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第二讲 代词和介词语法项目(一)代词 [考纲解读·定方向]近几年高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。
语法填空侧重对替代词及it用法的考查。
考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数；应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。
未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。
如何确定填代词[思考趋向]1．当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词、替代词、不定代词以及it。
2．当所给提示词为代词时，人称代词需考虑变为宾格、变为物主代词、变为反身代词以及it变为its等。
[典例感悟][典例1](2017·浙江卷6月)“She thought I had hurt ________ (I)，”says Pahlsson.解析：myself [根据句意可知，此处表示“她以为我伤到我自己了”，应用I的反身代词，故填myself。
][典例2](2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A few hours before，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with ________ (it) choking smog.解析：its [空后为名词词组choking smog，设空处作其定语，故应填形容词性物主代词its。
句意为：几个小时前我还在香港的家中，呼吸着那里令人窒息的烟雾。
] [典例3](辽宁卷)Raise your leg and let ________ stay in the air for seconds.解析：it [根据语境可知let的宾语为前文提及的your leg，故用it替代，以避免重复。
句意为：抬起你的一条腿并让它悬空几秒钟。
][典例4](2019·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens ________ (he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，”said his music teacher.解析：his [考查代词。
第2讲冠词和介词[全国卷考情分析]考点一不定冠词[先试做题组]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·石家庄质量检测一)According to William Hanson, an expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this and it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.2．(2019·成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for a second time next year.3．(2019·嘉兴测试)Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her an international superstar.4．(2019·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me a handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.Ⅱ.单句改错5．That accident took place on winter morning of the year 2017.winter前加a [再解读要点]不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。
当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
其次讲冠词和介词一、冠词[语法规则再现](一)不定冠词的基本用法1．表示泛指某个人或事物。
Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract?你对成为一名音乐家并获得录制合同感爱好吗？2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man，a young man everyone likes to work with.我的挚友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个每个人都喜爱与他共事的年轻人。
3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。
4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高竞赛中没得到金牌，但是在跳远竞赛中他还有机会。
5．用在形容词的比较级前，表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus，we'll have a better view.假如我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。
6．用于物质名词或抽象名词详细化时。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不行数名词，前面不加不定冠词。
但假如表示详细的人或事，特殊是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位闻名的钢琴家，我非常确信这个星期天他的音乐会肯定会胜利。
衡石量书整理模块二不可忽视的小词: 冠词、代词和介词第3讲冠词、代词和介词(短语)Ⅰ. 语法填空1. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).2. (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.3. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home.4. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist on earth, Mother Nature.5. (2020·江苏高考)Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact with someone who shares your interests.6. (2020·天津高考)For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake in the shape of a monkey.Ⅰ. 语法填空五谨记1. 根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
2. 根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语, 记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
第2讲冠词和介词[全国卷考情分析]考点一不定冠词[先试做题组]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·石家庄质量检测一)According to William Hanson, an expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this and it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.2．(2019·成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016．It is so attractive that I decided to go there for a second time next year.3．(2019·嘉兴测试)Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her an international superstar.4．(2019·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me a handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.Ⅱ.单句改错5．That accident took place on winter morning of the year 2017.winter前加a [再解读要点]不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。
当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
1．不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。
(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
—Excuse me，would you please give the iPad to John?——打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？—Sorry，but I don't think there's a John in our class.——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。
(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the same＋名词。
The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。
2．不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。
毕竟，你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour等。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of...时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。
have a (good) knowledge of...“精通……”；have a (clear/good) understanding of...“了解……”。
If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3．用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上be/go on a diet节食pay a visit to参观；拜访make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生 a waste of...浪费once in a while偶尔keep an eye on 留意；留神give sb.a lift让某人搭便车at a loss不知所措；困惑have a gift for在……方面有天赋have a word with与……谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此考点二定冠词[先试做题组]Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1．(2019·合肥检测)Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of the most important art forms in China.2．(2019·武汉高三调考)After taking a boat from the mainland，I arrived at the island province of Hainan.3．(2019·赣中南五校一模)He plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano.Ⅱ. 单句改错4．(2019·福州模拟)I have been staying here for three weeks, and three weeks has been really tough.and后加the5．(2019·洛阳统考)I could only tell him a truth.Instead of scolding, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor.a→the [再解读要点]1．定冠词的基本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。
I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。
We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。
(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，very，same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。
As is known to all，the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。
(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前；乐器前；世纪年代前。
例如：the sun；in the 21st century。
(5)“the＋姓氏复数”表示“一家人”The Smiths are coming to dinner.史密斯一家要来赴宴。
“按……计算”。
但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。
(5)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。
hit sb.on the head 打某人的头pull/take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face打某人的脸2．用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯；切题take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有……的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时考点三零冠词[先试做题组]单句改错1．(2019·邯郸联考)At first, I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight.去掉the2．(2019·新疆第二次检测)Who is in the charge of the United Nations？去掉第一个the3．(2019·石家庄检测一)In the fact, this happens in many places of interest.I have some suggestions to solve this problem.去掉the[再解读要点]1．零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。
