Directed Technical Change

Success is a concept that has been defined in various ways by different individuals. However,the common thread that weaves through all these definitions is the idea of achieving ones goals and realizing ones potential.Here are some key steps and considerations to keep in mind when crafting an English essay on how to achieve success:1.Set Clear Goals:The first step towards success is to have a clear understanding of what you want to achieve.This involves setting specific,measurable,achievable,relevant,and timebound SMART goals.2.Develop a Plan:Once you have your goals,you need a plan to achieve them.This plan should outline the steps you need to take,the resources you need,and the timeline for achieving your objectives.3.Embrace Education:Continuous learning is crucial for success.Whether its formal education or selfdirected learning,acquiring knowledge and skills relevant to your goals is essential.4.Practice Persistence:Success often requires overcoming obstacles and setbacks. Persistence is the ability to keep going despite these challenges.Its about resilience and the willingness to learn from failures.5.Hone Your Skills:Developing a set of skills that are relevant to your goals is important. This could be technical skills,soft skills like communication and leadership,or a combination of both.work:Building a network of contacts can open doors to opportunities that you might not have access to working involves meeting new people, maintaining relationships,and being open to collaboration.7.Stay Adaptable:The world is constantly changing,and so are the paths to success. Being adaptable means being able to adjust your plans and strategies as circumstances change.8.Maintain a Positive Attitude:A positive outlook can help you stay motivated and focused on your goals.It also makes you more resilient in the face of adversity.9.Take Care of Your Health:Physical and mental health are foundational to achieving success.Regular exercise,a balanced diet,and adequate rest are essential for maintaining the energy and focus needed to pursue your goals.10.Give Back:Success can be more fulfilling when its shared.Contributing to your community or helping others achieve their goals can be a rewarding part of your own journey.11.Reflect and Adjust:Regularly reflecting on your progress and adjusting your strategies as needed is a sign of a successful person.Its important to be selfaware and open to feedback.12.Celebrate Milestones:Recognizing and celebrating your achievements,no matter how small,can boost your confidence and motivate you to continue working towards your larger goals.In your essay,you can explore these themes in more depth,providing examples and personal anecdotes to illustrate how these principles can be applied in real life. Remember to use a clear structure,with an introduction that outlines your thesis,a body that discusses each point in detail,and a conclusion that summarizes your main arguments and leaves the reader with a final thought on the topic of success.。

中国高技能-低技能劳动的技术进步偏向性及其估算潘文卿;吴天颖;马瑄忆【摘要】利用世界投入产出数据库(WIOD)中的中国分行业高、低技能劳动数据,推算了1995-2009年中国高、低技能劳动力的劳动投入和劳动报酬,并基于该数据测算了中国省域层面的高技能-低技能劳动技术进步偏向性.结果表明:中国所有省区的技术进步在大多数年份是偏向于高技能劳动的.%Based on the data of World Input and Output Database about high-skill and low-skill labor,this paper computes the data about labor input and reward of high skill and low skill labor of China in 1995-2009.Based on this data,it measures 30 Chinese provincial skill-based directions of technical change in 1996-2009,and finds that the technical change in China is high-skill directed.【期刊名称】《技术经济》【年(卷),期】2017(036)002【总页数】9页(P100-108)【关键词】劳动投入;劳动报酬;技术进步偏向性【作者】潘文卿;吴天颖;马瑄忆【作者单位】清华大学经济管理学院,北京 100084;清华大学经济管理学院,北京100084;华南理工大学经济与贸易学院,广州 510006【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F015通过理论研究和基于各国数据的实证研究，人们发现一个事实——技术进步具有偏向性。

Hicks早在1932年就讨论了技术进步的偏向性，并将技术进步分为劳动节约型、资本节约型和中性型，认为生产要素的相对价格的变化是推动相应要素生产技术变动的原因，技术创新倾向于节约变得昂贵的生产要素。

中国工业行业创新技术进步偏向的适宜性研究李士梅;李安【摘要】技术进步的偏向方向和要素禀赋结构的错位会导致生产要素配置的错位,降低生产要素的投入效率,这是出现产能过剩的重要原因,并直接影响着工业结构的调整和竞争力的培育.文章基于超越对数生产函数的方法,选取2006-2016年中国工业行业创新要素的投入产出数据,重点探讨创新技术进步偏向的问题.研究结果表明:中国工业行业创新资本投入的产出弹性呈现下降的趋势,创新人员的产出弹性呈现上升的趋势,创新人员近年来对创新产出的贡献程度逐步增强.在创新技术进步方向的选择上,中国各个工业行业创新技术进步的偏向方向和程度有所差别,并存在部分行业创新技术进步方向的选择与要素禀赋结构相失衡的情况.因此,结合工业行业自身要素禀赋结构选择相适宜的技术进步,对中国工业行业创新驱动结构转型升级至关重要.【期刊名称】《求是学刊》【年(卷),期】2019(046)004【总页数】9页(P45-53)【关键词】创新技术进步偏向;适宜性;工业结构调整;要素禀赋结构【作者】李士梅;李安【作者单位】吉林大学经济学院长春130012;吉林大学经济学院长春130012【正文语种】中文引言随着工业化进程的不断推进，中国工业行业出现的部分行业产能过剩和过度投资等问题十分严重，已经成为阻碍中国工业经济增长的关键因素。

通过创新和技术进步提高产能利用率，治理工业行业产能过剩，促进工业结构的转型升级已经得到广泛的关注和认可。

在创新生产过程中，不同生产要素的边际生产率并不相同，从而使得技术进步更愿意偏向于某一要素而出现技术进步的偏向性。

但是不同行业的特征和资源禀赋结构是具有差异的，在创新要素投入过程中技术进步偏向是否与行业要素禀赋结构相适宜往往容易被忽视。

这会直接导致创新要素投入的错配和创新要素投入的低效率，不利于化解产能过剩和工业结构转型升级。

因此，中国工业行业创新技术进步偏向性和适宜性如何，不仅关系到生产要素的配置结构，而且关系到中国创新驱动工业结构调整和转型升级以及国际市场竞争力的培育，这一问题的研究具有重要的现实意义。

