中央财经大学考博英语阅读真题解析

中央财经大学考博英语阅读模拟题精解As is the case in many cultures,the degree to which a minoritygroup was seen as different from the characteristics of the dominantmajority determined the extent of that group’s acceptance.Immigrants who were like the earlier settlers were accepted.The largenumbers of immigrants with significantly different characteristicstended to be viewed as a threat to basic American values and theAmerican way of life.This was particularly true of the immigrants who arrived by themillion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Most of them came from poverty-stricken nations of southern and Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi eastern Europe.They spokelanguages other than English,and large numbers of them were Catholicsor Jews.Americans at the time were very fearful of this new flood ofimmigrants.They were afraid that these people were so accustomed tolives of poverty and dependence that they would not understand suchbasic American values as freedom,self-reliance and competition.There were so many new immigrants that they might even change the basicvalues of the nation in undesirable ways.Americans tried to meet what they saw as a threat to their valuesby offering English instruction for the new immigrants andcitizenship classes to teach them basic American beliefs.The immigrants,however,often felt that their American teachers disapproved of the traditions of their homeland.Moreover,learning about American values gave them little help in meeting their most important needs such as employment,food,and a place to live.Far more helpful to the new immigrants were the“political bosses”of the larger cities of the northeastern United States,where most of the immigrants first arrived.Those bosses saw to many of the practical needs of the immigrants and were more accepting of the different homeland traditions.In exchange for their help,the political bossed expected the immigrants to keep them in power by voting for them in elections.In spite of this,many scholars believe that the political bosses performed an important function in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.They helped to assimilate large numbers of disadvantaged white immigrants into the larger American culture.The fact that the United States had a rapidly expanding economy at the turn of the century made it possible for these new immigrants,often with the help of the bosses,to better their standard of living in the United States.As a result of these new opportunities and new rewards,immigrants came to accept most of the values of the larger American culture and were in turn accepted by the great majority of Americans.For white ethnic groups,therefore,it is generally true that their feeling of being a part of the larger culture,that is,“American”is much stronger than their feeling of belonging to a separate ethnic group—Irish,Italian,Polish,etc.(468words)26.A minority group’s acceptance to the country was determined by_____.A.the difference they showed from the majority.B.the time when they arrived at the new land.C.the background conditions they came from.D.the religious group to which they belonged.27.The immigrants’flushing in was considered a threat to American value mainly because_____.A.the immigrants came from poverty-stricken nations of southern and eastern Europe.B.the immigrants had been accustomed to poverty and dependence.C.the immigrants had different homeland traditions and other particular characteristics.D.the immigrants did not speak English.28.“Citizenship classes”(Para.4)were offered because Americans____.A.wanted to help the immigrants to solve their practical needs.B.would not accept any groups with different traditions.C.wanted the immigrants to deal with the threat to the American values.D.wanted the immigrants to learn about and to keep the American values.29.The political bosses helped the new immigrants for the main purpose of_____.A.showing off their political powers and advantages.B.getting support in elections.C.assimilating the minority into the majority.D.showing their generosity.30.The living standards of the new immigrants were improved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries mainly because ____.A.they kept the political bosses in power.B.the political bosses gave them a lot of practical help.C.they had a much stronger feeling of being a part of the larger culture.D.there was a rapid growth in American economy at that time.Text626.A，细节题。

中央财经大学考博英语语法专项突破训练及解析1.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children________to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.A.to developB.to be developedC.developingD.will develop2.Space exploration promises to open up many new territories for human settlement,as well as_________the harvest of mineral resources.A.leads toB.to lead toC.leading toD.lead to3.Someday,solar power collected by satellites________the earth or fission power(裂变能)manufactured by mankind may give us all the energy we need for an expanding civilization.A.circledB.to circleC.circlingD.circlesGeng duo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.4.In this experiment,they are wakened several times during the night,and asked to report what they________.A.had just been dreamingB.are just dreamingC.have just been dreamingD.had just dreamt5.Her terror was so great________somewhere to escape,she would have run for her life.A.only ifB.that there had only beenC.that had there only beenD.if there were only试题答案及解析：1.AFor these children to develop to their full adult potential 在句中做目的状语，these children是to develop的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。

2020年【中央财经大学金融学】考博真题回忆及复试录取人数大家好我是育明506马老师央财金融学院金融学每年录取15名博士生，报录比在1:7左右，竞争力虽然没有985院校竞争力大，但是央财作为财经类院校难度要求是很高的，考察内容是政经和西经还有计量经济学，专业二为金融学国际金融证券等，初试考察英语和经济学基础还有金融学。

金融工程18年录取了1名博士生，是导师组招生的。

2019年金融学进入复试共41人，录取13人，其中非定向录取10人，复试36人，定向录取3人，复试5人；金融工程录取1人，复试3人。

初试非定向外语线50分，基础课45分，定向外语60分，基础课60分。

育明考博针对专业课的复习指导已有近10年的经验，我们有专业的师资团队，将专业课的书籍进行压缩和提取重点，将必看的内容和考试范围等一些时事资料在课堂上发放给我们的学员。

