegrity 数据完整性，数据一致性 atte nu ati on衰减fadi ng 衰落，衰减，消失 dual 双的，二重的 tra nsie nt瞬时的determi ni stic 宿命的，确定的 algorithm 算法 dissipatio n 损耗carbon 碳 diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的 razor 剃刀，剃 go by the name of通称，普通叫做commucati on sessi on 通信会话 traffic 通信业务(量) syn chr onous tra nsmissi on 同步传输con curre nt同时发生的，共存的数据库管feasibility lin earity con strain considerablegeo-stati onaryby con trast coorelati on mutual 相互的 稀疏的 下行链路 先驱，前任 显像现实性，可行性 线性度限制，约束，制约 相当的，重要的 相对地面静止 相反，而，对比起来 相关性相互的，共同的 相互连接，互连one after the other 相继，依次小型计算机 协议，草案 协议，规约，规程心理(精神)听觉的；传音的 通信信道选择行程编码mutually in terc onn ectmini computer protocolprotocol psycho-acoustic cha nn elizati on 信道化， run len gth en coding groom 修饰，准备虚拟许多， virtual ISDN multitude ISDN大批，大量whirl 旋转 prefere nee avalanche pursue 寻求， interrogation dumb 哑的， subcategory喜欢 选择， 雪崩从事 询问不说话的，无声的亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气，氧元素service switchi ng and con trol poin ts(SSCPs) 控制点service con trol poi nts(SCPs) 业务控制点service con trol fun ctio n(SCF) 业务控制功能in con cert 一致，一齐 han dover移交，越区切换 at a rate of以 .... 的速率in the form of 以…的形式业务交换base on…以…为基础yttrium钇（稀有金属，符号Y）asyn chr onous tra nsmissi on 异步传输asyn chr onous 异步的exceptio nal 异常的，特殊的voice-grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起，使产生cryptic隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automati on 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX（private branch excha nge）用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predom inance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparis on with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比prelim in ary 预备的，初步的prem on iti on 预感，预兆nu cleus 原子核vale nee 原子价circumfere nee 圆周，周围teleprocessi ng 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途con strain 约束，强迫mobile运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey运输，传递，转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯rege nerative 再生的improve over 在 ....... 基础上改善play importa nt role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近un derly ing 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面en tail遭遇，导致prese ntation 赠与，图像，呈现，演示n arrowba nd 窄（频）带deploy展开，使用，推广应用megabit 兆比特germa nium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthog onal 正交的quadrature amplitude modulatio n（QAM）正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长岀；副产品domin ate 支配，统治kno wledge represe ntati on 矢口识表示kno wledge engin eeri ng 矢口识工程kno wledge base 矢口识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acro nym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial指导教师的，指导的coin 制造(新字符)，杜撰fabricatio n 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子in tellige nce 智能，智力，信息in tellige nt n etwork 智能网in termediate 中间的nu cleus(pl. nu clei) 中心，核心n eutr ons 中子termi nal 终端，终端设备overlay重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge主管，看管；承载domi nant 主要的，控制的，最有力的cyli nder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络tra nsiti on 转变，转换，跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器，中继器pursue追赶，追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面岀版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor自动售货机，厂商n aturally 自然的；天生具备的syn thesize 综合，合成in tegrate 综合，使完全ISDN（i ntergrated services digital n etwork）综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impeda nce 阻抗ini tial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…岀现A An alog 模拟A/D An alog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Adva need Audio Codi ng 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Bala nce 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcast ing Compa ny 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compe nsati on 自动低音补偿Automatic Bright ness Con trol 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Bright ness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asia n Broadcast ing Un io n 亚洲广播联盟（亚广联ABS American Bureau of Sta ndard 美国标准局AC Access Con ditio ns 接入条件Audio Cen ter 音频中心ACA Adjace nt Cha nnel Atte nuati on 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Ce nteri ng Co ntrol 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度（增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Co ntrol SystemAdva need Comm uni cati on Service 高级通信业务Area Comm uni cati on System区域通信系统ADC An alog to Digital Con verter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Li ne 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasi ng 音频（声音AEF Automatic Editi ng Fun ction 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engin eeri ng Society 音频工程协会AF AudioFreque ncy 音频AFA Audio Freque ncy Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Freque ncy Coder 音频编码器Automatic Freque ncy Co ntrol 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fi ne Tuning 自动微调Automatic Freque ncy Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Freque ncy Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Ga in Con trol 自动增益控制AI ArtificialIn tellige nce 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Se nsor置ANC Automatic Noise Ca nceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTe nna 天线AO An alog Output 模拟输岀APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Respo nse 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Con trol 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code for InformationIn tercha nge 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Sca nning Tracki ng 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timi ng Co ntrol 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correcti on 自动音频校正ATM Asy nchro nous Tra nsfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Fi ndi ng 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Adva need Televisio n Systems Committee（美国高级电视制式委员会）***C Automatic Volume Con trol 自动音量控制***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Bala nee 自动白平衡AZCAutomatic Zoomi ng Con trol 自动变焦控制AZSAutomatic Zero Setti ng 自动调零BA Bra nch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Bin ary-A nalog Co nversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcast ing Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beiji ng Broadcasti ng In stitute 北京广播学院BC Bin ary Code 二进制码Bala need Curre nt 平衡电流Broadcast Con trol 广播控制BCT Ban dwidth Compressi on Tech nique 带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directio nal Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic En codi ng Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brilloui n Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Backgrou nd Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic In put / Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadba nd-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic In formation Un it 基本信息单元Bus In terface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Busi ness Man ageme nt Layer 商务管理层BN Backbo ne Network 主干网BNT Broadba nd Network Termi natio n 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输岀BPG Basic Pulse Gen erator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Ba nd Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Sta ndard In stitute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Term in al 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadba nd Termi nal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasti ng Tech no logy Associati on （日本BTL Bala need Tran sformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Tech nical Sta ndard 广播技术标接入控制系统自动音乐传感装BTU Basic Tra nsmission Un it 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型（一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW Ban dWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Televisio n 黑白电视CA Co nditio nal Access 条件接收CAC Con ditio nal Access Con trol 条件接收控制CAL Co nti nuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Con ditio nal Access System 条件接收系统Co nditio nalAccess Sub-system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Televisi on 有线电视，电缆电视Commu nity An te nna Televisio n 共用天线电视C*** Con sta nt An gular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Can adia n Broadcasti ng Corporati on 力口拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasti ng System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concen tric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chi nese Character Gen erator 中文字幕发生器CCIR In ter nati onal Radio Con sultativeCommittee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT In ter nati onal Telegraph and Teleph oneCon sultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Cen tral Co ntrol Room 中心控制室CCTV Chi na Ce ntral Televisio n 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Televisio n 闭路电视CCS Cen ter Cen tral System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Con trol Un it 摄像机控制器CCW Cou nter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片CDA Curre nt Dumpi ng Amplifier 电流放大器CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc File Man ager 光盘文件管理（程序CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV Chi na Educatio nal Televisio n 中国教育电视台CF Color Frami ng 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形（显示卡CI Common In terface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形（显示卡CI Common In terface 通用接口CIE Chin ese In stitute of ElectronicsCII China Information Infrastructure础设施CIF Comm on In termediate FormatCIS Chin ese In dustrial Sta ndardCLV Con sta nt Lin ear Velocity 恒定线速度CM Colour Mon itor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem Termi nation System 线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CON Co nsole 操纵台Con troller 控制器CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasti ng （美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processi ng Un it 中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redu nda ncy Check 循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic Redu ndan cy Check Code 循环冗余校验码CROM Chi na Radio In ter natio nal 中国国际广播电台CRT Con trol Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Commu nication Satellite 通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Cen ter Storage Server 中央存储服务器Con te nt Scrambl ing System 内容加扰系统CSU Cha nnel Service Un it 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Co ntroller 盒式磁带控制器Cha nnel Traffic Con trol 通道通信量控制Cou nter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Cou nter Timer Con trol 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable Term in ation Equipme nt 线缆终端设备Customer Term inal Equipme nt 用户终端设备CTV Color Televisi on 彩色电视CVD Chi na Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcast ing 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Statio nary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Man ageme nt System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dyn amic Co ntrast Co ntrol 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Compo nent Tech nology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosi ne Tra nsform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Televisio n 数字彩色电视DD DirectDrive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital C on trol 直接数字控制DDE Dy namic Data Excha nge 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Mon itor 数据显示监视器DES Data Eleme ntary Stream 数据基本码流Data En cryption Sta ndard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersio n Flatte ned 色散平坦光纤DG Differe ntial Gai n 微分增益DI Digital In terface 数字接口DITEC Digital Televisio n Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dyn amic Lin ear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasti ng 数字多媒体广播DMC Dyn amic Motio n Co ntrol 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Masteri ng System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gatheri ng 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输岀总线DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service In terfaceSpecificatio ns 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compe nsati on 失落补偿DOS Disc Operat ing System 磁盘操作系统DP Differe ntial Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differe ntial Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasti ng 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Con trol 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surrou nd Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Dow n-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Sig nal Process ing 数字信号处理Digital Sou nd Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Tech ni que 数字技术Digital Televisio n 数字电视Data Term in al 数据终端Data Tran smissi on 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcast ing 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Televisio n Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Televisio n Sta ndard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcast ing 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compressio n 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Exte nsion Ampl ifier 延长放大器EB Electro n Beam 电子束EBS Emerge ncy Broadcast ing System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcast ing Un io n 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correctio n 误差校正ECN Emerge ncy Comm un icati ons Network 应急通信网络ECS European Comm un icatio n Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electro nic Data Excha nge 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decisi on List 编辑点清单EDTV Exte nded Defi niti on Televisi on 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14 调制EFP Electro nic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ether net Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivale nt m put Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electro nic In formation System 电子信息系统EISA Exte nded In dustrial Sta ndard Architecture扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Lum in esce nt 场致发光EM Error Mo nitori ng 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electro nic News Gatheri ng 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Poi nt 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electro nic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emerge ncy Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Eleme ntary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Age ncy 欧洲空间局ETV Educati on Televisio n 教育电视FA Enhan ced Televisio n 增强电视FABM FAS Facial An imatio n 面部动画FC Fiber Amp li fier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Freque ncy Chan ger 变频器FCC Fiber Cha nnel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal Comm un icatio ns Commissio n 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Freque ncy Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete Cos ine Tran sform 离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed Data In terface 分布式光纤数据接口Freque ncy-Divisi on Multiplexi ng 频分复用中国电子学会中国信息基通用中间格式中国工业标准。

