中国农业大学历年考博英语真题词汇大盘点

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。

urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。

只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。

2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。

prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。

maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。

independence n.独立，自主。

3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。

中国农业大学考博英语真题词汇汇总clean up打扫;清除hundreds of数以百计的be lacking in缺乏break into tears(cheers)突然哭(欢呼)起来in proportion to按……的比例in connection with与……相连in correspondence with与……联系(通信)be advantageous to对……有利be beneficial to对……有益in no way决不put out扑灭需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

in debt to sb.欠某人的债be it that即使assure sb.of sth.使某人对某事放心entrust sb.with sth.委托某人某事put(set)right使恢复正常，纠正错误on the way在途中off the way远离正道keep on with坚持make an attempt试图in the mood for sth.对某事有心境escape doing sth.躲避干某事make up for弥补come up with提出set a limit to限制within the limit of在……范围内call at访问call on号召go blank(头脑)变成空白go dim(大脑)混沌go faint晕过去break away from从……脱离be subjected to遭受be attached to附属于in no time立即by all means务必not on any account决不take pains to do sth.费尽苦心做某事a multitude of大量(接复数名词)give rise to导致give reason to对……进行解释give suspicion to对……怀疑make provision for为……作准备be involved in卷入，陷入be assigned to被分配给……be bored to death烦死了at fault出差错step into插入，干涉run into陷入adapt for调整(以适应目标或需要)a close(narrow)shave侥幸的脱险本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