碳排放权交易和碳税的作用机制、比较与制度选择陈向阳摘要：生态环境治理要把握的两个关键点是“多元”和“极限”，在经济新常态下，建立市场化、多元化生态补偿机制尤其必要。

碳排放权交易和碳税都是政府通过对市场的干预来实现碳减排的有效手段，在推动碳减排上二者有着不同的作用机理，各有优劣并产生不同的碳减排效果。

结合二者的作用机制和比较优势，认为碳减排政策的多目标需要政策工具的组合，碳排放权交易不能服务于两个独立的目标，即提高市场效率和公平分配，但可将它与碳税融合运用、相互协调配合，二者的互补作用可更好地实现碳减排目标。

寻找优化二者契合度的作用机制是创新碳减排政策的一个重要方向，应考虑碳税与碳排放权交易之间的协调关系来进行碳税制度设计，以发挥两者在碳排放调控中的协同效应。

关键词：碳排放权交易；碳税；协同效应作者简介：陈向阳，经济学博士，广州大学经济与统计学院副教授。

中图分类号：F832.0；F812.0文献标识码：A文章编号：1671-8402（2022）01-0075-12环境污染问题是人类将生态环境的多元价值单一化为财产价值，并无限度地向自然界索取其财产价值而产生的，这是工业文明的弊端，也是生态治理要克服的弊病。

因而，生态环境治理要把握的两个关键点是“多元”和“极限”：多元是生态环境价值的多元，其价值存在于自然形成的生态环境的整体中；极限意味着环境资源对人类的需求是有边界和极限的。