这样，我们备考的学员就能在有效的时间将专业课的成绩取得一个满意的成绩。

考试科目导师信息：推荐使用参考书：专业一：《社会主义经济理论》卫兴华、张宇编著高等教育出版社2009年第二版《社会主义经济理论》杨瑞龙编著中国人民大学出版社2008年第二版《社会主义经济理论与实践》中国人民大学书报资料中心（近两年）《高级宏观经济学》（Dovid Romer）“Advanced Macro-Economics”戴维·罗默编著上海财经大学出版社2009年第三版《宏观经济学》多恩布什、费希尔、斯塔兹编著中国人民大学出版社（2010年第十版）《计量经济学》潘省初编著中国人民大学出版社2009年第三版专业二：金融学，李健，高等教育出版社2014第二版金融中介学，王广谦，富等教育出版社201第2版商业银行管理，史建平,机械工业出版社2014国际金融，张礼卿，高等教育出版社2011证券市场运行与管理，贺强，机械工业出版社2013金融市场与计量经济学，坎贝尔朱平方，上海财才经大学出版社2003应用计量经济学(原书第三版)时间序列分析，沃尔特，机械工业出版社2012-8-1中国金融，姚瑾，高等教育出版社2007金融思想史(下)，姚瑾，上海交通大学出版社2012考博英语真题分享：2017年中央财经大学考博英语（1001）1篇完型、6篇阅读、2篇英译汉、1篇汉译英、1篇作文汉译英：关于北京和故宫的悠久历史作文：在文化与商业方面与外国合作签订合同的利弊关于：育明教育辅导班1、专业课全程一对一辅导，没有小班授课。

中央财经大学考博英语真题解析1.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.(A)admired(B)regarded(C)expected(D)worshipped2.A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.(A)shorthand(B)scheme(C)schedule(D)sketch3.A man has to make______for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when /(A)supply(B)assurance(C)provision(D)adjustment4.The newly-built Science Building seems_______enough to lasta hundred years.(A)spacious(B)sophisticated(C)substantial（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(D)steady5.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.(A)entitled to(B)involved in(C)associated with(D)assigned to6.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at______.(A)danger(B)stake(C)loss(D)threat7.I felt_________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.(A)fatigued(B)tired(C)exhausted(D)bored8.When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at_____.(A)wrong(B)trouble(C)fault(D)difficulty9.Your advice would be______valuable to him,who is at present at his wit’s end.exceedingly(B)excessively(C)extensively(D)exclusively10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to______the consequences.(A)answer for(B)runsintos(C)abide by(D)stepsintos11.The river is already_______its banks because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.(A)parallel to(B)level in(C)flat on(D)flush with12.People_______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.(A)convinced(B)anticipated(C)resolved /(D)assured13.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_______for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.(A)adapted(B)acknowledged(C)assembled(D)appointed14.The mother said she would________her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.(A)let down(B)let alone(C)let off(D)let out15.We should always keep in mind that_______decisions often lead to bitter regrets.(A)urgent(B)hasty(C)instant(D)prompt16.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages_______in the dictionary.(A)missing(B)losing(C)dropping(D)leaking本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中央财经大学考博英语真题常见的一些动词及其时态时态一致(Tense Agreement)：从句和主句谓语动词应在时态上保持一致。

(一)主句动词是过去时态时，从句动词相应采用某种过去时态例句：Darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.(2008年第50题)分析：该句是复合句，主干结构为Darwin was convinced that...。

宾语从句中有not only...but...引导的并列结构;短语be injurious to 的意思是“对……产生危害，有害……”。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

译文：达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

例句：Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.(选自2001年Cloze Test)分析：该句是复合句。

在when引导的从句中，the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的宾语;过去分词短语contained in European 作后置定语修饰the interpretation;主句部分为publication of the letter came;另一从句中的主语Lord Irvine与he同指一人。

考博英语的真题答案解析一、考博英语的重要性考博英语作为博士研究生入学考试的一部分，对于考生来说有着极其重要的意义。

具备良好的英语能力，不仅可以顺利通过考试，更有助于进一步拓宽学术研究的国际视野。

因此，考生需要认真准备考博英语，理解并熟练应用常见的解题技巧。

二、阅读理解部分解析阅读理解是考博英语的重点，也是考生最需要提高的部分之一。

解答阅读理解题时，首先需要认真阅读文章，理解文章的主旨和作者的观点。

同时，要注意文章中可能出现的难词和长句，对其进行分析翻译，以确保对文章的整体把握。

在解答问题时，可以将每个问题和相应的答案进行逐一对应，利用排除法综合考虑，找出最符合题目要求的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的干扰关系，避免被一些迷惑人的细节所干扰。