全国博士入学考试英语词汇annoy；vt.使苦恼, 骚扰annual；n.一年生植物, 年刊, 年鉴adj.一年一次的, 每年的, 一年生的anonymous；adj.匿名的antenna；n.天线a；art.一n.字母Aabdomen；n.腹, 腹部abide；vi.坚持, 遵守vt.忍受, 容忍abound；vi.多, 大量存在, 富于, 充满abrupt；adj.突然的, 陡峭的, 生硬的accessory；n.附件, 零件, 附加物, 从犯, 同谋者adj.附属的, 补充的, 同谋的, 副的accidental；adj.意外的, 非主要的, 附属的n.非本质属性, 次要方面acclaim；n.喝彩, 欢呼v.欢呼, 称赞accommodate；vt.供应, 供给, 使适应, 调节, 和解, 向...提供, 容纳, 调和vi.适应accommodation；n.住处, 膳宿, (车, 船, 飞机等的)预定铺位, (眼睛等的)适应性调节, (社会集团间的)迁就融合accountant；n.会计(员), 会计师accumulate；v.积聚, 堆积accuracy；n.精确性, 正确度accurate；adj.正确的, 精确的accustomed；adj.通常的, 习惯的, 按照风俗习惯的acknowledge；vt.承认, 答谢, 报偿acquaint；vt.使熟知, 通知acquaintance；n.相识, 熟人acquire；vt.获得, 学到acquisition；n.获得, 获得物acrobat；n.(走钢丝的)杂技演员, 随机应变者, 翻云覆雨者activate；vt.刺激, 使活动vi.有活力actual；adj.实际的, 真实的, 现行的, 目前的acute；adj.敏锐的, [医]急性的, 剧烈addict；vt.使沉溺, 使上瘾n.入迷的人, 有瘾的人adequate；adj.适当的, 足够的adjacent；adj.邻近的, 接近的adjective；n.形容词adjoin；v.邻接, 毗连administer；v.管理, 给予, 执行administration；n.管理, 经营, 行政部门admission；n.允许进入, 承认某事之陈述, 供认adolescent；adj.青春期的, 青春的n.青少年adore；v.崇拜, 爱慕, (口语)喜爱advent；n.(尤指不寻常的人或事)出现, 到来advocate；n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹aerial；adj.航空的, 生活在空气中的, 空气的, 高耸的n.天线aesthetic；adj.美学的, 审美的, 有审美感的affiliate；v.(使...)加入, 接受为会员affluent；adj.丰富的, 富裕的agency；n.代理处, 行销处, 代理, 中介agenda；n.议程agent；n.代理(商)aggravate；vt.使恶化, 加重aggressive；adj.好斗的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的, 侵略性的agitate；v.搅动, 摇动, 煽动, 激动agony；n.苦恼, 极大的痛苦aircraft；n.航行器aisle；n.走廊, 过道album；n.集邮本, 照相簿, 签名纪念册alert；adj.提防的, 警惕的n.警惕, 警报alien；n.外侨adj.外国的, 相异的, 不同, 背道而驰allege；vt.宣称, 断言alleviate；vt.使(痛苦等)易于忍受, 减轻alliance；n.联盟, 联合allocate；vt.分派, 分配allowance；n.津贴, 补助, 宽容, 允许vt.定量供应alloy；n.合金vt.使成合金, 减低成色ally；v.结盟, 与...(在血统, 性质等上)有关联, 同盟n.同盟国, 支持者alongside；adv.在旁prep.横靠alter；v.改变alternate；adj.交替的, 轮流的, 预备的v.交替, 轮流, 改变alternative；n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物adj.选择性的, 二中择一的aluminium；n.[化]铝adj.铝的aluminum；n.[化]铝ambassador；n.大使ambiguous；adj.暧昧的, 不明确的ambitious；adj.有雄心的, 野心勃勃的ambulance；n.战时流动医院, 救护车amend；v.修正, 改进, 改正amiable；adj.亲切的, 和蔼可亲的amid；prep.在...中ample；adj.充足的, 丰富的amplifier；n.[电工]扩音器, 放大器amplify；vt.放大, 增强v.扩大analogue；n.相似物, 类似情况, 对等的人analogy；n.类似, 类推analyse；vt.分析, 分解n.分析analysis；n.分析, 分解analytic；adj.分析的, 解析的analyze；vt.分析, 分解anchor；n.锚v.抛锚, 锚定ancient；adj.远古的, 旧的anecdote；n.轶事, 奇闻anguish；n.痛苦, 苦恼vt.使极苦闷, 使极痛苦vi.感到痛苦anticipate；vt.预期, 期望, 过早使用, 先人一着, 占先v.预订, 预见, 可以预料antique；n.古物, 古董adj.古时的, 过时的anxiety；n.忧虑, 焦急, 渴望, 热望apology；n.(为某种思想, 宗教, 哲学等)辩解, 道歉appal；v.惊骇appall；vt.使胆寒, 使惊骇apparatus；n.器械, 设备, 仪器apparent；adj.显然的, 外观上的appeal；n.请求, 呼吁, 上诉, 吸引力, 要求vi.求助, 诉请, 要求vt.控诉appendix；n.附录, 附属品, [解]阑尾appetite；n.食欲, 胃口, 欲望, 爱好applaud；v.拍手喝彩, 称赞, 赞同applause；n.鼓掌欢迎, 欢呼appliance；n.用具, 器具applicable；adj.可适用的, 可应用的application；n.请求, 申请, 申请表, 应用, 运用, 施用, 敷用应用,应用程序,应用软件appraisal；n.评价, 估价(尤指估价财产,以便征税), 鉴定appreciate；vt.赏识, 鉴赏, 感激vi.增值, 涨价appropriate；adj.适当的approval；n.赞成, 承认, 正式批准approve；vi.赞成, 满意vt.批准, 通过v.批准approximate；adj.近似的, 大约的v.近似, 接近, 接近, 约计apt；adj.易于...的, 有...倾向的, 灵敏的, 灵巧的, 适当的, 切题的, 敏捷, 倾向是arbitrary；adj.任意的, 武断的, 独裁的, 专断的arch；n.拱门, 弓形结构, 拱形v.(使)弯成弓形adj.主要arithmetic；n.算术, 算法array；n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批vt.部署, 穿着, 排列arrogant；adj.傲慢的, 自大的artery；n.动脉, 要道articulate；adj.有关节的, 发音清晰的vt.用关节连接, 接合, 清晰明白地说artistic；adj.艺术的, 有美感的, 风雅的ascend；v.攀登, 上升ascertain；vt.确定, 探知ashore；adv.向岸地, 在岸上地aspect；n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面aspire；vi.热望, 立志assassinate；vt.暗杀, 行刺assault；n.攻击, 袭击v.袭击assemble；vt.集合, 聚集, 装配vi.集合assembly；n.集合, 装配, 集会, 集结, 汇编assert；v.断言, 声称assess；vt.估定, 评定asset；n.资产, 有用的东西assimilate；v.吸收assist；v.援助, 帮助assistance；n.协助, 援助, 补助, <英>国家补助assistant；n.助手, 助教adj.辅助的, 助理的associate；vt.使发生联系, 使联合vi.交往, 结交n.合作人, 同事adj.副的 association；n.协会, 联合, 结交, 联想assumption；n.假定, 设想, 担任, 承当, 假装, 作态assurance；n.确信, 断言, 保证, 担保assure；vt.断然地说, 确告, 保证, 担保astonish；vt.使惊讶astronaut；n.太空人, 宇航员astronomy；n.天文学athlete；n.运动员, 运动选手attempt；n.努力, 尝试, 企图vt.尝试, 企图attendant；n.服务员attorney；n.<美>律师, (业务或法律事务上的)代理人attribute；n.属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于auction；n.拍卖vt.拍卖audit；n.审计, 稽核, 查帐vt.稽核, 旁听vi.查账auditorium；n.听众席, 观众席, <美>会堂, 礼堂augment；v.增加, 增大n.增加aural；adj.听觉的authentic；adj.可信的authority；n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威auto；n.<美口>汽车automatic；n.自动机械adj.自动的, 无意识的, 机械的automation；n.自动控制, 自动操作automobile；n.<主美>汽车(=<英>motor car,car)autonomy；n.自治auxiliary；adj.辅助的, 补助的avail；vi.有益于, 有帮助, 有用, 有利vt.有利于n.效用, 利益available；adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的avert；v.转移aviation；n.飞行, 航空, 航空学, 航空术aware；adj.知道的, 明白的, 意识到的awe；n.敬畏vt.敬畏awkward；adj.难使用的, 笨拙的axis；n.轴bachelor；n.单身汉, 文理学士, 幼雄兽badminton；n.羽毛球bait；n.饵, 诱惑物vt.以饵引诱(动物), 把饵装上, 欺负, 折磨vi.中途休息bald；adj.光秃的, 单调的, 枯燥的ballet；n.芭蕾舞, 芭蕾舞剧, 芭蕾舞乐曲ballot；n.选举票, 投票, 票数vi.投票bandage；n.绷带banquet；n.宴会barbecue；n.吃烤烧肉的野餐barn；n.[农]谷仓, 畜棚, 畜舍, 机器房barrel；n.桶vt.装入桶内barren；adj.不生育的, 不孕的, 贫瘠的, 没有结果的, 无益的, 单调的, 无聊的, 空洞的n.荒地barrier；n.(阻碍通道的)障碍物, 栅栏, 屏障baseball；n.棒球, 棒球运动basement；n.地下室, 墙脚basin；n.