生态环境价值的“多元”和环境供给的“极限”意味着生态治理必须尊重环境的整体性和价值多元性。

中国走过了一条政府主导的自上而下的生态文明建设之路，这种模式对控制环境资源的使用、破解邻避效应和避免“搭便车”现象具有优势。

从实践来看，环境利益与经济利益的失衡基金项目：广东省哲学社会科学规划一般项目“我国环境成本的区域特征及平衡机制研究”（GD17CLJ01）。

75以及环保部门与地方各级政府、经济主管部门环境规制权力上的失衡，仍然一定程度上存在着。

ability n. 1 latest adj. 2 absence n. 3 laugh n. 4 absent adj. 5 laughter n. 6 accurate adj. 7 lazy adj. 8 accuracy n. 9 laziness n. 10 achieve vt. 11 leader n. 12 achievement n. 13 least adj. 14 cross n. 15 leaf n. 16 across prep. 17 leaves n. 18 act vt.&vi. 19 lead n. 20 action n. 21 actively adv. 22 long n. 23 active adj. 24 length n. 25 activity n. 26 little adj. 27 admire vt. 28 less adj. 29 admirer n. 30 library n. 31 admit vt.&vi. 32 librarian n. 33 admission n. 34 light n. 35 agreement n. 36 lit adj. 37 alive adj. 38 amuse vt. 39 live adj. 40 amusement n. 41 lively adj. 42 angry adj. 43 local n. 44 locate vt. 45 apology n. 46 location n. 47 apologize vt. & vi. 48 aloud adv.49appearance n. 50 louder adv. 51 argument n. 52 love n. 53 argue vt.&vi. 54 lovely adj. 55 arrive vi. 56 funny adj. 57 tourist n. 58 gentle adj. 59 trade n. 60 gently adv. 61 trader n. 62 Germany n. 63 tradition n. 64 German adj. 65 traditional adj. 66 Germans n. 67 translate vt. & vi. 68 gradual adj. 69 translation n. 70 gradually adv. 71 trap vt. 72 graduation n. 73 trapped adj. 74 graduate adj. 75 travel vi. 76 great adj. 77 traveler n. 78 greatness n. 79 treasure n. 80 half adj. 81 treat n. 82 happiness n. 83 tropic n. 84 harmful adj. 85 tropical adj. 86 harm n. 87 trouble n. 88 harmless adj.89 troublesome adj.的, 90 hot adj. 91 true adj. 92 heat n. 93 truth n. 94 height n. 95 truthful adj. 96 helpful adj. 97 type n.98help vt. 99 typical adj. 100 helpless adj. 101 high adj. 102 ugly adj. 103 highly adv. 104 ugliness n. low adj. 105 arrival n. 106 owner n. 107 art n. 108 mad adj. 109 artist n. 110 madder n. 111 asleep adj. 112 main adj. 113 assist vt. & vi. 114 mainly adv. 115 assistance n. 116 manage vt. 117 attraction n. 118 manager n. 119 attract vt. 120 marry vt. 121 attractive adj. 122 marriage n. 123 awake vi. 124 medical adj. 125 bank n. 126 medicine n. 127 banker n. 128 middle n. 129 base n. 130 medium n. 131 basic adj. 132 memorize vt. 133 beauty n. 134 memory n. 135 beautiful adj. 136 method n. 137 believable adj. 138 mouse n. 139 blood n. 140 mice n. 141 bleed vt. 142 mixed adj. 143 blind adj. 144 mix vt. 145 blindness n. 146 kind n.147impolite adj. 148 unkind adj. 149 important adj. 150 lock n. 151 importance n. 152 unlocked adj. 153 impossible adj. 154 please int. 155 improve vt. 156 unpleasant adj. 157 improvement n. 158 popular adj. 159 inactive adj. 160 unpopular adj. 161 include vt. 162 convenient adj. 163 unsure adj. 164 inconvenient adj. 165 tidy adj. 166 correct adj. 167 untidy adj. 168 incorrect adj. 169 useful adj. 170 incredible adj. 171 use n.172 incredibly adv. 173 useless adj. 174 independence n. 175 value n. 176 depend vi. 177 valuable adj. 178 independent adj. 179 variety n. 180 experience n. 181 Various adj. 182 inexperienced adj. 183 vary vi. 184 information n. 185 review n. 186 informed adj. 187 view n. 188 inspire vt. 189 warmth n. 190 inspiration n. 191 warm adj. 192 interviewee n. 193 wealthy adj. 194 interview n. 195 interviewer n.196wealth n. 197 introduce vt. 198 week n. 199 introduction n. 200 weekly adj. 201 invention n. 202 weigh vt.&vi. 203 invent vt. 204 weight n. 205 inventor n. 206 Western adj. 207 visible adj. 208 west n. 209 invisible adj. 210 widely adv. 211 invite vt. 212 widen vt. & vi. 213 invitation n. 214 widened adj. 215 irony n. 216 wider adj. 217 iron n. 218 wide adj. 219 fox vt. 220 wisdom n. 221 Japanese n. 222 wise adj. 223 enjoy vt. 224 joy n. 225 wake vi. 226 kindness n. 227 know vt. 228 wolf n. 狼 229 knowledge n. 230 wonderful adj. 231 lately adv. 232 wonder vt.&vi. 233 late adj. 234 wooden adj. 235 origin n. 236 wood n. 237 oversleep vi. 238 worse adj. 239 process vt. 240 regular adj. 241 write vi. 242 mixture n. 243 bore vt. 244 month n.245boring adj. 246 monthly adj. 247 bored adj. 248 most adv. 249 bear vi. 250 mostly adv. 251 birth n. 252 musical adj. 253 born v. 出世 254 music n. 255 brand n. 256 musician n. 257 brave adj. 258 mystery n. 259 braver adj. 260 nation n. 261 breathe vi. 262 national adj. 263 breath n. 264 nature n. 265 Britain n. 266 natural adj. 267 British adj. 268 need vt. 269 break n. 270 necessary adj. 271 broken adj. 272 officer n. 273 busy adj. 274 office n. 275 business n. 276 official n. 277 calculation n. 278 operation n. 279 calculate vt.&vi. 280 operate vi. 281 cancel vt. 282 organize vt. 283 careful adj. 284 organization n. 285 care n. 286 own adj. 287 careless adj. 288 carelessness n. 289 pain n. 290 celebration n. 291 painful adj. 292 celebrate vt.&vi. 293 pass n.294celebrity n. 295 past n. 296 center n. 297 patient adj. 298 central adj. 299 patience n. 300 changeable adj. 301 peace n. 302 change vt. & vi. 303 peaceful adj. 304 cheer vt. 305 perform vt. 306 cheerful adj. 307 performance n. 308 chemistry n. 309 personal adj. 310 chemicals 311 person n. 312 child n. 313 personality n. 314 childhood n. 315 physics n. 316 choose vt. 317 physical adj. 318 choice n. 319 piano n. 320 city n. 321 pianist n. 322 citizen n. 323 pierce vt. & vi. 324 climb vt.&vi. 325 climber n. 326 pleasant adj. 327 color n. 328 pleasure n. 329 colorful adj. 330 poem n. 331 comfort n. 332 poet n.333 communicate vt. & vi. 334 pollute vt.335 communication n. 336 pollution n. 337 community n. 338 popularity n. 339 competition n. a 340 possible adj. 341 compete vi. 342 possibility n.343complain vi. 344 power n. 345 complaint n. 346 powerful adj. 347 conclude vt. 348 practice n. 349 conclusion n. 350 practical adj. 351 confidence n. 352 prefer vt. 353 confident adj. 354 preferred adj. 355 contain vt. 356 prepare vt. 357 container n. 358 preparation n. 359 convenience n. 360 press n. 361 creative adj. 362 pressure n. 363 creation n. 364 produce vt. 365 create vt. 366 producer n. 367 creativity n. 368 production n. 369 crime n. 370 product n. 371 criminal n. 372 profession n. 373 crowded adj. 374 professional adj. 375 culture n. 376 program n. 377 day n.378 programmer n. 379 daily adj. 380 pronunciation n. 381 dark adj.382 pronounce vt.&vi. 383 darkness n. 384 proper adj. 385 die vt. & vi. 386 properly adv. 387 dead adj. 388 protect vt. 389 death n. 390 protection n. 391 decision n.392pride n. 393 decide vt. 394 proud adj. 395 decorate vt. 396 proof n. 397 decoration n. 398 prove vt. 399 deliver vt. 400 puzzle vt. 401 delivery n. 402 puzzled adj. 403 development n. 404 quiet adj. 405 develop vt. 406 difficult adj. 407 reasonable adj. 408 difficulty n. 409 reason n. 410 different adj. 411 build vt. 412 difference n. 413 rebuild vt. 414 directed adj. 415 reduce vt. 416 direction n. 417 reduction n. 418 direct adj. 419 refer vi. 420 director n. 421 reference n. 422 disability n. 423 reflect vt. 424 disable vt. 425 reflected adj. 426 disabled adj. 427 relate vt. & vi. 428 advantage n. 429 relation n. 430 disadvantage n. 431 relationship n. 432 agree vt. 433 reliable adj. 434 disagree v. 435 rely vi. 436 appear vi. 437 responsible adj. 438 disappear vi. 439 response n. 440 belief n.441responsibility n. 442 disbelief n. 443 reuse vt. 444 cover vt. 445 sadder adj. 446 discover vt. 447 sad adj. 448 discovery n. 449 sadness n. 450 discussion n. 451 safety n.； 452 discuss vt. 453 salt n. 454 dishonest adj. 455 salty adj. 456 like vt. 457 satisfy vt. & vi. 458 dislike vt. 459 satisfaction n.满足 460 east n. 东方； 461 satisfying adj. 462 eastern adj. 463 satisfied adj. 464 educate vt. 465 safe adj. 466 educational adj. 467 save vt. 468 education n. 469 scare vt. 470 Egypt n. 471 scarf n. 472 Egyptian adj. 473 scarves n. 474 old adj. 475 scared adj. 476 elder n. 477 scary adj. 478 electric adj. 479 scientific adj. 480 electricity n. 481 science n. 482 electronic adj. 483 scientist n. 484 enable vt. 485 second n. 486 encourage vt. 487 secondary adj. 488 encouragement n. 489 secret n.490danger n. 491 secretary n. 492 endangered adj. 493 secure adj. 494 end n. 495 security n. 496 endless adj. 497 sale n. 498 enjoyable adj. 499 sell vt. & vi. 500 rich adj. 501 sense n. 502 enrich vt. 503 sensitive adj. 504 entrance n. 505 serious adj. 506 enter vt.&vi. 507 seriously adv. 508 entry n. 509 environment n. 510 service n.511 environmental adj. 512 serve vt. & vi. 513 equality n. 514 settle vi. 515 equally adv. 516 settler n. 517 especial adj. 518 short adj. 519 especially adv. 520 shortly adv. 521 Europe n. 522 silent adj. 523 European adj. 524 silence n. 525 examine vt. 526 simple adj. 527 examination n. 528 simpler adj. 529 excitement n. 530 slave n. 531 excite vt. 532 slavery n. 533 exciting adj. 534 sleep vi. 535 expensive adj. 536 sleepy adj. 537 expenses n. 538 slim adj.539experienced adj. 540 slimmer n. 〈 英〉 541 explain v. 542 smooth adj. 543 explanation n. 544 smoothly adv. 545 explore vt. 546 snow n. 547 explorer n. 548 snowy adj. 549 express vt. 550 society n. 551 expression n. 552 social adj.553 fail vt.&vi. 在…中失败 554 solve vt. 555 failure n.失败 556 solution n. 557 fairness n. 558 south n. 559 faith n. 560 southern adj. 561 faithful adj. 562 speech n. 563 famous adj. 564 speaker n. 565 fame n. 566 speak vi. 567 far adv. 568 spoken adj. 569 farther adv. 570 stomach n. 571 fearful adj. 572 fear n. 573 straight adj. 574 feed vt. 575 strong adj. 576 fight vt.&vi. 577 strength n. 578 fighter n. 579 stress n. 580 fisherman n. 581 success n. 582 fish n.583 successful adj. 584 fix vt. 585 succeed vi. 586 fixed adj. 587 sudden adj.588flash vt. 589 suddenly adv. 590 fly vi.591 suggestion n. 592 flight n. 593 suggest vt. 594 fog n. 595 suit n. 596 foggy adj. 597 suitable adj. 598 fool n. 599 support vt. 600 foolish adj. 601 supporter n. 602 force n. 603 suppose vt. 604 forced adj. 605 supposed adj. 606 forgetful adj. 607 talent n. 608 free adj. 609 talented adj. 610 freedom n. 611 tasty adj. 612 freezing adj. 613 taste n. 614 friendly adj. 615 technical adj. 616 friend n. 617 technology n. 618 friendship n. 619 thank vt. 620 fright n. 621 thankful adj. 622 frighten vt. & vi. 623 thinker n. 624 frightened adj. 625 think vt. 626 freeze vt. & vi. 627 thought n. 628 frozen adj. 629 tire vt. & vi. 630 fill vt. 631 tired adj. 632 full adj. 633 ton n. 634 fun n. 635 tour n. 636 history n.637able adj. 638 historical adj. 639 unable adj. 640 home n. 641 aware adj. 642 homeless adj. 643 unaware adj. 644 honest adj. 645 believe vi. 646 Honesty n. 647 unbelievable adj. 648 hopeful adj. 649 certain adj. 650 hope n. 651 uncertain adj. 652 hopeless adj. 653 comfortable adj. 654 host n.655 uncomfortable adj. 656 humorous adj. 657 humor n. 658 uncrowded adj. 659 hundred num. 660 treatment n. 661 easy adj. 662 hundredth num. 663 uneasy adj. 664 hungry adj. 665 expected adj. 666 hunger n.667 Unexpected adj. 668 hunt vt. 669 fair adj. 670 hunter n. 671 unfair adj. 672 illness n. 673 forget vt.&vi. 674 imaginative adj. 675 unforgettable adj. 676 imagination n. 677 unhappy adj. 678 imagine vt. 679 unhappily adv. 680 impatience n. 681 happy adj. 682 impatient adj. 683 unhappiness n. 684 polite adj. 685 remain n.686rewrite vt. 687 require vt. 688 advantage n. 689 scream vi. 690 announce vt. 691 search n. 692 balcony n. 693 spread vi. 694 battery n. 695 suspect n. 696 cause n. 697 victim n. 698 chore n. 699 witness n. 700 comedy n. 701 wound n. 702 compare vt. 703 effort n. 704 complete adj. 705 embarrass vt. & vi. 706 connect vt. 707 guide vt. 708 contact n. 709 insist vt. 710 control vt. 711 litter n. 712 dessert n. 713 normal adj. 714 destroy vt. 715 novel adj. 716 nowhere adv.717。

1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

2024-2025学年广东省深圳市高级中学九年级上学期开学考试英语试题Hey gamers, have you heard the new game, Black Myth: Wukong that’s taking the world by storm? On the day it ________, over 1.6 million players were playing it online, more than Counter Strike 2, Dota 2, and Elden Ring.This game is ________ because it shows the world the creativity of Chinese game makers and how interesting Chinese culture can be. You might know Dota 2 and its ________ version, Dota. They have a magical world with heroes like the Monkey King, but most of their heroes come from old stories from Europe. Elden Ring’s characters are mostly like those in ________ stories too.But things ________ with a game called Honor of Kings. Many of its heroes come from Chinese history and legends. Now, Black Myth: Wukong is even more exciting because it’s the ________ AAA games to feature Chinese legends in a video game ever before. This is special for many games who are interested in Chinese mythology.The game’s hero is Wukong, the Monkey King from one of the four classic Chinese ________ Journey to the West. This game connects traditional culture with modern game ideas.Making a game like Black Myth: Wukong takes a lot of time and money. But it’s ________ it because by the evening of the release day, over 3 million copies were sold on Steam.Although some might say it’s hard to make money ________, the success of Chinese legends in video games shows that it is surely ________. And with time going on, it looks like there could be more in the future.1.A．worked out B．took off C．came out D．showed off2.A．surprising B．valuable C．helpful D．special3.A．earlier B．later C．better D．worse4.A．Eastern B．Southern C．Western D．Northern5.A．happened B．changed C．showed D．improved6.A．first B．second C．third D．fourth7.A．movies B．plays C．poems D．novels8.A．worth B．valuable C．treasured D．deserved9.A．fairly B．quickly C．easily D．patiently10.A．true B．possible C．available D．challengingA recent TV series To the Wonder has become China’s breakout TV hit of the year. It has also won praise at a film festival abroad. To the Wonder is based on the award-winning novel of Li Juan, My Altay, and is directed by Teng Congcong. It is very poetic and filled with beautiful wisdom.The TV drama follows the journey of Li Wenxiu. She once wished to leave Altay, an area in Northern Xinjiang. After failing to realize her dream in the capital of Xinjiang, Li has to move back to her hometown and tries to find a new direction for herself. At first, Li finds it hard to understand her neighbours’ traditional way of thinking. Under the influence of her mother Zhang Fengxia, Li starts to see the place and its people in a new light. Later, she comes to understand their lifestyle and respect for nature.Fans describe watching the drama as an experience in the wonderland. “It’s like breathing in fresh air or lying under the sun,” said one fan. “It is a unique drama, very different from the usual Chinese series. A must-watch if you want to discover the beauty of the grassland and life there,” another fan said.“People enjoy the wonderful view of Altay. But the key to the success of the series lies in its ability to connect with the viewers on a human level,” said Teng Congcong. “In the drama, everyone communicates sincerely. Even if I disagree with you, I sincerely respect you. In fact, this is a very important part of human nature—the love for truth, goodness and beauty.”11. To the Wonder is the name of·________.A．a foreign drama B．a famous film C．a TV series D．a beautiful poem 12. Why does Li Wenxiu come back to Altay?A．To look after her mother. B．To find herself a new direction.C．To help the local people. D．To enjoy its beautiful view.13. The underlined word “unique” has the closest meaning to ________.A．serious B．common C．special D．strange14. What is the key to the success of To the Wonder according to Director Teng?A．Its sincere respect for nature. B．The beautiful wisdom of the writer.C．The lifestyle of the local people. D．Its sincere connection with viewers.15. What is the purpose of the text?A．Everyone communicates sincerely B．Life requires believing in miraclesC．A love for truth, goodness, and beauty D．Sincerely respect youIt was reported in May 2024 that the China Wildlife Conservation Association (CWCA,中国野生动物保护协会) will send giant pandas Yun Chuan and Xin Bao to the San Diego Zoo in the United States, which is a symbol of a new 10-year period of international conservation partnership. The CWCA has organized experienced caretakers and doctors to go with the pandas to the US. The zoo is getting ready to provide the pandas with a larger and more comfortable living environment. It has also formed a team with special skills related with panda care, daily nursing, and scientific research.The cooperation (合作) between the CWCA and the San Diego Zoo dates back to 1996 when Bai Yun and Shi Shi became the first pair of pandas to live in the zoo. Giant pandas Hua Mei, born in 1999, and Mei Sheng, born in 2003, who used to live there, are the result of China-US giant panda research cooperation. Over the past twenty years, the two sides have cooperated and solved many technical problems, including important discoveries in key areas like panda raising.Since the 1990s, China has cooperated on giant panda conservation with 20 countries. “International cooperation in fields such as disease prevention and control, treatment, and wild training and reintroduction to the wild, has achieved good results. Giant pandas will facilitate communication between peoples and let people around the world know China better,” said Li, the leader of the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda.“Scientific and educati onal outreach (延伸服务) also serves as a key role in international giant panda exchanges, allowing more people to understand giant pandas, which provides very good support for our efforts in protecting wild giant pandas,” Li said.16. China’s sending Yun Chua n and Xin Bao to the San Diego Zoo means ________.A．a good living condition for pandas B．a new age of conservation cooperationC．a great achievement in scientific research D．a long-term plan for training pandacaretakers17. How long have the CWCA and the San Diego Zoo cooperated?A．21 years. B．25 years. C．28 years. D．34 years.18. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A．The history of the cooperation. B．The raising of the giant pandas.C．The lives of the pandas in the US. D．The process of solving the problems.19. What does the underlined word “facilitate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Expect. B．Create. C．Improve. D．Receive. 20. What do we know from the last paragraph?A．Scientific research is well on its way. B．The outreach plays an important part.C．The cooperation requires international support. D．Education about wildlife protection is a big success.You may have a house robot that can do housework for you. But is it so smart? Meet Laura, a robot in the National Library in Madrid, Spain, copying out the old books and writings in its collection. See Aurora, a headless dog-sized robot used to keep birds and other animals away at an Alaskan airport. Watch another 1.8 meter-tall legless robot called EveR6, waving its arms to guide musicians through a performance.Those robots above require artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能). AI is a computer system (系统) that can understand languages, make decisions and solve problems. AI can be taught skills using a process called machine learning. Humans give AI information such as books, photos or videos to train it. The more information it studies, the better it can do its job.________. For example, when you watch TV, AI is watching you. It’ll know what your favorite is and suggest similar ones. In hospitals, AI is very good at suggesting treatments and can even invent new medicines. To cut down food waste, some schools introduce online systems for the students to choose meals ahead of time. In cities, AI is used to watch out for cars that make black smoke. It works together with the police and transportation teams to stop them and keep the air clean. AI can help us fight climate (气候) change by finding clever ways to reduce energy use.Some people worry that AI will take away a large number of jobs and also fear that AI could develop out of our control and bring danger to humans. However, AI is expected to be a more powerful production tool that will help humans achieve more in less time. It is believed that the flying car will be made to offer an easier way out of the morning traffic jam (交通堵塞). Humans imagine AI might even find a way to solve the problems of our energy needs completely. Anyway, there is still a long journey for humans and AI.21. In which pictures can we see Aurora and EveR6?A．a, c B．b, d C．b, c D．a, d22. What BIG question does paragraph 2 answer?A．What is AI? B．Why are AI robots made?C．Where is AI used? D．How many AI robots are mentioned? 23. Which of the following can be put in ________?A．AI will be developed rapidly B．Humans depend too much on AIC．Humans wonder if AI could think D．AI has become part of daily life24. In the future, AI is expected to be able to ________.A．suggest TV programs B．cut down food wasteC．invent new medicines D．help produce enough energy25. What would the author write about after the last paragraph?A．The end of AI. B．The history of AI.C．The way to get along with AI. D．The skill of making AI robots.阅读以下短文。

英文原文：Transmission/driveline systems updateTorque converter with lock-up clutch Borg-Warner Automotive has developed a new torque converter, the Power Flow 250 mm. It is built to accommodate new-generation high speed automotive engines. Powertrain efficiency is enhanced by a locking clutch feature; this maximizes durability while reducing axle length. Maximum input torques of 110-340 Nm are catered for, with torque ratios of 1.6-2.7 and operating speeds up to 7500 rev/min. Operating input oil temperature of 120ºC applies, at pressures of 3.9-9.5 bar, while lock-up clutch pressures are 5.6 bar(min) and 8.4 bar(max) at WOT.Circle 192Electric drive systemSteyr-Daimler-Puch are working on the development of an electric drive for passenger cars and LCVs. The complete electric drive unit consists of an electric motor, transmission and electric control including battery charging circuitry. The cost of this complete package will be about the same as the cost of the drive unit with a combustion engine which is to be replaced.Objectives for further optimization of the system, developed for the Fiat Panda Elettra, are: cost reduction through integration of motor, electronic charger, DC-DC converter/readout—with associated weight reduction; adapation of the vehicle to enable problem-free installation of the electric unit directly on the assembly lines as a replacement for the standard series combustion engine. A separate charging function. The system comprises DC motor(three-phase AC motor planned in future) of nomina, voltage 100V, 25 KW(80Nm torque) with a speed range: 0-8000 rev/min(limited to 7200 electronically).Advances in truck gearshiftingGearchanging in a heavy truck can be physically demanding on the driver. Change lever effort, at least in a synchromesh gearbox, is directly related to is torque capacity, though it must be said that the rise and rise of truck diesel outputs in the last year or two, bringing torque levels up to 2100 Nm or more, has been countered by design refinements aimed at reducing shift lever effort and/or movement, reports Asian Bunting in this review of automated-shift gearboxes.Torque-converter based fully- or semi-automatic boxes were and are widely available for the heaviest trucks from ZF and Allison. But they are unacceptably heavy, costly and fuel demanding for run-of-the-mill goods vehicle peration. Development therefore tumed in new direction in the 1980s. Frequency of shifting, as a measure of expended driver effort, is of course far greater on lighter commercial vehicles, those usuallyengaged on s top-start urban delivery work, than on heavies. But simplecost constraints have directed easier shifting developments ironically towards the heavy sector, where most trucks spend a high proportion of their working mileage on motorways, and gearchanges are few and farbetween.Heavy-duty gearbox makers, both vertically integrated truck producers like Scania, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo, and the rival proprietary transmission suppliers, Eaton and ZF, have nevertheless assigned substantial R&D resources to making gearchanges easier and simpler for drivers of long-haul trucks grossing 88 or 40 tonnes. Those same manufactures have been able to defray the cost somewhat by applying the same shift by the systems to rear and mid-engined coaches, where the technical motivation reinforced by the ability also to eliminate ？and complex mechanical shift linkages Mercedes, Scania, Volvo, MAN, Kassbohrer and Auwarter coaches are now commercially available with remote, electronically-controlled, air pressure assisted gearchange systems fitted.Mercedes, in a bold, even controversial, marketing move, back in 1988, made its EPS finger-tip gearshift system standard on all its roadgoing trucks with engines above 195kW. Scania, which pioneered the assisted gearshift pinciple, continues to list its CAG system as an extra-cost option, on which the truck customer take-up has been minimal. Meanwhile Eaton’s SAMT system (already in production in small numbers as optional equipment on German MAN, Italian Iveco and British ERF chasis) is technically proven and established. But Scannia and Eaton are both denied the opportunity of rducing unit-cost by high volumes.Europe’s largest commercial vehicle transmission producer, the German ZF company, has been equally active in developing assisted shifting systems from mechanical gearboxes for trucks, but has yet to make a ‘production’ break-through. MAN and Iveco (levco) have ZF systems —all of which are applied, for truck application, to the German gearboxe-under active evaluation. Despite the apparent reluctance on the part of truck OEMs, primarily for cost reasons to announce availability of its assisted-shift systems, ZF has gone ahead with its R&D programme, developing versions progressively more sophisticated than the original Easl-shift equipment first shown in the mid-80s. ACS, like thefunctionally similar CAG system from Scania tetains full driver control over the timing of gearchanges, all shifts both up and down, being triggered by the clutch pedal. A microprocessor, fed with engine and road speed, and accelerator pedal position data, continuously calculates the best ratio for the conditions.A small liquid crystal display panel shows the driver that information, in the form of a recommendation, to change up or down by one, two or more ratio steps. With which to ‘adiust’The number of steps to less or more than the computer-determined between CAG and ZF’s more recently-developed AVS system, is that the AVS driver is made aware, after he has pressed the clutch pedal, when the shift has been completed, by a pressure pulse felt through the pedal. Scania employs an audible signal which ZF engineers feel is a less positive means of preventing drivers being ‘stranded’between the two gears—thus losing drive.Another refinement with AVS is that use of the engine exhaust brake is sensed by the system, automatically triggering a downshift to raise engine speed and hence the retardation effect. On mote flexible high-torque engines, where it is agreed with the OEM that the Ecosplit box can function for most of the time as an eight-speed unit, AVS implements full (two ratio) changes only. On such an installation the driver can, however, make split (one ratio) changes, effectively overriding the black box by briefly flooring the accelerator peda. The kick-down preselects a one-step change in the direction (up or down) of the LCD display recommendation Clutch pedal application then completes the change.Automated gearshifting and electronic clutch systemsFurther technical sophistication, making the driver’s job even less onerous, is embodied by ZF in its new clutch pedal-less driveline which introduces competion of sorts for Fichtel & Sachs ECS system (AE, April/May 1991) and for Eaton’s AMT.Interestingly, electronic clutch controls are being builder level, by Mercedes; by the clutch maker F&S; and now by an intermediate transmission system supplier, namely ZF. In all cases the controls are applied to standard F&S dry-plate clutches. Not surprisingly, ZF argues that an automated pedal-less clutch can show its full potential only in conjunction with an electronically-interfaced gearchange system. Accordingly, the semi-automatic SES and fully-automatic AS systems each use a single control box, achieving optimum interaction of the clutch release/re-engagement functions and gearchange implementation.While F&S uses an electric motor driven screwjack to achieve theextreme precision in clutch release travel necessary to ensure smooth getaways, especially on varying gradients at widely differing vehicle weights, ZF has opted for wholly pneumatic actuation. Clutch withdrawal movement in the SES and AS systems is sensed by ZF using comprised air control technology borrowed from the latest ABS antiskid brake systems. SES retains gear ratio selection by the driver. A number of alternative selector configurations are being offered to OEMs. In what is likely to be the most popular version, the driver is confronted with the same type of LCD display recommendation, which he implements when he is ready to change by simply pushing the lever-switch to one side. Fore and aft movement of the lever overrides the system allowing the driver to skip-shift (missing out ratios) where road/traffic conditions permit.ZF’s most fully-automated mechanical truck transmission is dubbed AS and is still under development, though prototype vehicles are running at Fried-richshafen and the author had the opportunity to drive an AS-equipped MAN 4*2 rigid truck with a 483 kW engine—intended for drawbar trailer working—laden to 17 tonnes gvw. Shifts are programmed to occur at engine loads and speeds which optimize engine characteristics. Fuel economy considerations are predominant, though ZF concedes that in the future, performance-oriented programmes could apply.A simple switch in the cab, of the kind now widely fitted in automatic passenger cars, allowing the driver to select ‘performance’or ‘economy’, is not seen as practical in a fleet, where salaried drivers would stay permanently in ‘performance’. Rather a ‘smart card’programme switching arrangement is envisaged, typically under the control of the transport manager. The appropriate programme for a day’s operations could be selected each morning, taking into account vehicle weight (with or without trailer), terrain (hilly or flat) and the time factor (urgency of deliveries or legal driving hours compliance) all against fuel cost.System performances comparedAs will be a direct competitor to Eaton’s AMT, offering all the ease-of-driving attractions of a torque converter automatic, while lacking the smoothness of shifting demanded in city bus applications (for passenger comfort reason). Cab controls are the same as for SES, although AS’s LCD display simply shows the gear engaged at the time—‘5H’ or ‘6L’. No display at all would be necessary, but for the need to confirm for the driver that he is starting away in the right gear for the conditions (gradient and GVW).The system automatically selects 2L (that is 3rd if the Ecosplit box is taken as a 16-speed unit) for starting. But on an upgrade and/or where the truck is heavily laden, the driver can manually select 1L or 1 H by pulling back the lever.Once the start-away gear is engaged, depression of the accelerator pedal(as with SES, F&S’s pedal-less clutch and indeed AMT) signals the clutchto start biting. On the 17 tonne test vehicle, even was taken up as smoothlyas, and with no more fuss than; a torque converter automatic.ZF has devised a hill-hold facility for its clutch pedal-less heavytruck transmission systems. It was installed on the AS-equipped MAN; iteliminates the driver skill factor normally needed to ensure clean hillstarts with no rolling back. Whenever the service brake pedal is pressedwith the vehicle stationary, whether on a gradient or not, and a gear isengaged, the parking brake (via orthodox spring actuators) is automatically applied as well. The same microprocessor signal which,during a restart, triggers clutch engagement to begin, simultaneouslyadmits air to the spring chambers to release the parking brake.As with SES, exhaust brake efficiency on AS-equipped chassis is automatically boosted by raising engine speed through a transmissiondownshift. But because the sensitivity of AS is greater, downshifts areonly triggered if the footbrake and exhaust brake are applied together.Although ZF’s Ecosplit transmission is fully synchronized, the company,in developing its automated shift systems, did not want rapid shiftingto be achieved at the expense of synchronizer wear. Accordingly, enginespeed is raised during downshifts to achieve near speed synchronizationof the gears coming into mesh-as a good driver would do by blipping the accelerator. On most of today’s engines, for the system to increaseengine revs, fuel pump rack intervention is implied. ZF replaces theexisting mechanical pedal-to-rack connection with the electric motor and potentiometer set-up new familiarly known as E-gas. Future engines withelectronically-controlled injection systems will make engine speedcontrol for downshifts in systems like AS much simpler. Circle 217中文翻译：变速器/电力转动系统的更新以Borg-Warner汽车为标志的闭锁扭矩转换器已经发展成为了一种电力流量为250毫米的新扭矩转换器。

2019课标全国卷2英语作文The Importance of Continuous Learning in the 21st CenturyIn the ever-evolving landscape of the 21st century, the ability to continuously learn and adapt has become a crucial skill for individuals to thrive. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and technology-driven, the demands placed on us to stay relevant and competitive in the job market have become more challenging than ever before. The traditional notion of a linear career path, where one acquires a set of skills and knowledge and then applies them for the rest of their working life, has been replaced by a more dynamic and fluid reality.Today, the half-life of skills is rapidly diminishing, meaning that the knowledge and abilities we acquire can become obsolete much faster than in the past. This is particularly true in fields such as technology, where new advancements and innovations are constantly emerging, rendering previous expertise and techniques less valuable. To remain competitive and successful in this rapidly changing environment, individuals must be willing to embrace a lifelong learning mindset, continuously updating their skills and knowledge to stay ahead of the curve.One of the primary reasons why continuous learning is so important in the 21st century is the need to adapt to the changing job market. The traditional career paths that were once the norm are now being disrupted by automation, globalization, and the rise of new industries. Many jobs that were once considered stable and secure are now under threat, and individuals must be prepared to pivot and reinvent themselves to remain employable.For example, the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has led to the automation of many routine tasks, particularly in fields such as manufacturing, customer service, and data entry. As a result, many of these jobs are being replaced by machines, forcing workers to either acquire new skills or risk becoming obsolete. Similarly, the globalization of the economy has led to increased competition for jobs, as companies can now outsource work to lower-cost regions around the world.To remain competitive in this environment, individuals must be willing to continuously learn and develop new skills that are in high demand. This may involve taking courses, attending workshops, or engaging in self-directed learning to acquire new technical skills, such as programming, data analysis, or digital marketing. It may also involve developing soft skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and effective communication, which are becomingincreasingly valuable in the modern workplace.Moreover, the rapid pace of technological change has led to the emergence of new industries and job roles that did not exist even a decade ago. For example, the growth of the gig economy has given rise to new types of work, such as freelancing, consulting, and platform-based services. To take advantage of these new opportunities, individuals must be willing to learn and adapt to these changing market conditions, acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in these emerging fields.In addition to the practical benefits of continuous learning, there are also significant personal and professional benefits. Engaging in lifelong learning can help individuals to stay intellectually stimulated and engaged, fostering a sense of personal growth and fulfillment. It can also lead to increased job satisfaction and career advancement, as individuals are able to take on more challenging and rewarding roles within their organizations.Furthermore, the ability to continuously learn and adapt can also help individuals to become more resilient in the face of change and uncertainty. In a rapidly changing world, the ability to quickly acquire new skills and knowledge can be a valuable asset, allowing individuals to pivot and adapt to new challenges and opportunities as they arise.In conclusion, the importance of continuous learning in the 21st century cannot be overstated. As the world becomes more complex and dynamic, the ability to continuously learn and adapt has become a crucial skill for individuals to thrive and succeed. Whether it is acquiring new technical skills, developing soft skills, or staying informed about emerging trends and industries, embracing a lifelong learning mindset is essential for individuals who wish to remain competitive and relevant in the modern job market.。