《电⼦信息专业英语》课程期末考试卷（A卷）1 共2页第1页XXXX 职业技术学院20 19⾄2020学年第⼆学期考核试卷课程名称__电⼦信息专业英语___ 卷号 _A__ 课程考核类别：□考试□考查考核形式开卷笔试使⽤专业班级 XX 移动通信技术班出卷⼈ __XXX_______ 审卷⼈__XXX___ 考试时间__90___分钟⼀、Judge true and false according to technical knowledge.（每⼩题1分，共10分）1. Multimedia means many forms of communication such as audio and video.( )2. An embedded controller may lack any human-readable interface devicesat all. ( )3. There is no movement in the animation. ( )4. The microcontroller units use the embedded design and have higherintegration. ( )5. Before applying DSP, a digital signal must be converted into analog form.( )6. To avoid self-heating, the current through the RTD must be keptsufficiently low and constant. ( )7. The roles of the encoder and the demodulator are almost the same in thatboth prepare the signal appearing across its output terminals. ( )8. The Third Generation is the mobile multimedia based on CDMA technology.( )9. Insert an ammeter in the circuit to measure current. ( )10. View shortcut menus by left-clicking with the mouse. ( )⼆、Translate the following phrases and expressions.（每⼩题2分，共30分）(1)document (2)menu (3)version(4)integration (5)sideband (6)interference(7)transducer (8)detector (9)protocol(10)static graphic images (11) serial ports (12)read-only memory (13)an envelope detector(14)power amplifier (15)communication system三、Match Column A with Column B.（每⼩题2分，共10分）Column A Column B.（1）toolbar a. a device measure the temperature of environment base on the variation of resistance (2)DSP b. the medium used to transmit thesignal from the transmitter to the receiver (3)temperature sensing device c. common used computer commands chosen from the View/ menu, whichare displayed in tool buttons(4)amplification d. the processing of signals bydigital means(5)channel e. to compensate for the loss ofsignal power四、Choose the best answer.（每⼩题2分，共20分）1. The 555 integrated circuit is used for .A. timingB. filterC. amplifierD. instrument2. GPS determines by computing the difference between the time asignal is sent and the time it is received.A. distanceB. timeC. locationD. length3. Wireless communications means transmission of information by .A. optical fiberB. cableC. radioD. fixed telephone4. Resistance-Temperature Detector is a device which be used tomeasure .A. temperatureB. resistanceC.voltageD. current5. Digital television receiver covert the ananlog, or , electronictelevision signals received by an antenna into an electronic digital code.A. separateB. continuousC. slenderD.disperse6. The phrase ”volatile memory ” can be replace by .A. ROMB.RAMC. EEPROMD. EPROM7. A digital signal consits of a stresm of numbers, usually(but notnecessary) in form.专业班级_____________ 学号______________ 姓名________________装订线A. binaryB. decimalC. analogD. octal8. The radio receiver has the task of the imcoming modulated signal.A. amplifyingB. transmittingC. modulatingD. demodulating9. The chooses the best form for the signal in order to optimize its detection at the ouput.A. encoderB. decoderC. modulatorD. demodulator10. The value of one resitance is 2kΩ, another is 4kΩ, these two resistor are in parallel with eachother and in series with a battery of 12V. The current following through the resistor which resistance is 4kΩis .A. 9mAB. 6mAC. 3mAD. 2mA五、Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（每⼩题6分，共30分）1. Multimedia technology combines audio and visual material to enhance communication and enrich multimedia presentation.2. In addition to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller usually also integrates additional elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces.3. In a broadcasting system, irrespective of whether it is based on amplitude modulation or frequency modulation, the receiver not only has the task of demodulating the incoming modulated signal, but it is also required to perform some other system functions such as carrier-frequency tuning, filtering, amplification.4. Television is a system of sending and receiving pictures and sound by means of electronic signals transmitted through wires and optical fibers or by electromagnetic radiation.5. Multimedia services add high speed data transfer to mobile devices, allowing new video, audio and other applications through mobile phones —allowing music and television and the Internet to be accessed through a mobile terminal.1 共2页第1页。