三、完形填空部分解析完形填空是考博英语中需要考生掌握的另一个重要技巧。

首先，要通过阅读整篇短文来了解文章的大意和逻辑结构。

然后，根据短文的语境和语法要求，在给出的选项中选择最适合的答案。

在进行选择时，可以根据前后文的逻辑关系和上下文的提示，找出与文章整体一致的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的语法搭配和词义辨析，以确保填入的答案符合语言表达的规范和意思连贯的要求。

四、翻译部分解析翻译是考博英语中需要考生具备的一项重要能力，也是综合运用语言知识和运用能力的一种形式。

在翻译部分，考生需要将给定的句子或段落从中文翻译成英文，或将英文翻译成中文。

在进行翻译时，需要对句子的语法结构和词义进行准确理解，并运用英语表达的规范和习惯进行翻译。

同时，还需要考虑语境的要求和翻译的准确性，确保所翻译的句子或段落符合原文的意思和表达要求。

五、写作部分解析写作是考生展示思想和语言运用能力的重要部分，也是考博英语中相对较难的一部分。

在写作时，需要结合给定的话题或指令，明确文章的结构和主题，并通过逻辑思维和语言表达进行准确、连贯的论述。

在提出观点和论证时，可以引用相关的事实、数据或引用他人的观点来支持自己的观点。

育明考博全国免费咨询电话400-668-6978 QQ：493371626 QQ：28900643512015中央财经大学考博QQ 交流群105619820 英语群335488903 专业课群157460416中央财经大学会计学院会计学专业考博分析一、考博介绍：2015年中央财经大学会计学院学院招生16人，其中会计学专业招生为16人。

而此专业又分为2个主要研究方向，分别为：01.会计理论与方法、02.财务理论与方法两个主要的研究方向。

二、联系导师：在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，育明考博2014届学员成绩喜报 英语各类课程学员数873人 专业课各类课程学员239人 专业课教学测评中学员零差评 英语一对一全程32名学员全部过线 第七期考博英语集训营四个班97名学员90人过线报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