Directed Technical ChangeDaron AcemogluThe Review of Economic Studies,Vol.69,No.4.(Oct.,2002),pp.781-809.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0034-6527%28200210%2969%3A4%3C781%3ADTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-ZThe Review of Economic Studies is currently published by The Review of Economic Studies Ltd..Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use,available at/about/terms.html.JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides,in part,that unless you have obtained prior permission,you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles,and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal,non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work.Publisher contact information may be obtained at/journals/resl.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals.For more information regarding JSTOR,please contact support@.Tue Mar618:19:162007You have printed the following article:Directed Technical ChangeDaron AcemogluThe Review of Economic Studies ,Vol.69,No.4.(Oct.,2002),pp.781-809.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0034-6527%28200210%2969%3A4%3C781%3ADTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-ZThis article references the following linked citations.If you are trying to access articles from anoff-campus location,you may be required to first logon via your library web site to access JSTOR.Please visit your library's website or contact a librarian to learn about options for remote access to JSTOR.[Footnotes]2Endogenous Technological ChangePaul M.RomerThe Journal of Political Economy ,Vol.98,No.5,Part 2:The Problem of Development:AConference of the Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems.(Oct.,1990),pp.S71-S102.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0022-3808%28199010%2998%3A5%3CS71%3AETC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-83Ability-Biased Technological Transition,Wage Inequality,and Economic GrowthOded Galor;Omer MoavThe Quarterly Journal of Economics ,Vol.115,No.2.(May,2000),pp.469-497.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0033-5533%28200005%29115%3A2%3C469%3AATTWIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y10Two Propositions in the Theory of Induced InnovationsWilliam FellnerThe Economic Journal ,Vol.71,No.282.(Jun.,1961),pp.305-308.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0013-0133%28196106%2971%3A282%3C305%3ATPITTO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R14Productivity DifferencesDaron Acemoglu;Fabrizio ZilibottiThe Quarterly Journal of Economics ,Vol.116,No.2.(May,2001),pp.563-606.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0033-5533%28200105%29116%3A2%3C563%3APD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-LLINKED CITATIONS -Page 1of 8-16Tax Policy and Human-Capital FormationJames J.Heckman;Lance Lochner;Christopher TaberThe American Economic Review ,Vol.88,No.2,Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic 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,Vol.68,No.5.(Sep.,2000),pp.1029-1053.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0012-9682%28200009%2968%3A5%3C1029%3ACCAIAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B19The Origins of Technology-Skill ComplementarityClaudia Goldin;Lawrence F.KatzThe Quarterly Journal of Economics ,Vol.113,No.3.(Aug.,1998),pp.693-732.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0033-5533%28199808%29113%3A3%3C693%3ATOOTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-WLINKED CITATIONS -Page 2of 8-22Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills?Directed Technical Change and Wage InequalityDaron AcemogluThe Quarterly Journal of Economics ,Vol.113,No.4.(Nov.,1998),pp.1055-1089.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0033-5533%28199811%29113%3A4%3C1055%3AWDNTCS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z25Tax Policy and Investment Behavior:CommentRobert M.CoenThe American Economic Review ,Vol.59,No.3.(Jun.,1969),pp.370-379.Stable URL:/sici?sici=0002-8282%28196906%2959%3A3%3C370%3ATPAIBC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X25Investment Behavior and Neo-Classical TheoryRobert Eisner;M.I.NadiriThe Review of Economics and Statistics ,Vol.50,No.3.(Aug.,1968),pp.369-382.Stable 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