南京岬电大学学披(自然科学版)Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition)Vol.40No.6 Dec.2020第40卷第6期2020年12月doi：10.14132/ki.1673-5439.2020.06.002NB-IoT中一种改进的DFT信道估计算法谭钦红，梁泽乾，于敏(重庆邮电大学通信与信息工程学院.重庆400065)摘要:在窄带物联网(Narrow Band Internet of Things,NB-loT)系统中，上行数据链路采用单载波频分多址(Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access,SC-FDMA),由于SC-FDMA固有的解码步骤会将估计误差扩展到所有的子载波上，因此对信道估计的误差更加敏感。

在传统基于阈值的离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)信道估计的基础上，利用NB-IoT的应用场景的低速性、准静态性，提出了一种基于双时隙的DFT信道估计算法。

该算法利用两时隙内的导频的线性组合进一步降低噪声的影响，在复杂度增加较小的情况下，提升了系统性能。

Matlab仿真结果表明，与基于阈值的DFT信道估计相比，在误比特率(Bit Error Ratio,BER)为1xl0〜时，文中算法相较基于阈值的DFT估计算法约有4dB的性能增益，具有一定的实用价值。

关键词：窄带物联网；信道估计；离散傅里叶变换中图分类号:TN929.5文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-5439(2020)06-0007-05An improved DFT channel estimation algorithm in NB-IoTTAN Qinhong,LIANG Zeqian,YU Min(College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering,Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing400065,China)Abstract:In the narrow band Internet of Things(NB-IoT)system,since the uplink uses single-carrier frequency・division multiple access(SC-FDMA),its decoding step will extend the estimation error to all subcarriers,thus it is more sensitive to the channel estimation error.Based on the traditional threshold­based discrete Fourier transform(DFT)channel estimation,an improved DFT channel estimation is pro­posed using the low speed and quasi-static nature of NB-IoT application scenarios.The algorithm uses the linear combination of the pilots in the two slots to further reduce the impact of noise,and improves the sys・tem performance in a lower complexity extent.The Matlab simulation demonstrates that the algorithm can improve the bit error ratio(BER)performance about 4dB compared with the threshold-based DFT estima­tion algorithm when BER=103,thus the algorithm has a certain practical value.Keywords:narrow band Internet of Things(NB-IoT)；channel estimation；discrete Fourier transform窄带物联网(Narrow Band Internet of Things, NB-I()T)是低功耗广域网(Low-Power Wide-Area Net-work,LPWAN)技术之一，是物联网的一个重要分支⑴，支持低功耗设备在LPWAN的蜂窝数据连接。