盆, 盆地, 水池basis；n.基础, 基本, 根据, 主要成分(或要素), (认识论中的)基本原则或原理bat；n.蝙蝠, 球棒v.用球棒击球[计] 批处理文件的扩展名abbr.[军] Basic Armor Training, 装甲兵基础训练batch；n.(面包等)一炉, 一批battery；n.电池, 殴打battle；n.战役(指大规模会战), 战争vi.作战, 战斗, 搏斗, 斗争bay；n.海湾, 狗吠声, 绝路vt.吠, 使走投无路vi.吠bearing；n.轴承, 关系, 方面, 意义, 方向, 方位beast；n.兽, 畜牲, 人面兽心的人behalf；n.为, 利益behave；vi.举动, 举止, 运转v.行为表现belly；n.腹部, 胃vi.涨满beloved；adj.心爱的n.所爱的人, 爱人bench；n.长椅子benign；adj.(病)良性的, (气候)良好的, 仁慈的, 和蔼的betray；vt.出卖, 背叛, 泄露(秘密), 露出...迹象beware；v.小心, 谨防bewilder；vt.使迷惑, 使不知所措, 使昏乱bias；n.偏见, 偏爱, 斜线vt.使存偏见bibliography；n.(有关一个题目或一个人的)书目, 参考书目bid；vt.出价, 投标, 祝愿, 命令, 吩咐n.出价, 投标v.支付billion；n.adj.十亿(的)bin；n.箱柜[计] 二进制文件的扩展名bind；v.绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束biography；n.传记bit；n.小块, 少量, 片刻, 马嚼子, 辅币vt.上马嚼子, 控制vbl.咬n.[计]位, 比特bizarre；adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等)blackmail；n.勒索, 勒索所得之款vt.勒索blanket；n.毯子vt.覆盖blast；n.一阵(风), 一股(气流), 爆炸, 冲击波vt.爆炸, ,毁灭, 使枯萎, 损害blaze；n.火焰, 光辉, 情感爆发vi.燃烧, 照耀, 激发vt.在树皮上刻路标, 公开宣布bleak；adj.寒冷的, 阴冷的, 荒凉的, 凄凉的, 黯淡的blend；vt.混和n.混和block；n.木块, 石块, 块, 街区, 印版, 滑轮, 阻滞, (一)批vt.防碍, 阻塞blossom；n.花(尤指结果实者), 花开的状态, 兴旺期vi.开花, 兴旺, 发展blueprint；n.蓝图, 设计图, 计划vt.制成蓝图, 计划blunder；v.跌跌撞撞地走, 犯大错, 做错n.大错, 失误blunt；adj.钝的, 生硬的blur；v.涂污, 污损(名誉等), 把(界线,视线等)弄得模糊不清, 弄污n.污点blush；v.脸红, 羞愧, 呈现红色, 使成红色n.脸红, 红色, 红光boast；n.自夸, 值得夸耀的事物v.自夸, 以有...而自豪bold；adj.大胆的n.粗体bolt；n.门闩, 螺钉, 闪电, 跑掉v.上门闩, 囫囵吞下, 逃跑bond；n.结合(物), 粘结(剂), 联结, 公债, 债券, 合同v.结合bonus；n.奖金, 红利boom；n.繁荣, 隆隆声v.发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传boost；v.推进boot；n.<美> (长统)靴, 靴子v.导入booth；n.货摊, 售货亭, 棚border；n.边界, 国界, 边, 边沿, 边境vt.与...接壤, 接近v.接壤bosom；n.胸部, 胸, 胸怀, 内心, 内部, 中间, 任何温暖、舒适而熟悉的地方vt.怀抱, 隐匿bounce；v.(使)反跳, 弹起, (指支票)被银行退票, 弹跳n.(球)跳起, 弹回bound；n.跃进, 跳, 范围, 限度adj.正要启程的, 开往...去的, 被束缚的, 装订的v.跳跃, 限制boundary；n.边界, 分界线bowel；n.肠adj.内部, 同情心bowl；n.碗, 碗状物, 木球v.滚, (板球)投球bowling；n.保龄球boycott；n.vt.联合抵制, 联合排斥某国货物或与某国绝交brace；n.支柱, 带子, 振作精神vt.支住, 撑牢, 振作起来, 奋起adj.曲柄的v.支持bracket；n.墙上凸出的托架, 括弧, 支架v.括在一起branch；n.枝, 分枝, 分部, 分店, (学科)分科, 部门, 支流, 支脉v.出现分歧brand；n.商标, 牌子, 烙印vt.打火印, 污辱brass；n.黄铜, 黄铜制品, 厚脸皮breach；n.违背, 破坏, 破裂, 裂口vt.打破, 突破breadth；n.宽度, (布的)幅宽, (船)幅breed；v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类breeze；n.微风, 煤屑, 焦炭渣, 轻而易举的事, 小风波vi.吹微风, 逃走bribe；n.贿赂vt.贿赂, 向...行贿brick；n.砖, 砖块, 砖形物(如茶砖,冰砖等), <口>心肠好的人bride；n.新娘briefcase；n.(扁平的, 柔韧的, 装文件, 书报的)公文包brim；n.(杯, 碗等)边, 边缘, (河)边vt.注满, 使满溢vi.满溢brisk；adj.敏锐的, 凛冽的, 轻快的, 活泼的vt.使活泼vi.活跃起来brittle；adj.易碎的, 脆弱的brochure；n.小册子bronze；n.青铜(铜与锡合金), 铜像adj.青铜色的brook；n.小溪vt.容忍broom；n.扫帚, [植]金雀花vt.扫除brow；n.眉毛, 额, (面部)表情brush；n.刷子, 毛刷, 画笔vt.刷, 掸, 拂brutal；adj.残忍的, 兽性的bubble；n.泡沫, 幻想的计划vi.起泡, 潺潺的流bucket；n.桶, 一桶的量, [桶壮物]铲斗bud；n.芽, 蓓蕾vi.发芽, 萌芽budget；n.预算vi.做预算, 编入预算buffet；n.餐具柜, 小卖部, 殴打, 打击v.打击, 搏斗bulb；n.鳞茎, 球形物bulk；n.大小, 体积, 大批, 大多数, 散装vt.显得大, 显得重要bulletin；n.公告, 报告bully；n.欺凌弱小者vt.威吓, 威逼bump；n.撞击, 肿块v.碰(伤), 撞(破), 颠簸bunch；n.串, 束v.捆成一束bundle；n.捆, 束, 包v.捆扎bureau；n.办公桌, 衣柜<美>局, 办公署bureaucracy；n.官僚, 官僚作风, 官僚机构burglar；n.夜贼burst；v.爆裂, 炸破, 急于, 爆发n.突然破裂, 爆发, 脉冲butcher；n.屠夫, 屠户vt.屠宰, 屠杀bypass；n.旁路vt.设旁路, 迂回by-pass；旁通; 旁通道; 绕流管; 分路迂回cab；一种压缩文件格式n.出租马车, 出租汽车, 计程车, (机车, 卡车, 起重机的)司机室, 驾驶室vi.乘出租马车cabin；n.小屋, 船舱cabinet；n.(有抽屉或格子的)橱柜, <美>内阁adj.<美>内阁的, 小巧的cable；n.电缆, 海底电报, 缆, 索v.打(海底)电报cafeteria；n.自助餐厅calcium；n.[化]钙(元素符号Ca)calculate；v.计算, 考虑, 计划, 打算v.<美>以为, 认为calendar；n.日历, 历法camel；n.骆驼, [船](打捞用的)浮筒camera；n.照相机camp；n.露营地, 阵营vi.露营, 扎营campaign；n.[军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 竞选运动vi.参加活动, 从事活动, 作战canal；n.运河, 小道, 导管, 槽, 沟渠vt.开运河candidate；n.候选人, 投考者canoe；n.独木舟, 轻舟canteen；n.小卖部, 食具箱, 饭盒, (军用)水壶canvas；v.彻底讨论探究n.帆布cape；n.海角, 岬capital；n.首都, 首府, 大写字母, 资本, 资金, 资产adj.首都的, 重要的, 死罪的, 大写的, <口>极好的capitalism；n.资本主义capsule；n.(植物)蒴果, 胶囊, 瓶帽, 太空舱captive；n.俘虏, 被美色或爱情迷住的人adj.被俘的, 被迷住的carbohydrate；n.[化]碳水化合物, 醣类carbon；n.[化]碳(元素符号C), (一张)复写纸cardinal；n.枢机主教, 红衣主教adj.主要的, 最重要的caress；n.爱抚, 接吻vt.抚爱carpet；n.地毯carriage；n.马车, 客车, 运费, 姿态, （机械）车架carrier；n.运送者, 邮递员, 带菌者, (自行车等)行李架, 搬运器, 航空母舰n.[电]载波（信号）cart；n.大车, 手推车vt.用车装载carve；v.雕刻, 切开cassette；n.盒子, 盒式磁带cast；n.投掷, 铸件, 脱落物, 一瞥, 演员表v.投, 抛, 投射, 浇铸, 计算, 派(角色) casual；adj.偶然的, 不经意的, 临时的casualty；n.伤亡catalog；n.目录, 目录册v.编目录catalogue；n.目录catastrophe；n.大灾难, 大祸category；n.种类, 别, [逻]范畴cater；vi.备办食物, 满足(需要), 投合cathedral；n.大教堂catholic；n.天主教徒adj.天主教的cattle；n.牛, 家养牲畜caution；n.小心, 谨慎, 警告vt.警告cautious；adj.谨慎的, 小心的cease；v.停止, 终了ceiling；n.天花板, 最高限度celebrity；n.名声, 名人cement；n.水泥, 接合剂vt.接合, 用水泥涂, 巩固vi.粘牢cemetery；n.墓地, 公墓census；n.人口普查centigrade；adj.分为百度的, 百分度的, 摄氏温度的central；adj.中心的, 中央的, 重要的, 主要的, 中枢的, 走中间道路的n.<美>电话总机cereal；n.谷类食品, 谷类ceremony；n.典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员certificate；n.证书, 证明书vt.发给证明书, 以证书形式授权给...certify；v.证明, 保证chalk；n.粉笔, 白垩vt.用粉笔写, 和以白垩challenge；n.挑战vt.向...挑战chamber；n.室, 房间, 议院, 会所, (枪)膛champagne；n.香槟酒, 香槟色champion；n.冠军, 拥护者, 战士vt.拥护, 支持chancellor；n.长官, 大臣channel；n.海峡, 水道, 沟, 路线vt.引导, 开导, 形成河道信道,频道chaos；n.混乱, 混沌(宇宙未形成前的情形)chap；n.<俗>伙伴, 家伙, 小伙子, 颚, 颊v.(使)皲裂chapter；n.(书籍)章charge；n.负荷, 电荷, 费用, 主管, 掌管, 充电, 充气, 装料v.装满, 控诉, 责令, 告诫, 指示, 加罪于, 冲锋, 收费charity；n.慈善, 施舍, 慈善团体chart；n.海图, 图表vt.制图charter；vt.租, 包(船、车等)n.宪章chase；n.追赶, 追击vt.追赶, 追逐, 雕镂cheat；n.欺骗, 骗子v.欺骗, 骗取cheer；n.愉快, 欢呼v.(使)快活, (对)欢呼chef；n.厨师cheque；n.支票cherish；vt.珍爱, 怀抱(希望等)cherry；n.樱桃, 樱桃树, 如樱桃的鲜红色, <俚, 鄙>处女膜, 处女chess；n.国际象棋chin；n.下巴, 下颚chip；n.碎片, 筹码v.削成碎片, 碎裂芯片chop；n.砍, 排骨, 官印, 商标vt.剁碎, 砍, (风浪)突变chorus；n.合唱, 合唱队, 齐声chronic；adj.慢性的, 延续很长的cinema；n.电影院, 电影circuit；n.电路, 一圈, 周游, 巡回circular；adj.圆形的, 循环的n.函件通知circulate；v.(使)流通, (使)运行, (使)循环, (使)传播circumstance；n.环境, 详情, 境况circus；n.马戏团, 杂技团, 马戏场, 杂技场cite；vt.引用, 引证, 提名表扬civil；adj.全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的, 民间的.民事的, 根据民法的, 文职的, 有礼貌的civilian；n.平民, 公务员, 文官adj.民间的, 民用的civilisation；n.<主英>=civilizationclaim；n.(根据权利提出)要求, 要求权, 主张, 要求而得到的东西vt.(根据权利)要求, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要clap；n.拍手声, 霹雳声v.鼓掌, 轻拍clarify；v.澄清, 阐明clarity；n.清楚, 透明clash；n.冲突, 撞击声, 抵触v.(使)发出撞击声, 猛撞, 冲突clasp；n.扣子, 钩, 紧握, 抱住v.扣紧, 紧握, 搂抱, 密切合作clause；n.子句, 条款clay；n.粘土, 泥土, 肉体, 人体, 似黏土的东西, 陶土制的烟斗clergy；n.(集合称)圣职者, 牧师, 僧侣, 神职人员clerk；n.职员, 办事员, <美> 店员click；v.发出滴答声n.滴答声client；n.[计]顾客, 客户, 委托人cliff；n.悬崖, 绝壁climate；n.气候, 风土, 思潮climax；n.高潮, 顶点climb；v.攀登, 爬n.攀登, 爬cling；vi.粘紧, 附着, 紧贴, 坚持(意见), 墨守(习惯)clinic；n.门诊部, 临床clip；n.夹子, 回形针, 子弹夹vt.夹住, 剪短, 修剪cloak；n.斗蓬, 宽大外衣, 掩护vt.用外衣遮蔽, 披斗篷clumsy；adj.笨拙的cluster；n.串, 丛vi.丛生, 成群clutch；v.抓住, 攫住n.离合器coach；n.四轮大马车, 长途汽车, 教练v.训练, 指导coalition；n.合并, 接合, 联合coarse；adj.粗糙的, 粗鄙的cocaine；n.古柯碱,可卡因cognitive；adj.认知的, 认识的, 有感知的coherent；adj.粘在一起的, 一致的, 连贯的cohesive；adj.粘着的coil；v.盘绕, 卷coincide；vi.一致, 符合coincidence；n.一致, 相合, 同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事coke；n.可乐, 焦炭v.(使)成焦炭collaborate；vi.合作, 通敌colleague；n.同事, 同僚collection；n.收藏, 征收, 搜集品, 捐款collective；adj.集体的n.集体collide；vi.碰撞, 抵触collision；n.碰撞, 冲突colonel；n.陆军上校, 团长colonial；adj.殖民的, 殖民地的 n.殖民地居民colony；n.殖民地, 侨民, (聚居的)一群同业, 一批同行, (生物)群体column；n.圆柱, 柱壮物, 专栏, 纵队comb；n.梳子, 梳, 鸡冠, 蜂巢vi.梳(发), 搜索combat；n.战斗, 格斗v.战斗, 搏斗, 抗击combination；n.结合, 联合, 合并, 化合, 化合物combine；v.(使)联合, (使)结合n.联合企业, 联合收割机n.联合收割机comedy；n.喜剧, 喜剧性的事情comic；n.滑稽演员adj.滑稽的, 喜剧的command；n.命令, 掌握, 司令部v.命令, 指挥, 克制, 支配, 博得, 俯临commemorate；vt.纪念commence；v.开始, 着手commend；vt.称赞, 表扬, 推荐, 委托, 吸引comment；n.注释, 评论, 意见vi.注释, 评论commerce；n.商业commercial；adj.商业的, 贸易的commission；n.委任, 委托, 代办(权), 代理(权), 犯(罪), 佣金vt.委任, 任命, 委托, 委托制作, 使服役commit；vt.犯(错误), 干(坏事), 把...交托给, 提交, 答应负责committee；n.委员会commodity；n.日用品commonplace；n.平凡的事, 平常话adj.平凡的commonwealth；n.国民整体, 共和国, 联邦communicate；v.沟通, 通信, (房间、道路、花园等)相通, 传达, 感染communication；n.传达, 信息, 交通, 通讯communism；n.共产主义community；n.公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落commute；v.交换, 抵偿, 减刑, <电工>整流compact；adj.紧凑的, 紧密的, 简洁的n.契约, 合同, 小粉盒companion；n.同伴, 共事者compartment；n.间隔间, 车厢compass；n.罗盘, 指南针,圆规v.包围compassion；n.同情,怜悯compatible；adj.谐调的, 一致的, 兼容的compel；vt.强迫, 迫使compensate；v.偿还, 补偿, 付报酬compensation；n.补偿, 赔偿competent；adj.有能力的, 胜任的competition；n.竞争, 竞赛compile；vt.编译, 编辑, 汇编complain；v.抱怨, 悲叹, 控诉complaint；n.诉苦, 抱怨, 牢骚, 委屈, 疾病complement；n.补足物, [文法]补语, [数]余角vt.补助, 补足complex；adj.复杂的, 合成的, 综合的n.联合体complicate；v.(使)变复杂complicated；adj.复杂的, 难解的complication；n.复杂化, (使复杂的)因素n.[医]并发症compliment；n.称赞, 恭维, 致意, 问候, 道贺vt.称赞, 褒扬, 恭维comply；vi.顺从, 答应, 遵守component；n.成分adj.组成的, 构成的composite；adj.合成的, 复合的n.合成物compound；n.混合物, [化]化合物adj.复合的v.混合, 配合comprehensive；adj.全面的, 广泛的, 能充分理解的, 包容的comprise；v.包含, 由...组成compromise；n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全compulsory；adj.必需做的, 必修的, 被强迫的, 被强制的, 义务的conceal；vt.隐藏, 隐蔽, 隐瞒v.隐蔽concede；vt.勉强, 承认, 退让vi.让步conceive；vt.构思, 以为, 持有vi.怀孕, 考虑, 设想concentrate；v.集中, 浓缩concept；n.观念, 概念conception；n.观念, 概念concert；n.音乐会, 一致concession；n.让步concise；adj.简明的, 简练的conclude；v.结束, 终止, 决定, 作出结论vt.推断, 断定, 缔结, 议定conclusion；n.结束, 缔结, 结论concrete；adj.具体的, 有形的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑, 浇混凝土, 凝结condense；v.(使)浓缩, 精简condition；n.条件, 情形, 环境, 社会地位vt.以...为条件, 使达到要求的情况confer；vt.授予(称号、学位等), 赠与, 把...赠与, 协议v.协商, 交换意见conference；n.会议, 讨论会, 协商会confidential；adj.秘密的, 机密的conflict；n.斗争, 冲突vi.抵触, 冲突conform；vt.使一致, 使遵守, 使顺从vi.符合, 相似, 适应环境adj.一致的, 顺从的 confront；vt.使面临, 对抗congress；n.(代表)大会, [C～] (美国等国的)国会, 议会conjunction；n.联合, 关联, 连接词connexion；n.联系, 连结conscientious；adj.尽责的consecutive；adj.连续的, 联贯的consensus；n.一致同意, 多数人的意见, 舆论consent；vi.同意, 赞成, 答应n.同意, 赞成, 允诺consequence；n.结果, [逻]推理, 推论, 因果关系, 重要的地位consequently；adv.从而, 因此conservation；n.保存, 保持, 守恒conservative；adj.保守的, 守旧的n.保守派consist；vi.由...组成, 在于, 一致consistent；adj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的console；vt.安慰, 藉慰n.[计] 控制台consolidate；v.巩固conspicuous；adj.显著的conspiracy；n.共谋, 阴谋constant；n.[数、物]常数, 恒量adj.不变的, 持续的, 坚决的constituent；n.委托人, 要素adj.有选举权的；有宪法制定［修改］权的constitute；vt.制定(法律), 建立(政府), 组成, 任命constitution；n.宪法, 构造, 体质, 体格, 国体, 章程, 惯例constrain；vt.强迫, 抑制, 拘束construct；vt.建造, 构造, 创立construction；n.建筑, 建筑物, 解释, 造句consult；v.商量, 商议, 请教, 参考, 考虑consultant；n.顾问, 商议者, 咨询者contact；n.接触, 联系vt.接触, 联系contaminate；v.污染contemplate；v.凝视, 沉思, 预期, 企图contemporary；n.同时代的人adj.当代的, 同时代的contempt；n.轻视, 轻蔑, 耻辱, 不尊敬, [律]藐视法庭(或国会)contend；v.斗争, 竞争, 主张content；n.内容, 容量, 目录, 满足adj.满足的, 满意的, 愿意vt.使满足contest；n.论争, 竞赛v.,争论, 争辩, 竞赛, 争夺context；n.上下文, 文章的前后关系continent；n.大陆, 陆地continual；adj.连续的, 频繁的, 持续不断的continue；v.继续, 连续, 延伸continuous；adj.连续的, 持续的contract；n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约contradict；vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradiction；n.反驳, 矛盾contrary；adj.相反的, 逆的, <口语>执拗n.反面adv.相反地contrast；vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照vi.和...形成对照n.对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异contrive；v.发明, 设计, 图谋controversial；adj.争论的, 争议的controversy；n.论争, 辩论, 论战convenience；n.便利, 方便, 有益, 有用的, 方便的用具、机械、安排等convenient；adj.便利的, 方便的convention；n.大会, 协定, 习俗, 惯例conventional；adj.惯例的, 常规的, 习俗的, 传统的conversation；n.会话, 交谈conversely；adv.倒地,逆地conversion；n.变换, 转化convert；n.皈依者vt.使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰convict；vt.证明...有罪, 宣告...有罪n.罪犯conviction；n.深信, 确信, 定罪, 宣告有罪convince；vt.使确信, 使信服cooperative；adj.合作的, 协力的coordinate；n.同等者, 同等物, 坐标(用复数)adj.同等的, 并列的vt.调整, 整理cop；n.警官, 巡警, [纺]管纱vt.抓住copper；n.铜, 警察cord；n.绳索, 束缚cordial；n.兴奋剂, 兴奋性饮料adj.热忱的, 诚恳的, 兴奋的corner；n.角落, (街道)拐角处, (遥远的)地区, 偏僻处, 困境, 绝路vt.迫至一隅, 垄断, 使陷入绝境, 把...难住vi.相交成角, 囤积(in)corporation；n.[律]社团, 法人, 公司, 企业, <美>有限公司, (市, 镇的)自治机关, <口>大肚皮correspond；vi.符合, 协调, 通信, 相当, 相应correspondence；n.相应, 通信, 信件correspondent；n.通讯记者, 通信者corresponding；adj.相应的, 通讯的corridor；n.走廊corrode；v.使腐蚀, 侵蚀corrupt；adj.腐败的, 贪污的, 被破坏的, 混浊的, (语法)误用的vt.使腐烂, 腐蚀, 使恶化vi.腐烂, 堕落cosmic；adj.宇宙的costume；n.装束, 服装cosy；adj.舒适的, 安逸的cottage；n.村舍, 小别墅couch；n.(文学)床, 睡椅 v.(用语言)表达council；n.政务会, 理事会, 委员会, 参议会, 讨论会议, 顾问班子, 立法班子counsel；n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师vt.劝告, 忠告counter；n.计算器, 计数器, 计算者, 柜台, 筹码adv.prep.相反地counterpart；n.副本, 极相似的人或物, 配对物coupon；n.息票, 商家的优待券courage；n.勇气, 精神course；n.过程, 经过, 进程, 方针, 路线, 跑道, 课程, 一道菜v.追猎, 急行, 运行, 流动学业court；n.法院, 庭院, 朝廷, 宫庭, 球场, 奉承, 求爱, 殷勤vt.向...献殷勤, 追求, 设法获得(他人的支持等), 博得(喝彩), 招致(失败、危险等)vi.求爱courtesy；n.谦恭, 允许, 礼貌coward；n.懦弱的人, 胆小的人crab；n.螃蟹, 类似螃蟹的动物, 脾气乖戾的人, 吹毛求疵vi.捕蟹, 偏航, 发牢骚vt.使偏航, 发脾气, 破坏crack；n.裂缝, 噼啪声v.(使)破裂, 裂纹, (使)爆裂adj.最好的, 高明的cradle；n.摇篮, 发源地, 支船架vt.将...放在摇篮内craft；n.工艺, 手艺crane；n.起重机crash；n.碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, 撞击声, 爆裂声v.碰撞, 坠落, 坠毁, (指商业公司, 政府等)破产, 垮台crawl；vi.爬行, 蠕动, 徐徐行进n.爬行, 蠕动, 缓慢的行进credentials；n. 信任状credit；n.信任, 信用, 声望, 荣誉, [财务]贷方, 银行存款vt.相信, 信任, 把...归给creep；vi.爬, 蹑手蹑脚, 蔓延crew；n.全体人员, (工作)队vbl.crow的过去式cricket；n.[昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球criminal；n.罪犯, 犯罪者adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的cripple；n.跛子v.削弱crisis；n.疾病的转折点(或转好或恶化), 决定性时刻, 危机, 危险期, 历史上的紧要关头, [医]危象, 转换期crisp；adj.脆的, 易碎的criterion；n.(批评判断的)标准, 准据, 规范critic；n.批评家, 评论家, 吹毛求疵者critical；adj.评论的, 鉴定的, 批评的, 危急的, 临界的criticise；v.批评, 吹毛求疵, 非难criticism；n.批评, 批判criticize；v.批评, 责备crow；n.乌鸦, 似乌鸦的鸟, 撬棍vi.啼叫, 报晓, (婴孩)格格地笑crowd；n.人群, 群众, 一堆(东西), 一伙v.群集, 拥挤, 挤满crown；n.王冠, 花冠, 顶vt.加冕, 顶上有, 表彰, 使圆满完成crucial；adj.至关紧要的cruel；adj.残酷的, 悲惨的, 使痛苦的crush；vt.压碎, 碾碎, 压服, 压垮, 粉碎, (使)变形crust；n.外壳, 硬壳, 面包皮vt.盖以硬皮vi.结硬皮cube；n.立方体, 立方cultivate；vt.培养, 耕作cunning；adj.狡猾的, 巧妙的, <美>漂亮的, 可爱的n.狡猾, 诡诈curb；n.路边curiosity；n.好奇心curious；adj.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 爱挑剔的curl；v.(使)卷曲currency；n.流通current；adj.当前的, 通用的, 流通的, 现在的, 草写的, 最近的n.涌流, 趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流curriculum；n.课程curse；n.诅咒, 咒语, 祸根, 祸因vt.诅咒, 咒骂, 降祸, 使受罪curtain；n.窗帘, 门帘v.装上门帘curve；n.曲线, 弯曲, [棒球]曲线球, [统]曲线图表vt.弯, 使弯曲vi.成曲形customary；adj.习惯的, 惯例的cyberspace；n.电脑空间cylinder；n.圆筒, 圆柱体, 汽缸, 柱面dairy；n.牛奶场, 奶品场, 售牛奶, 奶油, 鸡蛋等的商店, 奶制品damp；n.湿气adj.潮湿的vt.使潮湿, 阻尼, 使衰减, 使沮丧, 控制, 抑止dash；n.少量(搀加物), 冲撞, 破折号, 锐气, 精力, 干劲vi.猛掷, 冲撞vt.泼溅, 使猛撞,搀和, 使破灭, 使沮丧, 匆忙完成datum的复数, [计] 资料, 数据database；n.[计] 数据库, 资料库dazzle；v.(使)眼花, 眩耀n.耀眼dean；n.(大学)院长, 主持牧师, (基督教)教长deceit；n.欺骗, 谎言deceive；v.欺骗, 行骗decent；adj.正派的, 端庄的, 有分寸的, (服装)得体的, 大方的adj.<口>相当好的、象样的decimal；adj.十进的, 小数的, 以十为基础的, 十进制n.小数decisive；adj.决定性的declaration；n.宣布, 宣言, 声明declare；vt.断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明, (向海关)中报进口应纳税之货物decline；vi.下倾, 下降, 下垂v.拒绝, 衰落n.下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落decorate；v.装饰, 为...做室内装修decrease；n.减少, 减少之量v.减少dedicate；vt.献(身), 致力, 题献(一部著作给某人)deduce；vt.推论, 演绎出deduct；vt.扣除, 演绎deed；n.行为, 事实, 功绩, 实行, 契约vt.立契转让(旧产等)deem；v.认为, 相信defeat；n.击败, 战胜, 失败vt.击败, 战胜, 使失败, 挫折v.击败defect；n.过失, 缺点defence；n.防卫, 防卫设备n.[律](被告的)答辩、辩护defend；vt.防护, 辩护, 防卫, [律]作...的辩护律师defense；n.(D-)(美国)国防部, 防卫, 防卫物vt.谋划抵御deficiency；n.缺乏, 不足deficit；n.赤字, 不足额define；vt.定义, 详细说明definite；adj.明确的, 一定的definition；n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度defy；vt.不服从, 公然反抗, 藐视, 挑衅, 违抗, 使...难于n.挑战degenerate；adj.退化的v.退化delegate；n.代表vt.委派...为代表deliberate；adj.深思熟虑的, 故意的, 预有准备的v.商讨delicate；adj.精巧的, 精致的, 病弱的, 脆弱的, 微妙的, 棘手的, 灵敏的, 精密的delight；n.快乐, 高兴, 喜悦v.(使)高兴, (使)欣喜demand；n.要求, 需求(量), 需要v.要求, 需要, 要求知道, 查询democracy；n.民主政治, 民主主义democratic；adj.民主的, 民主主义的, 民主政体的, 平民的demonstrate；vt.示范, 证明, 论证vi.示威denial；n.否认, 否定, 谢绝, 拒绝denote；vt.指示, 表示。

学苑教育名师倾情奉献考博英语翻译热点词汇总裁助理assistant president综合治理comprehensive treatment安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents信息化information-based；informationization智力密集型concentration of brain power; knowledge—intensive外资企业overseas-funded enterprises下岗职工laid—off workers分流reposition of redundant personnel三角债chain debts素质教育education for all-round development豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects社会治安情况law-and—order situation民族国家nation state台独"independence of taiwan"台湾当局taiwan authorities台湾同胞taiwan compatriots台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。

taiwan is an inalienable part ofthe chinese territory。

西部大开发development of the west regions可持续性发展sustainable development风险投资risk investment通货紧缩deflation扩大内需to expand domestic demand计算机辅助教学computer—assisted instruction （cai ）网络空间cyberspace虚拟现实virtual reality网民netizen （net citizen )电脑犯罪computer crime电子商务the e-business网上购物shopping online应试教育exam—oriented education学生减负to reduce study load下岗laid—off workers下海plunge into the commercial sea下网off line小康之家well-off family; comfortably—off family新秀up-and-coming star, rising star新新人类new human being ；x generation信息港info port形象小姐/ 先生image representative of a product or a brand 虚拟网virtual net学生处students’affairs division研究生毕业证/ 学位证graduate diploma/graudate degree’sdiploma 摇钱树cash cow以人为本people oriented；people foremost义务教育compulsory education易拉罐pop can应试教育examination-oriented education system舆论导向direction of public opinion运球dribble在职博士生on—job doctorate早恋puppy love招生就业指导办公室enrolment and vocation guidance office证券营业部stock exchange; security exchange知识产权intellectual property rights中专生secondary specialized or technical school student中流砥柱mainstay, chief corner stone专卖店exclusive agency；franchised store自我保护意识self-protection awareness综合国力comprehensive national strength综合业务数字网integrated service digital network （isdn）公正、公平、公开just, fair and open好莱坞大片hollywood blockbuster黄金时段prime time假唱lip—synch劲射power shot拉拉队cheering squad来电显示电话机caller id telephone论文答辩（thesis) oral defense泡沫经济bubble economy票贩子scalper，ticket tout拳头产品competitive products；knock—out products; blockbuster三角恋爱love triangle三维动画片three—dimensional animation”扫黄" 、”打非" eliminate pornography and illegalpublications申办奥运会bid for the olympic games实现中华民伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the chinesenation市场疲软sluggish market素质教育education for all-around development筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment脱贫致富cast (shake，throw）off poverty and set out on a road toprosperity 网吧internet bar网恋online love affair网上冲浪surf the internet网上交易平台online trading platform网友net friend无人售票self-service ticketing无绳来电显示电话cordless telephone with caller id无线应用协议wap （wireless application protocol ）2013年考博英语院校招生简章-学苑教育。

中国农业大学考博英语真题词汇汇总pace/n.步，步伐v.踱步pacific/n.[the P]太平洋a.和平的，平静的pack/v.捆扎，打包;塞满，挤满n.包捆，(一)群，(一)副pact/n.合同，公约，协定pad/n.垫，衬垫;便笺簿;拍纸簿v.填塞paddle/n.桨v.用桨划pail/n.提桶painstaking/n.苦干;煞费苦心 a.苦干(的);煞费苦心(的)pamphlet/n.小册子panel/n.恐慌，惊慌panorama/n.喘气v.喘，气喘吁吁地说pants/n.裤子paperback/n.平装书需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

parachute/n.游行，检阅v.(使)列队行进，游行paradise/n.似非而是的话;反论parallel/a.(to，with)平行的，并联的;(to)相同的，类似的n.平行线，平行面;类似，相似物paralyze/v.使瘫痪(麻痹);使丧失作用parameter/n.寄生虫parliament/n.国会，议会partial/ a.部分的，不完全的;偏袒的，不公平的participant/n.参加者，参与者particle/a.特殊的，特别的;特定的，个别的n.[常pl.]详情，细目passion/n.热情，激情，爱好;激怒，大怒passive/ a.被动的，消极的pastime/n.牧草地，牧场patch/n.补钉，补片;碎片，碎屑v.补，修补patent/a.招人怜悯的，可悲的patriotic/ a.爱国的patrol/n.赞助人，保护人pattern/v.铺砌，铺(路)pavement/n.人行道peak/n.卵石peculiar/ a.古怪的，异常的;特殊的，特有的peculiarity/n.独特性，特色pedal/n.步行者，行人peep/v.偷看，窥视peer/n.同等的人，(复数)同龄人vt.仔细看，凝视penalty/n.处罚，惩罚pendulum/n.摆，钟摆penetrate/n.穿过，渗透penicillin/n.青霉素peninsula/n.养老金，年金perceive/n.香味，芳香;香水;香料/v.使发香，洒香水于periodical/v.丧生;凋谢;毁灭，消亡permanent/ a.永久的，持久的permeate/vt.弥漫，渗透permission/n.允许，同意perpetual/ a.永久的，永恒的，长期的perplex/v.使困惑，使费解，使复杂化persecute/v.迫害persever/vi.坚持，坚持不懈personnel/n.透视画法，透视图;远景，前途persuade/n.说服，说服力pessimistic/n.请愿书，申请书，诉状petroleum/n.石油petty/ a.小的，琐碎的;气量小的pharmacy/n.药房，药剂学phase/n.阶段，状态，时期;相，相位phenomenon/a.光电的photographic/ a.摄影的photography/n.摄影术physical/ad.物质上;体格上，身体上;按自然规律physician/n.内科医生physicist/n.物理学家physiology/n.生理学pickpocket/n.扒手v.扒窃pictorial/v.刺穿，刺破pilgrim/n.朝圣者，香客pillar/n.柱，台柱，栋梁pinch/v.捏，掐，拧，挟n.捏，掐;(一)撮，微量pint/n.品脱pioneer/n.先驱，倡导者，开拓者pipeline/n.管道，管线pirate/n.海盗;盗版v.海盗;盗版pistol/n.手枪piston/n.活塞pit/n.坑，陷阱;煤矿，矿井pitch/n.沥青;掷v.用沥青覆盖;投掷，扔plague/n.瘟疫，灾害plaster/n.灰泥;熟石膏;膏药plate/n.金属板，片;盘子，盆子v.镀，电镀plateau/n.高原platform/n.平台，台;站台，月台;政纲，党纲plausible/n.祈求，恳求plead/v.恳求，请求;为……辩护pledge/n.誓约;保证v.发誓;保证plentiful/ a.富裕的，丰富的plight/n.困境，窘境plot/n.秘密计划;小块土地v.标绘，绘制;密谋，策划plumber/n.管子工plunge/n.肺炎poke/v.刺，戳;伸出polar/n.政策，方针;保险单polish/v.磨光，擦亮;使优美，润饰n.擦光剂，上光蜡poll/vt.沉思，认真思考pool/n.水池，游泳池;合资经营，联营pop/n.罗马教皇，主教porcelain/n.瓷器 a.精致的，瓷器的porch/a.轻便的，手提(式)的portion/vt.描述，描绘pose/a.确实的，明确的;积极的，肯定的n.(摄影)正片postpone/n.(身体)姿势，体态;看法，态度potential/ a.潜在的，可能的;势的，位的n.潜能，潜力poultry/n.家禽practical/ad.几乎，实际上，简直practitioner/n.从业者pray/n.祈祷，祷告，祷文preach/v.宣讲(教义)，布道;竭力鼓吹，宣传precaution/n.预防，谨慎，警惕precede/n.先例preceding/ a.在前的，在先的precise/a.精确的，准确的precision/n.精确，精密度preclude/vt.排除;阻止predecessor/v.预言，预测，预告predominant/n.序言，引言，前言preferable/ a.(to)更可取的，更好的preference/n.(for，to)偏爱，喜爱;优惠pregnant/ a.怀孕的prejudice/n.偏见，成见;损害，侵害preliminary/n.前提，假设premium/v.指定，规定;处(方)，开(药)prescription/n.药方，处方preservation/v.保护，维持;保存，保藏;腌渍preside/n.声望，威信presumably/v.假设，假定;认为，揣测pretext/v.(over，against)取胜，占优势;流行，盛行prevalent/ a.流行的，普遍的prey/n.被捕食的动物，捕获物;受害者v.猎取动物prick/v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔n.刺伤，刺痛primary/a.最初的，初级的;首要的，主要的，基本的prime/a.首要的，主要的;最好的，第一流的n.青春，全盛期，青壮年时期primitive/a.原始的，远古的，早期;粗糙的，简单的principal/n.信念，原则;主意，原理prior/n.先，前;优先，优先权privilege/n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权probe/n.探针，探测器v.(以探针等)探察，穿刺，查究procedure/n.程序，手续，步骤proceed/n.(会议)议程，进程process/n.过程，进程;工序，制作法，工艺v.加工，处理procession/n.队伍，行列proclaim/v.宣布，声明productive/ a.生产(性)的，能产的，多产的productivity/n.生产率proficiency/n.(in)熟练，精通profile/n.利润，收益，益处v.(by，from)得利，获益;利用，有利于。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2021答案解析Part ⅠVocabulary Section A1.C 译文：经过数百年的自我实施专制后，中国已经在国际事务上占有一席之地，并进入了现代历史的浪潮。

解析：cooperation合作；monopoly垄断；dictatorship专政，专制；seclusion隐居。

2.C 译文：满族人已经和保证双方地位的贵族阶层形成了联盟。

贵族人与普通平民区分开来，并且他们被给予政府部门中的专有职位特权。

解析：inclusive包含的；special 专用的，专门的；exclusive独有的，专有的；especial特别的，尤其的。

3.C 译文：理论科学是在物质环境中产生的，而应用则是思想的强力驱动力。

照这样看，他便是一位伟大的思想传播者。

解析：encouragement 鼓舞；spur鼓舞，刺激；drive驱动，常用表达 a drive to sth；driving force驱动力，推动力，常用表达driving force for sth。

4.C 译文：他们用来建立维护追随者的方法与完成这样的活动的展望也成为了现今中国政治行为的重要来源。

解析：precedents 引用单元；pioneer 先锋；source来源；resource资源。

5.B 译文：在他身上，有一个交汇点，一个斗争的典型代表，因而他是一个真正的历史人物。

解析：representation表现；representative代表，典型；symbol象征，标志；sign符合，记号。

6.B 译文：社会稳定源于各种力量的微妙平衡。

在这种连续的平衡中，可变因素已经得到了暂时的平衡。

改变一个因素便会发生一系列改变和调整。

解析：saturation饱和；continuum连续体；continuation继续；melting point熔点。

acontinuum of 连续的。

7.B 译文：成功人士如何处理一种新文化取决于很多因素，如一个人的原始教育和即将修正的具体行为解析：固定搭配，be contingent on 取决于，依赖于。

中国农业大学考博英语词汇复习之基础部分（五）Hhabitat n.(动植物的)生活环境,产地、栖息地,居留地,自生地,聚集处harassment n.折磨harsh adj.粗糙的,荒芜的,苛刻的,刺耳的,刺目的heave v.举起n.举起herb n.药草,香草hierarchy n.层次层级hike v.远足,飞起,步行n.远足,增加hip n.臀,蔷薇果,忧郁adj.熟悉内情的vt.使忧郁,给（屋顶）造屋脊int.喝彩声hop v.单脚跳,(鸟,蛙等)跳跃n.蛇麻草hound n.猎犬vt.带猎犬狩猎,卑鄙的人,追捕,激励,使追逐housing n.供给住宅,住宅群,机架,住房供给howl v.嚎叫,怒吼,嚎啕大哭,喝住,号叫n.嚎叫,怒号,嚎哭hum v.嗡嗡叫,哼n.嗡嗡声,吵杂声humiliate v.羞辱,使丢脸,耻辱hurl n.<俚>用力或猛烈的投掷vt.用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下,推翻vi.猛投,猛掷hurricane n.飓风,狂风Iidiot n.白痴,愚人,傻瓜ignorance n.无知,不知illusion n.幻想impart vt.给予(尤指抽象事物),传授,告知,透露incentive n.动机adj.激励的indulge v.纵容inference n.推论infrastructure n.下部构造,基础下部组织inhale vt.吸入vi.吸气inhibit抑制,约束,抑制installment n.部分instrumental adj.仪器的,器械的,乐器的intelligible adj.可理解的interface n.分界面,接触面,界面INTERNET=Interactive Network Analysis交互式网络分析intimidate v.胁迫（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) intrigue n.阴谋,诡计vi.密谋,私通vt.激起...的兴趣,用诡计取得intrinsic adj.(指价值、性质)固有的,内在的,本质的intrude vi.闯入,侵入vt.强挤入,把(自己的思想)强加于人invariable n.不变的,永恒的adj.不变的,不变量inventory n.详细目录,存货,财产清册,总量inverse adj.倒转的,反转的n.反面v.倒转irony n.反话,讽刺,讽刺之事irrigate vt.灌溉,修水利,冲洗伤口,使潮湿vi.进行灌溉isle n.小岛,岛vt.使成为岛屿vi.住在岛屿上Jjudicial adj.司法的,法院的,公正的,明断的junk n.垃圾,舢板Kkin n.家属(集合称),亲戚,同族,血缘关系,家族adj.有亲属关系的,性质类似的,同类的kit n.成套工具,用具包,工具箱,成套用具Llapse n.失误,下降,流逝,丧失,过失v.失检,背离,堕入,流逝,失效,下降laptop膝上型电脑layoff n.临时解雇,操作停止,活动停止期间,失业期lease n.租借,租约,租赁物,租期,延续的一段时间vt.出租,租出,租得legacy n.遗赠(物),遗产(祖先传下来)legislation n.立法,法律的制定(或通过)legitimate adj.合法的,合理的,正统的v.合法levy n.征收,征税,征兵v.征收,征集,征用linear adj.线的,直线的,线性的linguistic adj.语言上的,语言学上的literacy n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力lofty adj.高高的,崇高的,高傲的,高级的loom n.织布机,织机v.隐现,迫近lottery n.抽彩给奖法lure v.引诱Mmagistrate n.文职官员,地方官员maiden n.少女,处女adj.未婚的,纯洁的,处女的,无经验的majesty n.最高权威,王权,雄伟malignant adj.恶性的mammal n.哺乳动物manoeuvre n.策略,调动v.用策略,调动,演习,(敏捷地)操纵marital adj.婚姻的masculine adj.男性的,男子气概的,阳性的n.男子,男孩massacre n.残杀,大屠杀v.残杀,集体屠杀medieval adj.中世纪的,仿中世纪的,老式的,<贬>原始的meditate v.想,考虑,(尤指宗教上的)沉思,冥想meditation n.沉思,冥想melody n.悦耳的音调memo n.备忘录menace n.威胁,危险物v.恐吓,危及,威胁merely adv.仅仅,只,不过merge v.合并,并入,结合,吞没,融合metaphor n.隐喻,暗喻,比喻说话metropolitan adj.首都的,主要都市的,n.大城市人militant adj.好战的,积极从事或支持使用武力的millionaire n.百万富翁,大富豪missionary adj.传教的,传教士的n.传教士mob n.(集合词)暴徒,乌合之众,(盗贼等的)一群v.成群暴动,聚众滋扰module n.模数,模块,登月舱,指令舱momentum n.动力,要素monarch n.君主motivate v.激发mould n.肥土,壤土,霉,模具v.用土覆盖,发霉,铸造mug n.杯子mute n.哑巴,哑音字母,拒不答辩的被告,弱音器adj.哑的,无声的,沉默的vt.减弱...的声音vi.排泄Nnapkin n.餐巾,餐巾纸,<英>尿布,<美>月经带narrative adj.叙述性的n.叙述necklace n.项链nightmare n.梦魇,恶梦,可怕的事物nineteen num.十九norm n.标准,规范numerical adj.数字的,用数表示的nurture n.养育,教育,教养,营养品vt.养育,给与营养物,教养Oobsession n.迷住,困扰obstruct v.阻隔,阻塞,遮断(道路、通道等)n.阻碍物,障碍物opt vi.选择optimum n.最适宜adj.最适宜的option n.选项,选择权,买卖的特权orientation n.方向,方位,定位,倾向性,向东方outing n.外出,旅行,散步outrage n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒vt.凌辱,引起...义愤,强奸oval adj.卵形的,椭圆的n.卵形,椭圆形overturn n.倾覆,破灭,革命vt.推翻,颠倒vi.翻倒n.翻转,毁灭oxide n.氧化物ozone n.新鲜的空气,臭氧Ppact n.合同,公约,协定panorama n.全景全景画,全景摄影pants n.裤子,短裤paperback n.平装本,纸面本passerby n.过路人,行人pathetic adj.可怜的,悲惨的patrol v.出巡,巡逻n.巡逻patron n.(对某人,某种目标,艺术等)赞助人,资助人peer n.同等的人,贵族vi.凝视,窥视vt.与...同等,封为贵族permeate vt.弥漫,渗透,透过,充满vi.透入persevere v.坚持pharmacy n.药房,药剂学,配药业,制药业,一批备用药品physiology n.生理学pilgrim n.圣地朝拜者,朝圣plea n.恳求,请求,辩解,藉口plight n.情况,状态,困境,盟誓(婚姻)vt.保证,约定plumber n.水管工人poke n.刺,戳,懒汉,袋子vt.戳,捅,拨开,刺vi.戳,刺,捅,伸出,刺探,闲荡polar adj.两极的,极地的,南辕北辙的,南极的,(北极星似的)指引的,极性的,北极的n.极线,极面ponder v.沉思,考虑portray v.描绘poster n.海报,招贴,(布告,标语,海报等的)张贴者posture n.(身体的)姿势,体态,状态,情况,心境,态度v.令取某种姿势,摆姿势,作出姿态practitioner n.从业者,开业者precedent n.先例preclude n.排除predecessor n.前辈,前任,(被取代的)原有事物pregnant adj.怀孕的,重要的,富有意义的,孕育的premise n.前提,(企业,机构等使用的)房屋连地基vt.提论,预述,假定vi.作出前提premium n.额外费用,奖金,奖赏,保险费,(货币兑现的)贴水prestige n.声望,威望,威信prone adj.倾向于propaganda n.宣传,传道总会propel vt.推进,驱使prophet n.先知,预言者,提倡者prose n.散文prosecute vt.实行,从事,告发,起诉vi.告发,起诉,作检察官prosper v.成功,兴隆,昌盛,(指上帝)使成功,使昌隆,繁荣prosperity n.繁荣prototype n.原型prudent adj.谨慎的Qquest n.寻求questionnaire n.调查表,问卷quota n.配额,限额Rradiant adj.发光的,辐射的,容光焕发的rap n.叩击,轻拍,轻敲,斥责vt.敲,拍,打,厉声说出,斥责,使着迷vi.敲击,交谈abbr. Rocket Assisted Projectile,火箭助推炮弹rape n.掠夺,强奸,葡萄渣,油菜vt.掠夺,强奸rash adj.轻率的,匆忙的,卤莽的n.皮疹reassure vt.使...安心,再保证,使...恢复信心,打消...的疑虑recede v.后退recipient adj.容易接受的,感受性强的n.容纳者,容器reckless adj.不计后果的rectangle n.长方形,矩形recur vi.复发,重现,再来recycle v.使再循环,反复应用n.再循环,再生,重复利用redundant adj.多余的refrain n.重复,叠句,副歌vi.节制,避免,制止refugee n.难民,流亡者refund v.退还,偿还n.归还,偿还额,退款relish n.意味remnant n.残余,剩余,零料,残迹adj.剩余的,残留的renaissance n.复兴,复活,新生,文艺复兴,文艺复兴时期repertoire n.(准备好演出的)节目,保留剧目,(计算机的)指令表,指令系统,<美>(某个人的)全部技能repression n.镇压,抑制,抑压restore vt.恢复,使回复,归还,交还,修复,重建retention保持力retort v.反驳,反击,回报n.曲颈甑,曲颈瓶,蒸器retrieve v.重新得到n.找回retrospect n.回顾revelation n.显示,揭露,被揭露的事,新发现,启示,揭示rigorous adj.严格的,严厉的,严酷的,严峻的riot n.暴乱,骚动,(植物,疾病等)蔓延,放荡,暴动v.骚乱,放纵,挥霍,参加骚动rip v.撕,剥,劈,锯,裂开,撕裂n.裂口,裂缝ritual n.典礼,(宗教)仪式,礼节adj.典礼的,(宗教)仪式的robust adj.精力充沛的本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2001答案解析Part One Listening Comprehension（略）Part Two Vocabulary21.A 译文：尽管这场足球比赛不是很有趣，但解说员努力地将它解说得有趣。

解析：commentator解说员，评论员；newscaster新闻广播员；announcer宣告者，广播员；presenter主持人，发言者。

22.D 译文：国家的矿产资源已经被外强开采了。

解析：disuse停止使用；deprive使丧失，剥夺；extort 勒索，敲诈；exploit开采，开发。

23.C 译文：爱管闲事的主管要看最近的广告活动后的销售额。

解析：固定搭配，sales amounts销售额24.B 译文：他靠修复旧画谋生。

解析：revive复兴，复活；restore恢复，修复；retrieve检索，重新得到；renew更新。

25.C 译文：如果不引入更加严厉的狩猎法律，海豹将会灭绝。

解析：out-dated过时的；archaic陈旧的；extinct灭绝的，灭种的；obsolete废弃的。

26.A 译文：通货膨胀使得贫穷的人生活艰难。

解析：means在这里指的是“财产”，of scare means 缺钱的，穷的；impoverished贫穷的；introduced引入的；inserted插入的。

27.C 译文：已经引进了新的质量控制体系来克服产品的缺陷。

解析：install安装；inaugurate举行就职典礼；introduce引进，引入；insert插入。

28.A 译文：让出版商给你送来英语课本的最新目录。

解析：catalogue商品目录；prospectus计划书；brochure小册子；pamphlet小册子。

29.D 译文：寄出之前别忘了把信封上。

解析：固定搭配，seal the letter 封信，seal 密封，盖章。

30.D 译文：他在抽烟，我看到烟头在黑暗中闪耀这一丝火星。

English Entrance Examination for Doctoral CandidatesChina Agricultural University, 2004Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will bespoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, youmust read the four suggested answers. Then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example. You will hear:You will read:A. 2 hours.B. 3 hours.C. 4 hours.D. 5 hours.From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish at 2 in the afternoon. Therefore D "5 hours" is the correct answer. You should choose answer [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.1. A. Not talk to Bill any more.B. Tell Bill not to think negatively.C. Take Bill's remarks seriously.D. Pay little attention to what Bill says.2. A. Look for beverages in the lobby.B. Get some fresh air outside.C. Walk around the auditorium.D. Stay in their seats.3. A. They are both studying for M.A.B. They are both working.C. He is studying while she works.D. She is studying while he works.4. A. He feels sorry for those students.B. He considers the punishment excessive.C. He expresses no opinion about the action.D. He approves of the action.5. A. Satisfied with their price.B. Displeased with their quality.C. Pleased with modern mass-production techniques.D. Dissatisfied with their technological complexity.5. A. In his office.1B. In his waiting room.C. In an airplane.D. In New York.7. A. The man is an exceptional student and will write the exam for the class.B. The student will probably not be able to complete the court.C. The student's request will be granted.D. Circumstances will not permit the student to take the make-up exam.8. A. He doubts David's reliability.B. He is willing to trust David.C. He has confided some of his doubts to David.D. He thinks David will benefit him from this experience.9. A. Ask the stewardess for change.B. Move to another part of the plane.C. Sit where there is a breeze.D. Extinguish his cigarette.10. A. The man doesn't have to take the GRE test.B. The man doesn't have to take the English test.C. The man can't go to the graduate school.D. The man's adviser canceled the GRE test.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear three short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A ), B ), C) and D ).Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard:10. A. Man's Lives.B. Man's Normal Period of Growth.C. Can the Aging Be Controlled?D. Can Man Live Longer in the Future?12. A. Most people cannot live more than 100 years.B. Most people are over 100 years old.C. Man can live six times longer than his normal period of growth.D. A person's period of growth may be 25 years.13. A. By describing the conditions necessary for a long life.B. By explaining the findings of an expert.C. By comparing man with other animals.D. By quoting popular medical opinion.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard:214. A. When the plane was up in the sky.B. Ten minutes after he was sitting on board.C. Just before he fastened his seat belt.D. While he was enjoying the beauty of the sky.15. A. The man enjoyed the beauty of the evening sky from his plane.B. The man had a time bomb hidden in his suitcase.C. The ticking noise of the alarm clock caused him a little trouble.D. The airline official and the police officer played a joke on him.16. A. An Interesting Day.B. Two Mistakes Made.C. A False Alarm.D. An Unlawful Arrest.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. Some people buy things they do not want.B. Some people are afraid to stick to their rights.C. There are many superior around you.D. Some people do not think highly enough of themselves.18. A. Some people have a low self-image.B. There is always someone around who knows better.C. Salesman talk people into buying things they don't want.D. People do not share the common knowledge.19. A. To make people start to doubt themselves.B. To show people they have a right to be themselves.C. To help people to become a superior.D. To help people to learn to be aggressive.20. A. To take an AT course.B. To go to see a superior.C. To talk with Dr. Albert.D. To speak out for yourself.Part Two V ocabulary (25 points)Section ADirections: Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.A. affection22.Unhappy people often resort to violence as a means of venting their anger.A. intend forB. make use ofC. prefer toD. refer to23.If you know in advance that the exam is going be easy, you have no incentive to work hard.A. emotionB. motivationC. interestD. intention24.The oil company launched urgent studies of the Arctic environment.34A. startedB. stressedC. stimulatedD. worked 25. The retiring professor was exalted by his colleagues.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34. Your kindness in giving _____ to the consideration of the above request will be highlyappreciated.A. advantageB. importanceC. accommodationD. priority35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.5A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope43.A. panting44.A. tied 45. A. makePart Three Directions 2325Passage OneHistory Repeats? 1916 Election ParallelLooking back, the presidential election was something of a mess.Professor Terri Bimes teaches a course in the American Presidency at the University of California - Berkeley, "There was more votes than ballots distributed. In New Hampshire, they candidates."between Democrat Woodrow Wilson and Republican challenger Charles Evans Hughes.There were allegations of election fraud, claims that ballots were tossed out because it appeared some voters had voted twice, and demands for a recount.The race had come down course shaped by Mother Nature's lack of cooperation, snow."1916. With most of the state's Wilson. It was another day before Professor Terri Bimes, "They're46. One kind of election fraud might beA. less total votes than ballots.B.more total votes than ballots.C. a storm keeping voters away.D.ballots with pencil marks.47.The day after the election, the SF ChronicleA.gave the correct election results.B.told about the snow storm in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.C.gave the wrong election results.( No Hughes Probably Elected)D.told the story about Wilsonia.48.The surprise in the election of 1916 was caused byA.the smooth terrain.B.the double votes.C.the rural area.D.the weather. (snow)49.A.B.C.D.can be tossed out.50.The professor thought that the elections of 1916 and 2000A.were both interesting for the students.B.were parallel and thus not interesting.C.had too much fraud.D.were bad for the students to study.Passage TwoPulp FictionEvery second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing67been possiblewithout hemp. Nowadays, ships' fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that production of paper and pulp. According to produced from land using hemp rather than drug, but also of the commercial fibre-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison -- despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug).In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that all cannabis should be legal -- both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant -- and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fibre; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fibre. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.51. How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed?A. less than two minutes (Every second, 1 hectare)B. about an hourC. two hoursD. a day52. Why was the plant hemp essential to world-wide trade in the past?A. Ships' ropes were made from it.B. Hemp was a very profitable export.C. Hemp was used as fuel for ships.D. Hemp was used as food for sailors.53. When was hemp production banned in Canada?A. 1930B. 1960C. 1996D. 1938 (For the first time since 1938,) 54. Why was hemp banned?A. It is related to the marijuana plant.B. It can be used to produce marijuana.C. It was no longer a useful crop.8D. It was destructive to the land.55. "According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land usinghemp rather than trees." What does "proponents" of the previous sentence mean? A. people who are against something. B. people who support something. C. people in charge of something.D. people who are interested in something.Passage ThreeReal-Time TV Added to SPRINT MobilesNEW YORK (AP) --mobile phones.screen will not display the equivalent of full-motion video like that seen on a real television. Instead, the video will play at a rate of one or two frames per second, as compared with more than 20 frames per second for real TV .The programs on most of the MobiTV channels will The announcement brings at least one cellular carrier a step closer to transforming the over-hyped concept of next-generation wireless services to reality.Multimedia services such as Web browsing, music and video have been held up by limitations in the capabilities of both handsets and wireless networks. But ongoing improvements in the phones and network technology are now enabling richer content.Still, both Sprint and MobiTV provider Idetic Inc. were careful to not to set expectations for the new service too high."This isn't the kind of thing where you're going to watch a movie, but it is the kind of thing where the frame rate is fine" for viewing a program such as a newscast, said Paul Scanlan, a co-founder of Idetic. He also cautioned that normal limitations of mobile phone use will still apply."It's still cell phone technology, so just like you may get disconnected on a phone call, you could lose the program. If you don't have good reception for a phone call, you're not going to be able to get good reception (for MobiTV)."While wireless technology is expected to improve enough to provide full-motion streaming video as soon as next year, some handset makers are also trying to bring video to cell phones without the cellular network: Samsung is due to introduce a cell phone with a TV tuner inside that can pick up local television channels over the broadcast airwaves.Sprint and other wireless carriers are hoping enhanced features like MobiTV will fuel far greater usage of subscription data services, helping cover their hefty investment in wirelessspectrum and network upgrades -- and eventually driving profits. At the end of September, about 2.7 million of Sprint's 17.8 million cell phone customers also subscribed to the company's wireless online service, PCS Vision.MobiTV was developed and operated by Idetic Inc., a privately held technology company based in Berkeley, California.56.The style of this message is that ofA. market surveyB.news reportC. academic researchD. scientific paper57.The program on most of the MobiTV channels will be identical to the actual programs playingat that hour on the corresponding cable channels, but …A.it processes and transmits fasterB. it processes and transmits slowerC.it takes much more timeD. it takes much less time58.“It’s still cell phone technology” means:A.If you don’t have good reception for a phone call, you may get disconnected.B. If you have good connection for a phone call, you will be able to call.C.If you don’t have good reception for a MobilTV, you will still be connected.D.If you have good reception for a MobiTV, you will get connected.59.The word “fuel” in the first sentence of paragraph two from the bottom means:A. take in fuelB.provide fuelC.accelerate the workD.produce atomic power60.The present situation of the cell phone screen is thatA.it displays programs in a continuous streamB.it shows the full-motion video like that seen on televisionC.it exhibits the audio programsD.it reveals video at a rate of less framesPassage FourOur Way of Life Makes Us MiserableErich FrommMost Americans believe that our society of consumption –happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing “organization man” with an independent individual.From this critical view our rates of alcoholism, suicide and divorce, as well as juvenile delinquency, gang rule, acts of violence and indifference to life, are characteristic symptoms of our9“pathology of normalcy.” It may be argued that all these pathological phenomena exist because we have not yet reached our aim, that of an affluent society. It is true, we are still far from being an affluent society. But the material progress made in the last decades allows us to hope that our system might eventually produce a materially affluent society. Yet will we be happier then? The example of Sweden, one of the most prosperous, democratic and peaceful European countries, is not very encouraging: Sweden, as is often pointed out, in spite of all its material security has among the highest alcoholism and suicide rates in Europe, while a much poorer country like Ireland ranks among the lowest in these respects. Could it be that our dream that material welfare per se leads to happiness is just a pipe dream?Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the full unfolding of a person’s potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not one who has much or uses much. For them economic production was a means to the unfolding of man, not an end. It seems that today the means have become ends, that not only “God is dead,’ as Nietzsche said in the nineteenth century, but also man is dead; that what is alive are the organizations, the machines, and that man has become their slave rather than being their master.Each society creates its own type of personality by its way of bringing up children in the family, by its system of education, by its effective values (that is, those values that are rewarded rather than only preached). Every society creates the type of “social character” which is needed for its proper functioning. It forms men who want to do what they have to do. What kind of men does our large-scale, bureaucratized industrialism need?It needs men who cooperate smoothly in large groups, who want to consume more and more, and whose tastes are standardized and can be easily influenced and anticipated it needs men who feel free and independent, yet who are willing to be commanded, to do what is expected, to fit into the social machine without friction, men who can be guided without force, led without leaders, prompted without an aim except the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.Modern industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the “alienate” man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions and his own forces have become estranged from him; they stand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished “thing’, dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created.Since our economic organization is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy. Without any real enjoyment, he “takes in” drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and10“human relations’ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job (and with installment payments due); they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually productive, authentic and independent human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not only a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-esteem. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again —by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc., their own and that of their wives. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, they very causes of unhappiness and psychosomatic illness.The “organization man’ may be well fed, well amused and well oiled, yet he lacks a sense of identity because none of his feelings or his thoughts originates within himself; none is authentic. He has no convictions, either in politics, religion, philosophy or in love. He is attracted by the “latest model” in thought, art and style, and lives under the illusion that the thoughts and feelings which he has acquired by listening to the media of mass communication are his own.He has a nostalgic longing for a life of individualism, initiative and justice, a longing that he satisfies by looking at Westerns. But these values have disappeared from real life in the world of giant corporations, giant state and military bureaucracies and giant labor unions. He, the individual, feels so small before these giants that he sees only one way to escape the sense of utter insignificance: He identifies himself with the giants and idolizes them as the true representatives of his own human powers, those of which he has dispossessed himself. His effort to escape his anxiety takes other forms as well. His pleasure in a well-filled freezer may be one unconscious way of reassuring himself. His passion for consumption—from television to sex—is still another symptom, a mechanism which psychiatrists often find in anxious patients who go on an eating or buying spree to evade their problems.The man whose life is centered around producing, selling and consuming commodities transforms himself into a commodity. He becomes increasingly attracted to that which is man-made and mechanical, rather than to that which is natural and organic. Many men today are more interested in sports cars than in women; or they experience women as a car which one can cause to race by pushing the right button. Altogether they expect happiness is a matter of finding the right button, not the result of a productive, rich life, a life which requires making an effort and taking risks. In their search for the button, some go to the psychoanalyst, some go to church and some read “self-help” books. But while it is impossible to find the button for happiness, the majority are satisfied with pushing the buttons of cameras radios, television sets, and watching science fiction becoming reality.One of the strangest aspects of this mechanical approach to life is the widespread lack of11concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons; a possibility people are consciously aware of. The explanation, I believe, is that they are more proud of than frightened by the gadgets of mass destruction. Also, they are so frightened of the possibility of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevents them from feeling anxiety about the possibility that everybody and everything may be destroyed. Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and never ending personal anxiety.Am I suggesting that modern man is doomed and that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves (in the Soviet Union as well as in the capitalist countries) into a humanist industrialism in which man and the full development of his potentialities —those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.To attain this goal we need to create a Renaissance of Enlightenment and of Humanism. It must be an Enlightenment, however, more radically realistic and critical than that of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It must be a Humanism that aims at the full development of the total man, not the gadget man, not the consumer man, not the organization man. The aim of a humanist society is the man who loves life, who has faith in life, who is productive and independent. Such a transformation is possible if we recognize that our present way of life makes us sterile and eventually destroys the vitality necessary for survival.Whether such transformation is likely is another matter, but we will not be able to succeed unless we see the alternatives clearly and realize that the choice is still ours. Dissatisfaction with our way of life is the first step toward changing it. As to these changes, one thing is certain: they must take place in all spheres simultaneously —in the economic, the social, the political and the spiritual. Change in only one sphere will lead into blind alleys, as did the purely political French Revolution and the purely economic Russian Revolution. Man is a product of circumstances —but the circumstances are also his product. He has a unique capacity that differentiates him from all other living beings: the capacity to be aware of himself and of his circumstances, and hence to plan and to act according to his awareness.61. According to the author, the present American way of life makes peopleA. carefree.B. anxious.C. independent.D. happy.62. The author suggests that material affluenceA.in itself will not lead to happiness.B.will never be realized.C.has nothing to do with alcoholism and suicide rates.D.is not a goal people should strive for.63.The humanist thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries held that the goal of life wasA.full development of man’s talents.B.possession of material wealth.C.pursuit of material comforts.D.production of large quantities of goods.64.Modern industrialized society needs men who are12。