下载文档原格式
1 Unit5元素周期表As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。
有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。
这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。
它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。
它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。
最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。
Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。
在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。
例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。
在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。
In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。
Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。
这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似.Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。
英译汉：1.First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across aperiod……首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。
当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。
其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。
这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。
这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。
2.It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rate r and rate fare equilibrium mixture are usually not equal……值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。
但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。
在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。
3.This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which maybe stated as follows: When a reversible…………这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值，4.Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances anddetermining their constituents, takes a prominent position among分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。
大学应用化学英语教材The Importance of Applied Chemistry in Modern SocietyIn today's rapidly advancing world, the field of applied chemistry plays a vital role in various industries and everyday life. As technology continues to evolve, the demand for professionals equipped with a solid foundation in applied chemistry grows. For this reason, the development of an effective and comprehensive English textbook tailored specifically for university students studying applied chemistry is necessary. In this article, we will explore the key components and structure that should be included in a top-notch applied chemistry English textbook.1. IntroductionThe textbook should begin with an introduction that highlights the importance of applied chemistry in society. It should emphasize the real-world applications of chemistry, such as drug discovery, materials engineering, environmental protection, and food production. This section should provide students with a clear understanding of the relevance and significance of studying applied chemistry.2. Basic Principles of Applied ChemistryThis section is dedicated to covering the fundamental principles of applied chemistry. It should include topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and reaction kinetics. The content should be concise and easy to comprehend, with well-organized tables, figures, and diagrams to aid understanding.3. Laboratory TechniquesA vital component of applied chemistry is practical laboratory work. Thus, the textbook should include a section dedicated to laboratory techniques commonly used in the field. This section should cover safety protocols, experimental procedures, data analysis, and proper documentation. It should provide students with the necessary skills to conduct experiments effectively and accurately.4. Organic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is a crucial aspect of applied chemistry, as it deals with the study of carbon-based compounds. This section should cover topics such as functional groups, nomenclature, reaction mechanisms, and synthetic methods. Emphasis should be placed on the application of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agricultural chemicals.5. Analytical ChemistryAnalytical chemistry focuses on the identification and quantification of chemical compounds. In this section, students should learn about various analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemistry. Practical examples and case studies should be included to demonstrate the application of analytical chemistry in environmental analysis, forensic science, and quality control.6. Inorganic ChemistryInorganic chemistry is the study of non-carbon-based compounds. This section should cover topics such as periodic trends, coordination compounds, and transition metals. Students should gain an understanding of theapplications of inorganic chemistry in materials science, catalysis, and energy production.7. Physical ChemistryPhysical chemistry combines the principles of physics and chemistry to study the properties and behavior of matter. This section should cover topics such as thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and chemical kinetics. Students should learn about the application of physical chemistry in fields like nanotechnology, energy storage, and molecular modeling.8. Environmental ChemistryThe textbook should include a dedicated section on environmental chemistry, as the protection and sustainability of the environment are pressing global concerns. This section should cover topics such as air and water pollution, greenhouse gases, and waste management. Students should gain insights into how chemistry can contribute to environmental conservation and remediation.9. Case Studies and Practical ApplicationsTo enrich students' learning experience, the textbook should incorporate case studies and practical applications throughout the content. These examples should showcase how applied chemistry principles are utilized in real-life scenarios. By analyzing and discussing these case studies, students can better understand the practical implications of their knowledge.10. Review Questions and ExercisesFinally, the textbook should include review questions and exercises at the end of each chapter to reinforce understanding and facilitate self-assessment. These questions should cover a wide range of difficulty levels, allowing students to test their knowledge and apply what they have learned.ConclusionIn conclusion, a high-quality English textbook for university students studying applied chemistry should incorporate an engaging introduction, cover the fundamental principles of chemistry, provide comprehensive laboratory techniques, delve into organic, analytical, inorganic, and physical chemistry, address environmental concerns, include case studies and practical applications, and offer review questions and exercises. By encompassing these components, the textbook can effectively equip students with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the field of applied chemistry and contribute to the advancement of society.Word Count: 801 words。
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名Alkanes烷烃理想的，每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称，并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。
为了这一目的，全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会（IUPAC）建立的一系列规则。
这个系统就是IUPAC系统，或称为日内瓦系统，因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。
不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分（1）表明链中碳原子数目的前缀；（2）后缀－ane，表明化合物是烷烃。
用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表10.1表10.1中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的，因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。
实际上，它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前，它们的地位就确定了。
例如，在丁酸中出现的前缀but－，一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物（拉丁语butyrum白脱（黄油））。
表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。
含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成，母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链，取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。
来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。
字母R－被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的－ane加上后缀－yl。
例如，烷基CH3CH2－称为乙基。
CH3－CH3乙烷（原碳氢化合物）CH3CH2－乙基（一个烷基）下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则：1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。
2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物，最长的碳链作为主链，IUPAC命名按此主链命名。
3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。
每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。
4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基，要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。
而且，表示支链数目的数字由前缀di－，tri－，tetra－，penta－等表示。
5. 如果有一个取代基，主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始，使支链位号最小。
Unit1 The Roots ofChemistry 化学的起源1.Chemistry can be broadly defines as the science of molecules and their transf ormations.化学可以被广泛的定义为分子的科学和它们之间的转换。
和数学不同，化学在人类之前。
我们的星球（地球）上的生命和人类的外观很可能是化学进程的具体结果。
化学过程从历史的开端一直到现在都出现在人们的生活中。
最初，这些过程不在我们的掌控之中，例如，果汁的发酵，肉和鱼的腐烂，木头的燃烧。
后来我们学着去控制化学进程使用它来生产不同的产品，比如食物，金属，陶瓷和皮革。
在化学的发展上，主要区分为四个阶段：史前化学，希腊化学，炼金术，科学化学。
2.The early beginnings of chemistry were clearly motivated by practical needs of people .早期的化学显然是出于实际的需要。
火的发现为远古人提供了第一个机会去实现控制化学反应过程。
他们学会制备铜制物品，铜和其它材料是现成的。
.由于化学过程的使用早于人们的书写，因而没有书面记录有关它们的化学技巧。
可以判断他们的化学能力只有从考古的发现的各个手工艺品。
正如早期的数学发展，清楚的预示着实际需求影响着化学的发展。
但化学和数学在这个阶段可能没有互相影响。
如果它们影响了，但是没有记录证明这个。
3. Greek chemistry was based mainly on speculation rather than on experiment . 希腊化学主要基于猜测而不是实验。
这是所有古代希腊化学的一个共同特征。
古代希腊化学家实际是希腊哲学家。
所以不足为奇的是希腊人思考比实验更有兴趣。
实际上他们很少进行实验以外的思维实验。
对于数学来说这是一个好方法，但没有一个人把它推荐在物理、化学或生物科学上。
朱红军应用化学专业英语翻译CONTENTSUnit 1 Scientific Paper and LiteratureLesson 1 Writing a Scientific PaperThis chapter is a general guide to writing a scientific paper. Specific guidelines for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and publisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notice, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publication's first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at .For ACS books, consult the brochure “How To Prepare Your manuscript for the ACS Symposium Series” or “Instructions for Authors”, available from the Books Departmentor on the World Wide Web at the same address. 译文：这一章节是写科学论文一个总的指导。
包括对于文章长度要求，数字和图表的制备，还有向不同杂志和出版商提交论文的说明指导方针。
对于美国化学学会杂志和特殊的出版物，请阅读出现在每年第一期和全球网上对于作者的指南，注释，公告和说明。