G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O NIon Xe 20 provides complete control of conventional and moving lights, LEDs and media servers. It supports multiple users with partitioned parameter control and full backup, multiple playback faders and cue lists in a tracking, move-fade environment. The desk includes backlit buttons and 20 45mm non-motorized faders with associated displays.FEATURES• 2,048 or 12,288 outputs• 32,768 control channels (any number from 1 - 99,999)• Up to 99 discrete users• Partitioned control• Master playback pair with 100mm faders• 20 45mm faders x 100 pages for configurable faders,submasters, masters and grandmaster control with twoassociated high-contrast monochrome LCD displays• User-definable direct selects• Four discrete palette types (IFCB)• Presets function as “all palette”• E ffects provide dynamic relational and absolute progressivebehavior• C entral information area (CIA) accesses the browser andother controls• F our pageable encoders for non-intensity parameter control• C onfigurable high-density channel display, with format andflexi-channel modes• U p to six abstract color spaces, tinting, spectrum and fadepath tools.• User configurable, interactive Magic Sheets• E TCNet2™ and Net3™ (powered by ACN), ArtNet and Avab®UDP network output protocols• S how import from Obsession, Express™, Expression®,Emphasis®, Congo®, Cobalt®, Grand MA1, Grand MA2, Safariand Strand 500/300 Series• T wo individually configurable Ethernet ports• M ultiple MIDI and/or SMPTE TimeCode Inputs, Analog/SerialInputs, OSC transmit/recieve• V irtual Media Server function for pixel mapped effects,images, animations• S upport for multiple languages, including English, German,Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian andChinese (Simplified and Traditional)O R D E R I N G I N F O R M A T I O NIon Xe 20MODEL DESCRIPTIONIon Xe 20 - 2K Ion Xe 20, 2,048 outputs (minimum)Ion Xe 20 - 12K Ion Xe 20, 12,288 outputs (maximum)Ion Xe RPU - 2K Ion Xe Remote Processor, 2,048 outputsIon Xe RPU - 12K Ion Xe Remote Processor, 12,288 outputs Ion Xe 10K After-sale 10K upgradeETCnomad 512Client for Mac/PCO utput protocols are distributed using ETCNet2 DMX Nodes or Net3 DMX/RDM Gateways. I/O Gateways and Show Control Gateways provide switch closure functionality, MIDI and SMPTE TimeCode.Ion Xe 20 AccessoriesMODEL DESCRIPTIONEos MFW 10Eos Motorized Fader Wing 10Eos MFW 20Eos Motorized Fader Wing 20Eos FW 20Eos Standard Fader Wing 20Eos FW 40Eos Standard Fader Wing 40Net3 RVI3Net3 Remote Video InterfaceETCpad ETC Portable Access DeviceIon Xe - FC Ion Xe FlightcaseEos Family Offline Editor software for Mac and PC platforms is called ETCnomad and is available for download from Ion Xe 20 requires Windows 7 compatible external monitors,1280x1024 minimum resolution, standard, touch or multi-touch SHIPS WITH:• Dust cover• One Littlite• Mouse and mousepad• External alphanumeric keyboard• Two active display-port to DVI adapters•One locking IEC power cordS P E C I F I C A T I O N SSYSTEM CAPACITY• 2,048 or 12,288 Outputs• 32,768 Control Channels (devices)• 10,000 Cues• 999 Cue Lists• 200 Active Playbacks• 999 Submasters• 100 Fader Pages• 4 x 1,000 Palettes (Intensity, Focus, Color, Beam)• 1,000 Presets (all palette)• 1,000 Groups• 1,000 Effects (relative, absolute or step)• 99,999 Macros• 1,000 Snapshots• 1,000 Curves• 1,000 Color Paths• S upports two external display-port monitors at 1280x1024minimum resolution, with optional touch or multi-touchcontrol• Solid-state hard drive• Five USB ports for flashdrives, pointing devices, keyboards DISPLAY FUNCTIONS• A ll show data may be viewed on a single external monitor.External views may be posted separately or expanded acrossa maximum of two monitors. Three user-configurableworkspaces per display, with split-screen/sizing controls.• The Central Information Area accesses:-Browser-File Management-System Defaults-Show Defaults-Desk Defaults-Partition Definitions-Network Configuration-Show Data Utilities-Print to PDF-Record Target Lists-Patch functions-Help-Electronic alpha-numeric keyboard-Command Line-Selected Cue-Error messages-Context-Sensitive Control-Parameter Categories and individual parameters-Filters• Channel Displays-Live channel or table view-B lind cue, palette, preset and group views, in list, channel,table and spreadsheet formats-U ser-configurable to show required parameters and/orparameter categories (IFCB)-Flexi-channel to determine which channels to display-Zoom allows user to define how many channels are viewed-Color-coded intensity levels indicate direction of move S P E C I F I C A T I O N S-C olor-coded non-intensity levels indicate change fromprevious state-G raphic differentiation of moving lights, single parameterdevices and unpatched channels• Magic Sheets-User-defined interactive display layouts-O bjects and images may be imported• Patch Views-Patch by channel-Patch by address-Patch by Device List (RDM)-A ssign proportional patch value, curve and, preheat valuefor intensity-Swap pan and tilt-Invert pan and tilt-Custom fixture editor-User configurable shutter order• Playback Status Display-Accesses status of 100 fader pages-E xpanded cue list for selected cue, optional dynamiccountdown of active cues• Cue List Index• Effect Editor• Group Editor• Park Display• Dimmer Monitoring• Submaster List• Fader Config DisplayPLAYBACK CONTROLS• M aster Playback crossfade pair with two 100mmpotentiometers, Go, Stop/Back and Load• 50 pages of 20 45mm faders, each configurable as:-IFCB Palette/Preset Lists or single instances-Cue Playback, with user-configurable button/slider behavior-Grand Master with Blackout-A dditive or Inhibitive Submaster, with user-configurablebutton/slider behavior-Filtered Manual Timing Master• Rate Controller• Playback fader controls include:-Load to assign cue lists-Timing Disable-Off/On-Release-Freeze-Assert-Manual Override-Rate-Go To Cue 0-Spread-Background Enable/Disable-10 Priority States-10 Background Priority States-Parameter and channel filters• Macros-May be set to play background or foreground-Startup and Shutdown Macros-Disconnect MacrosS P E C I F I C A T I O N SMANUAL CONTROL• C hannel selection from keypad and/or multi-touchdirect selects• Lists constructed with +, -, thru• I ntensity set with level wheel, keypad, level button, fulland out• Select Last recalls last sequential channel selection set• Select Manual selects all channels with manual values• Select Active selects all channels with intensity above zero• Ordered groups• Offset; including even, odd, random and reverse• Fan• Sneak• User-definable home• H ome by parameter, parameter category or all non-intensityparameters• Capture• Park at level• Scaled park for temporary percentage adjustment• Recall-from and Copy-to commands• A bout provides detailed view of selected channels orrecord targets• Undo• Highlight and Lowlight, with optional user-definable Rem Dim • L amp controls to strike and douse arc sources,calibrate devicesPROGRAMMING FEATURES• Channel Functions-N on-intensity parameters set via numeric entry orpageable encoders-Encoders support software-controlled tactile response-Local display of color and gobo images-C olor matching to gel selector-Color Path, color tinting and color spectrum tools.-Apply discrete time and delay per channel parameter• Palette and Preset Functions-Record and Update-Toggle display to absolute data-U p to 999 decimal values may be inserted between anytwo whole numbers• Effects-Create live or blind-Pattern-based relative dynamic effects-Absolute effects-Step effects-Channel level overrides-Cue level overrides-Entry mode determines how parameters enter effects-Exit mode determines how parameters depart effects• Cue Recording-Cue List HTP/LTP Intensity-Cue List Priority and Background Priority-Cue List Assert-Fader as progress controller, manual or intensity master-Record manual values or channels in use-Auto playback of recorded cues-Referenced or auto-mark instructions-Block at cue or parameter level-Assert at cue or parameter level-All-fade flag S P E C I F I C A T I O N S-Follow or hang times-Out of sequence link-Loop functions-Cue level parameter category timing-20-part multi-part cues-Cue-level rate override-M ark flags for Auto or Referenced and Referenced PriorityMarks-U p to 999 decimal cues between each twowhole-numbered cues-Execute List·Triggers snapshot·Triggers macros·Triggers go of other cues·Syncs go to multiple cue lists·Show-control triggers·Analog triggers-Update and Update Trace functions-Undo record and delete• Submaster Recording and Playback-999 additive or inhibitive submasters-Bump button timing for fade up/dwell/fade out-Assert/Channel select button-Exclusive or Shielded Mode-Background enable/disable-Restore to background or minimum value-LTP/HTP intensity-Fader as progress controller or intensity master-Bump button to mark NPs-Priority and Background Priority status-M otorized faders match level across all devices andwhen paging-Submaster mapping on the fly• Curves-Assignable in patch to modify dimmer output ramp-A ssignable at cue or cue part level to modify intensitycrossfade profile or non-intensity parameter ramping INTERFACES• T wo individually configurable ethernet ports• E TCNet2, Net3 (powered by ACN), ArtNet and Avab UDPoutput protocols• Four DMX/RDM ports• Contact-closure triggers via D-Sub connector• T wo video connectors support display-port external displays(1280x1024) with optional single-touch or multi-touch screencontrol• USB multipurpose (five ports)• OSC Transmit/Receive• UDP Transmit/Receive• MIDI TimeCode, MIDI Show Control through Gateway• SMPTE TimeCode through Gateway• C ontact closure (12 analog inputs, 12 SPDT contact outputs,RS-232) through GatewayELECTRICAL• AC input (100 - 240V at 50/60 Hz)• P ower consumption (less external monitors) approximately 1amp at 120V or 230/240VP H Y S I C A LIon Xe 20 Dimensions*MODEL HEIGHT WIDTH DEPTHinches mm inches mm inches mm Ion Xe 20 4.1010429.3074414.24362 Ion Xe 20in shippingcontainer7.7519736.5092718.50470Ion Xe 20 in roadcase 8.3421245.121,14619.45494Ion Xe 20 Weights*MODEL WEIGHTlbs kgsIon Xe 20 console16.67.35Ion Xe 20 in shipping container22.59.98Ion Xe 20 in roadcase46.7TBD*Weight and dimensions typicalCorporate Headquarters 3031 Pleasant View Rd, PO Box 620979, Middleton WI 53562 0979 USA +1 608 831 4116London, UK Unit 26-28, Victoria Industrial Estate, Victoria Road, London W3 6UU, UK +44 (0) 20 8896 1000Rome, IT Via Pieve Torina, 48, 00156 Rome, Italy +39 (06) 32 111 683Holzkirchen, DE Ohmstrasse 3, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany +49 (80 24) 47 00-0Hong Kong Room 1801, 18/F, Tower 1 Phase 1, Enterprise Square, 9 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong +852 2799 1220Web Copyright©2018 ETC. All Rights Reserved. All product information and specifications subject to change. 4311L1002 Rev C 02/18。

第七章列联表分析7.1 列联表(Crosst‎a bs)分析的过程7.2 列联表的实例‎分析7.1 列联表 (Crosst‎a bs) 分析的过程列联表分析的‎过程是对两个‎变量之间关系‎的分析方法。

被分析的变量‎可以是定类变‎量也可以是定‎序变量。

系统是通过生‎成列联表对两‎个变量进行列‎联表分析的。

列联表分析的‎功能可以通过‎下述操作来实‎现。

图7-1 列联表分析对‎话框1．打开列联表分‎析对话框执行下述操作‎：Analyz‎e→Descri‎p tive→Crosst‎a bs 打开Cros‎s tabs 对话框如图7‎-1 所示。

2．确定列联分析‎的变量从左侧的源变‎量窗口中选择‎两个定类变量‎或定序变量分‎别进入Row‎(s)（行）窗口和Col‎u mn(s)（列）窗口。

进入Row(s)窗口的变量的‎取值将作为行‎的标志输出，而进入Col‎u mn(s)窗口的变量的‎取值将作为列‎的标志输出。

Displa‎y cluste‎r ed bar charts‎是在输出结果‎中显示聚类条‎图。

Suppre‎s s table 是隐藏表格，如果选择此项‎，将不输出R×C 列联表。

3．选择统计分析‎内容单击stat‎i stics‎按钮，打开stat‎i stics‎对话框，如图7-2 所示。

图7-2stati‎s tics 对话框下面介绍该对‎话框中的选项‎和选项栏的内‎容：(1)Chi-square‎是卡方（X2）值选项,用以检验行变‎量和列变量之‎间是否独立。

适用于定类变‎量和定序变量‎。

(2)Correl‎a tions‎是皮尔逊（Pearso‎n）相关系数r 的选项。

用以测量变量‎之间的线性相‎关。

适用于定序或‎数值变量（定距以上变量‎）。

(3）Nomina‎l是定类变量选‎项栏。

选项栏中的各‎项是当分析的‎两个变量都为‎定类变量时可‎以选择的参数‎。

1)Contin‎g ency coeffi‎c ient：列联相关的C‎系数，由卡方系数修‎正而得。

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2021.06.013引用格式:蒋平,谢跃雷.一种民用小型无人机的射频指纹识别方法[J].电讯技术,2021,61(6):737-743.[JIANG Ping,XIE Yuelei.A radio fre-quency fingerprint identification method for civil small UAVs[J].Telecommunication Engineering,2021,61(6):737-743.]一种民用小型无人机的射频指纹识别方法∗蒋㊀平∗∗,谢跃雷(桂林电子科技大学宽带与智能信息技术中心,广西桂林541004)摘㊀要:随着民用无人机的普及,无人机 黑飞 事件频频发生,给公共安全带来极大隐患㊂为了实现对 黑飞 无人机的有效监管,通过提取遥控信号指纹特征对无人机识别是一种有效的方法㊂基于民用小型无人机遥控信号通常采用跳频通信这一特性,通过分形贝叶斯变点检测算法对实测无人机遥控信号的瞬态起始点进行检测,并提取信号瞬态部分所含有的指纹特征,由主成分分析法进行特征降维,最后采用多分类支持向量算法对该信号进行分类及识别㊂实验结果表明,采用射频指纹法能够完成无人机型号的区分以及同一型号无人机的区分㊂关键词:民用小型无人机;射频指纹;遥控信号;分类识别;分形贝叶斯变点检测开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):微信扫描二维码听独家语音释文与作者在线交流享本刊专属服务中图分类号:TN971㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1001-893X(2021)06-0737-07A Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Methodfor Civil Small UAVsJIANG Ping,XIE Yuelei(Research Center for Wideband and Intelligence Information Technology,Guilin University of Electronic Technology,Guilin541004,China) Abstract:With the popularization of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),the illegal incident of UAV hap-pens frequently,which brings a significant threat to public security.In order to achieve effective supervision for illegal UAV,it is an effective method to extract fingerprint features of remote control signals for UAV i-dentification.Based on the characteristic that frequency hopping communication is usually used in the re-mote control signal of civil small UAV,this paper uses fractal Bayesian change point detection algorithm to detect the transient starting point of the measured UAV remote control signal,and extracts the fingerprint features contained in the transient part of the signal.The feature dimension is reduced by principal compo-nent analysis(PCA).Finally,the multi-classification support vector machine(SVM)algorithm is used to classify the signal.The experimental results show that the radio frequency distinct native attribute(RF-DNA)method can be used to distinguish the UAV model and even the same type UAV.Key words:civil small UAV;RF-DNA;remote control signal;classification and recognition;fractal Bayes-ian change point detection0㊀引㊀言随着民用小型无人机技术的高速发展,因操作人员缺乏安全意识,无人机侵入机场㊁军事基地㊁重要会场的违法事件屡有发生,给国家和社会带来了㊃737㊃第61卷第6期2021年6月电讯技术Telecommunication Engineering Vol.61,No.6 June,2021∗∗∗收稿日期:2020-07-07;修回日期:2020-08-03基金项目:广西科技重大专项(桂科AA17202022);认知无线电与信息处理教育部重点实验室主任基金项目(CRKL180105);广西研究生教育创新计划项目(2020YCXS021);桂林电子科技大学研究生优秀学位论文培育项目资助(18YJPYSS07)通信作者:879702235@严重的安全隐患[1]㊂因此,加强对无人机的管控势在必行,而如何探测和发现无人机则是实现管控的第一步[2-4]㊂探测和识别无人机的射频信号,是发现无人机的一种有效方法[5-7]㊂民用小型无人机的射频信号可分为遥控信号及图传信号,遥控信号用于无人机控制,通常采用跳频方式的扩频通信信号,而无人机图传信号则用于空中拍摄视频的传输,通常采用正交频分复用技术(Orthogonal Frequency Division Mul-tiplexing,OFDM)的调制信号㊂许多学者通过无人机遥控信号对无人机进行检测及识别,其中文献[5]给出了一种基于无线电信号特征识别的无人机监测算法设计,从跳频信号及图传信号方面对无人机进行探测,但未给出具体算法分析及更近一步的实现原理;文献[6]提出基于软件无线电平台的无人机入侵检测,通过无人机跳频信号特征对无人机进行检测与识别,能在15m内检测无人机的存在,但该方法无法完成对无人机具体型号的区分;文献[7]采用对跳频信号进行图像分类的方式完成无人机信号的检测与识别,并取得了较好的识别效果,但跳频信号易受噪声淹没造成信号丢失,导致其不能较好地进行参数估计,从而无法有效区分无人机型号,并且该方法不能区分个体㊂针对以上检测及识别所存在的缺陷,本文采用射频指纹提取法(Radio Frequency Distinct Native At-tribute,RF-DNA)[8-9]对遥控信号进行检测及识别㊂首先零中频接收机对无人机遥控信号进行侦收,随后检测遥控信号瞬态部分起始点并进行统计特征提取,构造RF-DNA指纹特征并对其进行特征降维,最后由多支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)分类器对无人机型号以及同一型号的个体进行区分㊂1　无人机遥控信号模型对于无人机的检测与识别,需从信号方面进行分析㊂民用无人机遥控信号通常采用跳频方式进行扩频通信[10-11],因此遥控信号即为用于无人机控制的跳频信号㊂跳频信号因其具有较好的抗干扰能力,广泛用于通信对抗方面,而民用无人机的控制也在其列㊂信息数据m(t)通过信号调制器得到d(t),发射的跳频信号为S(t)=d(t)S FH(t)㊂(1)式中:S FH(t)是跳频信号,表达式为S FH(t)=AðN-1k=0w T(t-kT h)cos[2πf k(t-kT h)+φn]㊂(2)式中:N为频点个数;A为振幅;w T为宽度为T h的矩形窗,T h为跳频信号的跳频周期;f0,f1,f2, ,f k为调频频率集;φn为初始相位,n=0,1,2, ,N-1㊂实测无人机遥控信号离散数据由Cool Edit Pro 软件打开,如图1所示㊂图1㊀无人机遥控信号瞬态及稳态图㊃837㊃电讯技术㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年㊀㊀从图1可知,不同厂商无人机机型具有不同瞬态部分,但同一无人机型号的瞬态部分不易区分㊂本文主要基于民用无人机遥控信号瞬态部分进行研究㊂对于无人遥控信号瞬态部分,因无人机发射设备硬件特性不同,导致瞬态部分出现细微差异,这些差异主要由无人机发射设备系统中的分立器件㊁信号混频器㊁功率放大器㊁数模转换器㊁滤波器㊁锁相环等多种硬件设备产生㊂瞬态部分不携带数据信息,只与硬件设备本身的特性有关,具有唯一性,所以常对瞬态部分进行分析㊂瞬态部分存在于信号功率由零变为额定功率之间,所以一般存在发射设备开关机时刻㊂因此采集发射设备的瞬态部分具有一定难度,尤其体现在硬件接收设备[12]㊂由于无人机遥控信号采用跳频通信方式,在操控无人机期间,信号会不停经历由功率零到额定功率的变化过程,所以采用RF -DNA 方法对无人机遥控信号进行检测及识别是一个有效的方法㊂2㊀基于RF -DNA 的无人机识别2.1㊀RF -DNA 特征提取RF -DNA 方法是近年来较为关注方法之一,最早由美国空军技术学院Temple 等人提出㊂该方法是一种采用统计方法生成射频指纹(Radio Frequen-cy Fingerprinting,RFF)特征的计算框架,可分成瞬态信号子区域划分㊁瞬态信号基础特征生成和瞬态信号统计特征生成㊂对于该算法,对其分步骤描述㊂Step 1㊀对接收信号X (n )进行希尔伯特变换,得其解析式:X (n )=I (n )+j Q (n )㊂(3)式中:I (n )㊁Q (n )为正交信号㊂Step 2㊀求信号瞬时幅度a (n )㊁瞬时相位p (n )和瞬时频率f (n ):a (n )=I (n )2+Q (n )2,(4)p (n )=arctan Q (n )I (n )éëêêùûúú,(5)f (n )=12πp (n )-p (n -1)Δn㊂(6)Step 3㊀为了消除零中频接收机偏差对瞬时信号影响,对瞬时信号进行中心化处理:a c (n )=a (n )-u a ,(7)f c (n )=f (n )-u f ㊂(8)对于瞬时相位,需在中心化处理之前对瞬时相位中的非线性分量进行逐个滤除,以保证特征提取质量:p nl =p (n )-2πu f (n )Δt ,(9)p c (n )=p nl (n )-u p nl ㊂(10)式中:u a ㊁u f 表示瞬时幅度与瞬时频率的均值,Δt 表示采样时间间隔,u p nl 为消除非线性分量后瞬时相位平均值,p nl 表示非线性相位响应,a c (n )㊁f c (n )㊁p c (n )分别为中心化处理后的瞬时幅度㊁瞬时频率㊁瞬时相位值㊂Step 4㊀将以上所求三个瞬时特征a c (n )㊁f c (n )㊁p c (n )进行分区,并对其求特征值㊂这里特征值有两种方式,第一种为求三个时域瞬时信号的方差㊁偏度和峰度,第二种为求三个时域瞬时信号的标准差㊁方差㊁偏度和峰度㊂标准差:σ=1N x ðN xn =1(x c (n )-u )2㊂(11)方差:σ2=1N x ðN xn =1(x c (n )-u )2㊂(12)偏度:r =1N x σ3ðN xn =1(x c (n )-u )3㊂(13)峰度:k =1N x σ4ðN xn =1(x c (n )-u )4㊂(14)式中:N x 表示中心化数据x c (n )的长度,u 表示x c (n )的均值㊂Step 5㊀求其特征向量,因其具有三种特征,方法一为标准RF -DNA 法,只求方差㊁偏度㊁峰度,则特征具有3ˑ3维,而方法二添加标准差这一特征,则特征具有3ˑ4维㊂每一架无人机的每一个跳频信号瞬时幅度㊁瞬时频率㊁瞬时相位特征所求标准差㊁方差㊁偏度㊁峰度的集如下:F a =[σσ2r k ]a ,(15)F p =σσ2r k []p ,(16)F f =σσ2r k []f ,(17)㊃937㊃第61卷蒋平,谢跃雷:一种民用小型无人机的射频指纹识别方法第6期F i=[F a F p F f]㊂(18)式中:F i为每一架无人机每一跳信号的特征集合㊂一架无人机所有跳频信号瞬态特征集如下:F R=F1,F2,F3, ,F N[]㊂(19)式中:N为每一架无人机跳频信号总共个数㊂所有无人机的无人机跳频信号瞬态特征集合表达式如下:F C=F R1,F R2,F R3, ,F Rj[]㊂(20)式中:j为无人机个数㊂取一组各个无人机瞬时幅度的标准差㊁方差㊁峰度㊁偏度特征进行特征统计,统计值如表1所示㊂表1㊀遥控信号瞬时幅度统计特征表特征标准差方差偏度峰度大疆精灵4pro1号8.611274.15310.0282 1.8725大疆精灵4pro2号7.633258.2650-0.6562 2.2574司马航模x8hw404.37152 1.6379ˑ105-0.2373 2.1364HM 6.021632.2594-7.231976.5866大疆悟252.0166 2.7057ˑ103 1.3153 3.8405司马航模x25pro233.0327 5.4304ˑ104-0.3815 1.6164 2.2㊀识别算法本文主要目的是从信号角度对无人机进行识别,其中识别的具体步骤如下:Step1㊀采集无人机实测数据㊂Step2㊀采用分形贝叶斯变点检测算法对无人机遥控信号瞬态部分进行提取㊂Step3㊀采用RF-DNA统计特征法进行特征提取,提取采用两种方式,第一种含有标准差,第二种不含有标准差㊂Step4㊀对Step3所提取的特征集采用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)算法进行特征降维,特征降维可将维数降维为二维㊁三维㊁四维等,不同维数对识别率有一定影响㊂Step5㊀通过SVM[13]分类器对降维后的数据进行分类识别㊂这里分类器采用Libsvm进行分类,该分类器具有多分类特点,采用的是一对一法完成多分类操作㊂3㊀实验分析本次实验主要采用自制硬件设备对大疆精灵4pro1号及2号㊁司马航模x8hw㊁HM㊁大疆悟2㊁司马航模x25pro无人机信号进行采集,完成相应信号预处理及分类识别,采集系统如图2所示㊂图2㊀无人机遥控信号采集系统实物图通过对5架无人机共225组信号数据段进行实验,其中每个无人机训练数据30组,测试数据15组㊂实验中,因含有三个瞬时特征且每一瞬时特征含有多种特征信息,且含有标准差的特征维数为12维,不含有标准差的为9维㊂采用PCA算法将特征集降维到二维㊁三维,其中二维散点图坐标轴F1㊁F2分别代表二维中维数特征,三维散点图中坐标轴F1㊁F2㊁F3分别代表三维中维数的特征㊂实验1:采用不含有标准差㊁特征降维维数为二维的方式进行分类识别,实测数据二维散点图如图3所示㊂图3㊀无人机遥控信号不含标准差二维特征散点图㊃047㊃电讯技术㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年该图共10类散点数据,主要是5类无人机训练数据和5类无人机测试数据,不同颜色及形状表示不同无人机㊂无人机训练数据用于建立数据单元库,无人机测试数据用于测试无人机识别率㊂从图中可知,不同无人机训练数据散点图分布区域不同,测试数据同样,但部分测试数据存在于其他组训练数据中,故该部分数据为错误识别组㊂无人机遥控信号不含标准差且二维特征识别率表如表2所示,其中无人机总识别率为80%㊂表2㊀无人机遥控信号不含标准差二维特征识别率无人机型号无人机识别率/%无人机总识别率/%大疆精灵4pro 80.000司马航模x8hw 73.333HM100.000大疆悟2无人机73.333司马航模x25pro73.33380实验2:采用不含标准差且特征维数为三维的方式进行分类识别,其散点图㊁识别率如图4及表3所示㊂图4㊀无人机遥控信号不含标准差三维特征散点图表3㊀无人机遥控信号不含标准差三维特征识别率无人机型号无人机识别率/%无人机总识别率/%大疆精灵4pro 100.000司马航模x8hw 86.666HM93.333大疆悟2无人机100.000司马航模x25pro93.33394.666通过图4及表3可知,相对于二维而言,在同样不含有标准差时,三维识别效果更佳,识别率达到94.666%㊂实验3:采用标准差且特征降维维数为二维的方式进行分类识别,其散点图及识别率如图5及表4所示㊂从图和表可知,相对于不含有标准差的二维散点图,含有标准差性能更好,且识别率达到97.333%㊂图5㊀无人机遥控信号含标准差二维特征散点图表4㊀无人机遥控信号含标准差二维特征识别率无人机型号无人机识别率/%无人机总识别率/%大疆精灵4pro 93.333司马航模x8hw100.000HM 100.000大疆悟2无人机100.000司马航模x25pro93.33397.333实验4:采用标准差,特征降维维数为三维方式进行分类识别,散点图及识别率如图6和表5所示,其中含有标准差且三维特征时,其识别率与二维特征相同㊂图6㊀无人机遥控信号含标准差三维特征散点图表5㊀无人机遥控信号含标准差三维特征识别率无人机型号无人机识别率/%无人机总识别率/%大疆精灵4pro 93.333司马航模x8hw 100.000HM100.000大疆悟2无人机100.000司马航模x25pro93.33397.333为更进一步测试识别性能,在实测数据中叠加㊃147㊃第61卷蒋平,谢跃雷:一种民用小型无人机的射频指纹识别方法第6期高斯白噪声,具体方法及步骤如下:Step 1㊀对实测训练数据建立数据单元库及训练数据特征集㊂Step 2㊀对实测测试数据叠加高斯白噪声㊂Step 3㊀通过分形贝叶斯变点检测㊁RF -DNA 统计特征提取已加高斯白噪声后数据特征集㊂Step 4㊀Step 3中已加高斯白噪声后数据特征集与Step 1中训练数据特征集进行均值中心化,产生新特征集,取新特征集中已加高斯白噪声部分特征数据组作为测试特征集㊂Step 5㊀对Step 4所得测试特征集进行PCA 降维,其中为验证维数影响,选择一维㊁二维㊁三维㊁四维作为测试变量㊂Step 6㊀采用SVM 多分类器进行分类,绘出两种识别率曲线图,一种为含有标准差二维特征㊁含有标准差三维特征㊁不含有标准差二维特征㊁不含有标准差三维特征在不同信噪比下识别率对比图,命名为无人机遥控信号不同标准差及不同维数特征识别率图;另一种为含有标准差下一维㊁二维㊁三维㊁四维特征在不同信噪比的识别率对比图,命名为无人机遥控信号含有标准差下不同维数特征识别率图㊂图7为无人机遥控信号不同标准差及不同维数特征识别率图㊂从图中可知,含有标准差识别率优于不含标准差识别率,且三维总体高于二维㊂含有标准差时,信噪比大于15dB 时,其二维及三维识别率大于70%,而不含有标准差时,信噪比大于20dB时,其识别率大于70%㊂总体而言,随着高斯白噪声的增加,识别率逐渐下降,但因对其中心化处理㊁散点图较为集中等原因,其识别率在低于40%以下呈现低识别率随机起伏等混乱状态㊂图7㊀无人机遥控信号不同标准差及不同维数特征识别率图图8是在不同信噪比且含有标准差这一特征下不同维数识别率,总体来说,四维优于三维,三维优于二维及一维㊂在信噪比小于-5dB 时,各维识别率皆低于60%;在信噪比大于20dB 时,各维数识别率且大于90%,且四维最高㊂从识别曲线总体来看,维数越高其识别率更高㊂图8㊀无人机遥控信号含有标准差下不同维数特征识别率图通过以上四个实验得出采用RF -DNA 法对实测无人机遥控信号可以完成其型号的区分,其中三维识别率最高,为97.33%㊂为了更好地验证射频指纹方法的优点,取同一型号的两架大疆精灵4pro 无人机进行个体区分实验,并得出散点图及不同维数识别曲线图㊂由图9(a)可知,同一型号无人机散点图较为紧密,区分难度较大,对分类器有一定要求㊂由图9(b)可知,一维与二维曲线相同,但整体维数对识别率无较大影响,主要受分析数量所限从而无法凸显维数优势㊂总体来说随着信噪比增加,识别率逐渐升高,当信噪比在17dB 以上时各维数识别率达到80%,因此可证明射频指纹识别法可对无人机个体进行区分㊂(a)同一型号无人机遥控信号二维散点图(b)同一型号无人机遥控信号含有标准差下不同维数特征识别率图图9㊀同一型号无人机遥控信号散点图及识别率图㊃247㊃ 电讯技术㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年4　结束语本文针对无人机 黑飞 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