财政部财科所考博英语历年试题分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。

华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。

1.考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。

而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。

首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。

并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。

其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。

因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。

如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。

所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。

2.考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。

指导作用。

通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。

规划作用。

考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。

中财考博辅导班：中央财经大学考博英语真题大全对于申博考博的笔试来说，最重要的就是练习真题。

启道仲裁考博辅导班，根据理念的辅导经验，总结考博英语真题如下，仅供参考：Part IVocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentenc e there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best t he sentence. 1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. bud D . bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. sometimesB. simultaneouslyC. frequent lyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. aridB. moistC. soakedD. dry6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. vitalD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. generousB. spitefulC. ruthlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. agileB. dynamicC. stationaryD. inert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. minimalB. diminutiveC. microscopeD. dwarfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underl ined word orphrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one ofthe four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. skinB. huskC. shellD.bloom12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. foeD. ally13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in Cali fornia.A. relativeB. pioneerC. originalD. immigrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. driedB. soakedC. sultryD. chilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. aridB. dampC. soaked D . desiccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. prolongingB. subsidingC. gettingD. causing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States foursuccessive times.A. significantB. consecutiveC. notableD. symmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in ma ny parts of Europe.A. BathsB. Water canalsC. RoadsD. Air pipes20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United S tates.A. given over toB. attacked byC. ruled by D. influenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially danger ous diseases.A. colossalB. popularC. commonD. scattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obscureB. scarceC. vitalD. singular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing t he growth of peas.A. assumedB. reminisced ofC. thought of D . meditated about24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. anonymousB. eminentC. infamousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoy ah single-handedlyinvented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. loneliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by diff erent kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volumeautobiography.A. book about someone else’s lifeB. book about his own lifeC. book about many people’s livesD. book about the life of animals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. benevolentlyB. courageouslyC. apprehe nsivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish inthe 17th century.A. insipidB. flavoredC. blandD. sour30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donati onsof its citizens. A. kindhearted B. unwantedC. selfishD. meaninglessPart IICloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each num bered blank and mark A, B,C orD on Answer Sheet. The first two stages in the development of civilized man wereprobably the invention ofprimitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows ex actly when he acquired theuse of _31_. The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it bega n very gradually. Animals have a fewcries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive profess ional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for th e mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we m ust suppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes . It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picturelanguage preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall o f his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most impo rtant single factor in the development of man. Two important stage s came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was th e domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture wa s 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing compa rable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense i ncrease in the number of the human species in the regions where it couldbe successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which na ture fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violen t resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of l ife prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV ReadingComprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each pas sage bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1The ideal companion machine –the computer –would not only look, feel, and sound friendlybut would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that makeinteraction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machinewould appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversationa l style would makeinteraction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unp redictable and thereforeinteresting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, bu t as it came to know the user itwould progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine wou ld not be a passiveparticipant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinio ns; it would sometimes takethe initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend ifit imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is gettin g to know another. At anappropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy.The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid gi ving an impression ofover-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After exp eriencing a wealth of powerful,well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to ac cept the computer as far morethan a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of th e benefits that people obtainfrom interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in intere sting conservation thatcould continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life asrevealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-h umored. The computer’s ownpersonality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user.With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active in communication.B. Attractive inpersonality.C. Enjoyable in performance.D. Unpredicta ble in behavior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ______ __ way.A. quickB. unpredictableC. productiveD. inconspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits ofartificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude t oward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate machine.D. Humans and computers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and select ive receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as t he 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: sc ience in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spi ritual sphere.”Fukuzawas great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he wasnot able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another inte rlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democrati c idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Ja panese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were u ndertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restr aints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediatel y embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were domin ated by group values, and notions of personalfreedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespre ad participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Valu es are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles , emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humani stic goals of democracy intoegoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old orderremain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions suc h as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, superviso r, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes even extends to arra nging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his p atron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belo ng. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all i ts external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, ris ing as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter re quirement usually takingprecedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oya bun-kobun described in thepassage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except________.A. democratic ideals.B. elem ents of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar ec onomic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual libe rty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revol ution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic and supportiveD. skeptical and ques tioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most –people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes –he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes.People with declining incomes were next and people with stable inco mes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions ab out earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go u p, they will postponebuying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true . The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an inte rview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,”she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.”Her family had been planni ng to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.” The investigations mentione d above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were morein agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending pa tterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintainingstable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychol ogy.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way c onsumers will spend their money,he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain da ta on consumers’incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that _ ___.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy t hingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of c ertain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carri ed out in America were ____those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Brita in.A. somewhat different fromB. exac tly the same asC. much better thanD. not as good as64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great B ritain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct busin ess policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in thepassage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect pr ices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are relia ble.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a gre at deal –or at least many parts of ithave. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class –whether a person is “working-class”or “middle-class”–are one area inwhich changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less tha n middle-class people, such asteachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’jobs were generally muchless secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typicalworking man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, havinggiven his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander th e rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his mo ney was perhaps nearer the truth.He was –and still is –inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a houseas a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Bothof these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have theopportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn asmuch, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social sec urity and laws to improvejob-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of liv ing since the mid-fifties of the 20thcentury, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “to morrow”. Working-classpeople seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there hasbeen a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-cla sses to feel slightly ashamed oftheir position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst youngerpeople. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend theirmoney in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-ter m plans when necessary. Thereseems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Ne vertheless, we still have a widegap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may hav e) and the low-paid. As long asthis gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new con flicts and jealousies will emerge, orrather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class diffe rences in the past?A. Life style and occupation.B. Atti tude and income.C. Income and job security.D. Job secur ity and hobbies.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class ways of spending moneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a t ypical feature of the middle-class?A. Desiring for security.B. M aking longterm plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Sa ving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following fact orsEXCEPT ________.A. better social securityB. more job opportunitiesC. higher living standardD. b etter legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the Bri tish society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-c lass people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them v ery complicated, of the greatdemand for college educationin America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, thre e generations of the parents ofgrowing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, andthrough group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be ma de available. Happily the nationhas been able to provide the colleges, and the students have bee n admitted to them inever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of educ ation –government, businessin all its forms, and labor –all welcomed the expansion of op portunity because it simplified theirproblems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, ahigh-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations , and, for those occupations,job training took place either in the high school or on the job . A college degree was necessary onlyfor those who wanted tobe ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists , orscholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and a dvancement are open only tocollege graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that isneeded. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate onpreparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, andthe professions haveexpanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specia lists. Colleges and universities,responding to these developments, have organized new programs of s tudy to train these specialists,and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty yearsago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developedand the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list ofother offerings that were not available except in a few experimen tal programs. Accounting, socialscience, various forms of administration, public hospital and publi c health medical technology,and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher educati on within those same fortyyears. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomictechnology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most rece ntly, internationaladministration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers”most probably refers t o ____.A. high-school graduatesB. colle ge graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupat ions 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified f or such professional work asministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a hi gher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high”enough for most oc cupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of spe cialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for c olleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in Americacolleges and universities 40 years ago?A. Iternational administration.B. Comput er science and technology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Ad vanced nurse training.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher edu cation.C. The historical development of American colleges and universi ties.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write you r translation on AnswerSheet. If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thingbecause it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverancecan sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two c reatures,”says a proverb, “who cansurmount the pyramids –the eagle and the snail.”If I were a boy again, I would school myselfinto a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I wouldremember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directio ns at once. The habit of attentionbecomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation。