从认知角度看My Life has stood a Loaded Gun中的隐喻

mylifehadstoodaloadedGUn英文赏析（模版）第一篇：mylifehad stood a loaded GUn 英文赏析（模版）“My Life had stood” represents the poet's most extreme attempt to characterize the Vesuvius nature of the power or art which she believed was hers.Speaking through the voice of a gun, Dickinson presents herself in this poem as everything “woman” is not: cruel not pleasant, hard not soft, emphatic not weak, one who kills not one who nurtures.just as significant, she is proud of it, so proud that the temptation is to echo Robert Lowell's notorious description of Sylvia Plath, and say that in “My Life had stood,” Emily Dickinson is “hardly a person at all, or a woman, certainly not another 'poetess.’”Like the per sona in Plath's Ariel poems, in “My Life had stood,” Dickinson's speaker has deliberately shed the self-protective layers of conventional femininity, symbolized in the poem by the doe and the deep pillow of the “masochistic” eider duck.In the process the poet uncovers the true self within, in all its hardness and rage, in its desire for revenge and aggressive, even masculine, sexuality(for this is, after all, one interpretation of the gun in the poem).The picture of Dickinson that emerges, like the picture of Plath that emerges from the “big strip tease” of “Lady Lazarus”(CP245)and other Ariel poems, is not an attractive one.But, again like Plath, Dickinson is prepared to embrace it nevertheless--together with all other aspects of her unacceptable self.Indeed, embracing the true or unacceptable self appears to be the poem's raison d’êtres, just as it is the raison d’être of Plath's last poems.In writing “My Life had stood,” Dickinson clearly transgresses limits no woman, indeed no human being, could lightly afford to break.And tojudge by the poem's final riddling stanza, a conundrum that critics have yet to solve satisfactorily, she knew this better than anyone.As Adrienne Rich has observed, Dickinson's underlying ambivalence toward the powers her speaker claims to exercise through her art(the powers to “hunt,” “speak, ” “smile,” “guard,” and “kill”)appears to be extreme.Of this ambivalence and its effect on women poets, Rich has written most poignantly, perhaps, because of her own position as poet.For Rich there is no easy way to resolve the conflict entangling Dickinson in the poem.“If there is a female consciousness in this poem,” she writes, it is buried deeper than the images: it exists in the ambivalence toward power, which is extreme.Active willing and creation in women are forms of aggression, and aggression is both “the power to kill” and punishable by death.The union of gun with hunter embodies the danger of identifying and taking hold of her forces, not least that in so doing she risks defining herself--and being defined--as aggressive, as unwomanly(“and now We hunt the Doe”), and as potentially lethal.Yet despite these dangers and despite her recognition of the apparent dehumanization her persona courts, in “My Life had stood” Emily Dickinson does tak e precisely the risks that Rich describes.In the poem's terms, she is murderous.She is a gun.Her rage is part of her being.Indeed, insofar as it permits her to explode and hence to speak, rage defines her, unwomanly and inhuman though it is.Whatever constraints existed in her daily life(the breathless and excessive femininity so well described by her preceptor, Thomas Wentworth Higginson), inwardly it would seem Emily Dickinson was not to be denied.In her art she was master of herself, whatever that self was, however aggressive, unwomanly, or eveninhuman society might judge it to be.Given Dickinson's time and upbringing, it would, of course, have been unlikely that she, any more than we today, would have been comfortable with the high degree of anger and alienation which she exhibits in this extraordinary poem.But the anger and the alienation are there and, whether we are comfortable or not, like Dickinson we must deal with them.If, as Adrienne Rich asserts, “My Life had stood--a Loaded Gun” is a “central po em in understanding Emily Dickinson, and ourselves, and the condition of the woman artist, particularly in the nineteenth century,” it is so precisely because Dickinson was prepared to grapple in it with so many unacceptable feelings within herself.Whateve r else “My Life had stood” may be about, it is about the woman as artist, the woman who must deny her femininity, even perhaps her humanity, if she is to achieve the fullness of her self and the fullness of her power in her verse.This poem is quite violent when compared to the other two, which makes sense as the narrator is a gun.Here she is remorselessly killing deer and is proud of how deadly she is.She “speaks for him” and the mountains echo with the sound of her gunshot.This is a far cry from a child playing with angels and a woman going on a date with Death.The narrator in the poem has been described as a remorseless sexual and “satanic” perversion and a play on the relationship between sex and violence.(Larson 19)She has been described as everything from a representation of a woman full of pent up aggression finally finding freedom in the form of violence to Dickinson doing, well, this: [Dickinson doing] something quite subversive in situating a domineering sado-masochistic woman self as the center of the metaphorical relationship between gun and male hunter.The underlying implication is that there is no democracy in this world,no benign relationship without hierarchy and without the risk of being exploited.(Larsen)But for a moment, disregard the interpretations of the deeper meaning held within the poem.Read the poem again as a story.Suddenly our main character isn't just an allegory for a young woman full of pent up aggression, or some sexual metaphor for sado-masochism, she's a sentient gun.She’s a se ntient gun who has been found and now belongs to a hunter.The joy she feels(exemplified in “our good day done” and her smiling)that to some may indicate sexual perversity in the poet now is simply the natural joy that comes when someone does what they were created to do;she is a gun, she was made to kill, and now that she is shooting again, she finally feels complete.Like the other poems, this is a snippet of a much longer, untold, and unexplained narrative.Where did the gun come from? Why is it sentient? Furthermore, does the hunter know she is sentient? This is the first poem wherein the story is being told by the supernatural element itself.What is the rest of the story? Well, we won't know, because this poem is the only glimpse of that story we'll have.And that is another aspect of magic realism.Fantastic, unexplained elements presented in an ordinary way in an ordinary setting are by nature only a fragment of the complete narrative as we never see their beginnings, and Emily Dickinson was very good at providing us these glimpses.She was a magic realist before magic realism was extant 第二篇：呼啸山庄英文赏析Wuthering Heights which has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature, it has a secure position in the canon of world literature.As a shattering presentation of the doomed love between the passionate Catherine and Heathcliff, it remains one of the most hauntinglove stories in all of literature.In Wuthering Heights, Nature is represented by the Earnshaw family and especially Catherine and Heathcliff.These characters are governed by their emotions, not by reflection or ideals of civility.Wuthering Heights symbolized a similar wildness.On the other hand, Thrushcross Grange and the Linton family represent culture, refinement, convention, and cultivation.Wuthering heights, through a love tragedy, presented a picture of deformity of the social life and Outlines a kind of humanity twisted by society and all kinds of terrible events.The story ended with Heathcliff’s suicide.He died for love and his death shows his love to Katherine.He gave up the revenge to the younger generation after he knew that young Catherine and Harleton had fallen in love with each other shows that he was kind in nature.It was the cruel reality that twisted his humanity and made him become brutal and heartless.This kind of recovery of humanity was sublimation in spirit and it glared a kind of humanitarian ideal of the author and endows the terrible love tragedy some hope.Therefore, Heathcliff’s change of “love---hate---revenge---a recovery of humanity” is not only the essence of the novel but also a clue throughout the whole novel.According to the clue, the author arranged an unpredictable scene for us.Sometimes it was the moor full of clouds, sometimes it was courtyard with a sudden rain and wind.The story has always been shrouded in a kind of mysterious and horrible atmosphere.The novel is actually structured around two parallel love stories, the first half of the novel told about the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, while the rest dramatic second half told developing love between young Catherine and Harleton.In contrast to the first, the latter tale ends happily, restoring peace and order to Wuthering Heights and ThrushcrossGrange.The most important feature of young Catherine and Harleton’s love story is that it involves growth and change.Early in the novel Harleton seems brutal, savage, and illiterate, but over time he becomes a loyal friend to young Catherine and learns to read.Catherine and Heathcliff’s love, on the other hand, is rooted in their childhood and is marked by the refusal to change.In choosing to marry Edgar, Catherine seeks a more genteel life, but she refuses to adapt to her role as wife, either by sacrificing Heathcliff or embracing Edgar.Catherine and Heathcliff’s love is based on their shared perception that they are identical.As Catherine declares, “I am Heathcliff,” while Heathcliff, upon Catherine’s death, said that he cannot live without his “soul,” meaning Catherine.Catherine’s bet rayal and her bitter destiny was the turning point of the whole story.It made Heathcliff change his love to hate.After Catherine died, the hate became the motivation of his revenge.He successfully attained his objective.Not only he let Edgar and the Linton died in desolation and possessed their property but also let their innocent younger generation experience the hardships.This kind of crazy revenge clearly showed his uncommon and rebellious behavior.This special spirit of revolt was formed by the special environment and his special character.Heathcliff’s love tragedy was a tragedy of the society and that time.Wuthering Heights was known as “most strange novel” in the history of English literature and it was an unpredictable “strange book”.The reason is that it was different from the sentimentalism that lies in the works of the same age.It replaced the deep sadness and depression with intense love, brutal hate and ruthless revenge.It just like a strange lyric poem, imagination and intensive emotion existed among the words and between the lines and it had a kindof amazing artistic power.第三篇：英文诗歌赏析英语诗歌赏析方法英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。

Section C Using Language必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Every man wants his son to be (有点) of a clone,not in features but in footsteps.2.The woman looks very elegant when she is wearing the (珍珠) necklace.3.He asked me to place the sliced (猪肉) on top and pour a little sauce over it.4.We express our respect and warm welcome to (女士) Zhuo Lin.5.Advertising agencies are losing their once-powerful grip on (品牌) marketing.6.We feel contented with the service provided by the (食堂),enjoying food in a homely atmosphere.Ⅱ.短语填空1.My garden so many butterflies that I could hardly see the flowers.2.In English study,intensive reading must extensive reading.3.He has had time to and look at what happened more objectively.4.Scientists predict that the world is likely to over the next few decades.5.We insist on payment on delivery without allowing any discount.6.I really like spicy food,so what dish would you like to me?Ⅲ.完成句子1.到去年底为止,已经植了2 000棵树。

从认知角度看通感在广告文案中的作用【摘要】：文章以通感在广告文案中的运用为研究对象，根据广告文案语言的特征，从认知角度阐释通感这一修辞格的运用对广告文案所起的重要作用，以说明在广告文案所采用的修辞格中，通感是一种极富创新性和意境美的修辞手法。

【关键词】：认知角度；通感；广告文案；作用1．引言现代广告发展到了意境阶段，广告创作人纷纷将目光投向了广告文案创意。

他们希望创造一种消费意境，引导消费者进入所营造的意境中，获得良好的消费感觉，形成消费动机，剌激消费。

意境阶段的广告文案创作对语言的要求越来越高。

多种修辞格的采用，增强了广告的冲击力和吸引力，更好地达到产品的宣传效果。

通感是一种极具表现力的修辞格，也是一种极具创新性的思维方式，能够营造出丰富的意境美，因此越来越受广告文案创作人员的青睐。

事实上，通感是一种有隐喻属性的认知方式。

从认知角度看通感在广告文案中的运用，我们会发现它所具有的独特魅力和产生的积极作用。

2．通感2.1 通感的定义通感（synaesthesia），又称为”移觉”。

”移觉”是修辞界原先常用的术语，而”通感”是钱钟书先生提出的译名。

后者更能反映synaesthesia的内容，也是现今修辞界常用的术语。

Synaesthesia一词源于希腊语。

”Syn-”意为”together”(一起)，”-aesthesia”意为”sensation”(感觉)。

顾名思义，通感既是一种生理现象即身体某一部分受到刺激而于其他相应部分所产生的感觉；它也是一种心理现象：某一感官所受刺激给另一感官带来的主观感受。

2.2 通感的隐喻属性通感现象显然是一种抽象思维。

抽象思维总是部分通过隐喻来实现的。

隐喻在两个抽象的感觉之间架起了一座桥梁，这样一来就为通感中隐喻思维的发生铺设了一条通道。

通感把抽象的内容具体体现出来，化虚为实，以具体的形象来抒发感情、阐述道理。

因此通感经常被用在文学作品里，尤其是诗歌中。

如Homer(荷马)在他的Iliad(伊利亚特)中有一句：like unto cicalas that in a forest sit upon a tree and pour forth their lily-like voice（像知了坐在森林的一棵树上，倾泻下了百合花也似的声音）。

高中英语新高考-单项填空：2020精选语法单项选择题解析之绝唱（原题+句意+解释+拓展）内容包括：1. 原题2. 句意3. 解释（重在难点语法解题技巧）4. 拓展（不留死角真正地全方位覆盖）同学们需要注意，这套解析看起来很多，却是不留死角地把所有能涉及到的考点（无论难易）全部囊括。

只要你把试题都这样认真读一遍，语法至此算是KO了。

第21题21. He hasn’t got any hobbies –______ you call watching TV a hobby.A. whenB. ifC. unlessD. since句意：她没有任何爱好——除非你认为看电视是一种爱好的话。

考生一定要注意unless的用法。

一般来讲，unless从句可以用if ... not ... 替换；但有时候，unless从句意为but ... if ... 或except on condition that ...，在这种意义上不可用if ... not ... 代替。

例如：I couldn't get a grant unless I had five years' teaching experience. (＝if I did not have ...) Unless you had done it earlier, you would have failed. (＝If you had not done ...)I shouldn't have gone to the door unless I had heard the bell. 要不是我听见门铃响，我是不会到门口去的。

I couldn’t have bought it unless(=except on condition that) I had bought enough money.另外，谨记：否定词＋till/ until/ unless/ before等这种结构意为“直到……才”。

高考英语一轮达标：Nelson Mandel-a modern hero李仕才一、阅读理解。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

In our everyday lives we meet situations in which we take many things for granted.We only treasure things when they are gone.This is a sad truth of human nature.One day，I found myself as a witness to a similar situation.One evening，I left work and boarded the train.After entering，I noticed something unusual.The center of the car had a few empty seats while both ends were crowded with people standing.I didn't pay much attention and sat down on one of the empty seats.I sensed a funny smell.It wasn't long before I noticed a homeless person sleeping on three seats in front of me.He was bleeding from his nose.Why wasn't anyone helping him?His clothes were torn and he was giving off a strange smell.Along with the smell，his eyes were dull，watery，and red.Occasionally he scratched himself and people looked at him as if he had committed a crime.As the train stopped at stations and more people came in they covered their noses and faced away from him.All the seats around him were empty.Suddenly，he began to swear at the people around him.A plain­clothes police officer who looked like a construction worker took out his certificate and showed it to the homeless man.The officer，not wanting to touch the homeless man，told him his rights and directed him to exit the train.As the officer walked the man out of the train，the homeless man turned around and said“MY HOME！”and started crying.A man doesn't value things until they are gone.If he didn't have a home，at least he had freedom.Now he has neither.No one wants to help someone who won't help himself.1．When entering the car，how did the author feel at first?A．Annoyed. B．Puzzled.C．Sad. D．Calm.2．How did people react to the homeless man?A．They caught him and called the police.B．They covered him with clean clothes.C．They disliked and avoided him.D．They stared at him curiously.3．It can be learned that the policeman ________.A．was very rude to the manB．sent the man back to his hometownC．forced the man to leave the cityD．went off the train with the man4．What does the author think of the homeless man?A．He is a loser of life.B．He is worth our respect.C．He is very funny.D．He is a fearless fighter.【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。

必修1Unit1Teenage LifePart1单元语法讲义--短语一、常见短语一）、名词短语(NP)定义：名词短语是指由几个名词或名词及其修饰语构成的短语。

它是英语句子的核心成分。

1．常见名词短语的构成形式有：(1)限定词＋名词如：the girl(2)限定词＋形容词(短语)＋名词如：a beautiful girl(3)限定词＋名词＋介词短语如：a beautiful campus of my school(4)限定词＋描述性名词＋名词如：my school life二）、形容词短语形容词短语，是指一个以形容词为中心构成的短语，在句子中的功能相当于形容词，可以修饰名词或代词，还可以用作表语或者宾语补足语。

1．常见形容词短语的构成形式有：(1)副词＋形容词如：very suitable(2)形容词＋enough如：good(3)形容词＋介词短语如：good for nothing(4)副词＋形容词＋介词如：well worthy of praise三）、副词短语以副词为中心词的短语是副词短语。

副词短语的结合方式是：修饰语＋副词，有时中心词之后还带有后置修饰语或补足成分。

如：very carefully，pretty soon，far from the station等。

二、名词短语的句法功能：(1)作主语The interesting title of the article attracted a lot of readers.这篇文章有趣的标题吸引了很多读者。

[温馨提示]名词短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与名词短语中的中心词保持一致。

A number of books are on the desk.The number of books is not large.(2)作表语How to fight against such a disease is a hot topic today.怎样与那种疾病作斗争是今天的热点话题。

从认知角度看My Life has stood a Loaded Gun中的隐喻摘要:从认知角度,对My Life had stood a Loaded Gun中的隐喻进行了分析,从而证实诗歌中的隐喻在本质上是认知的。

此外,概念隐喻理论适合解释诗歌中认同、规范的隐喻概念化模式,而概念合成理论则在阐释诗歌中实时隐喻的构建过程中起着至关重要的作用。

最后提出了从认知角度认识诗歌的标准。

关键词:隐喻认知概念隐喻合成空间1 认知与诗歌目前,从认知角度对诗歌中隐喻的认识有以下观点:诗歌隐喻与日常语言中的隐喻没有本质区别。

前者只是利用和丰富了语言使用者能够创造和领会的普通隐喻。

诗歌中的隐喻不是一种简单的语言现象,而是通过语言表现出来的思维方式,因而诗歌中的隐喻在本质上是认知的。

隐喻是将源域的图式结构映射到目标域之上,使我们能通过源域的结构来构建和理解目标域。

诗歌中的映射体现为投射映射、语用功能映射和图式映射。

隐喻是系统的:一个隐喻概念会生发出大量的、彼此和谐的语言表达;而不同的隐喻概念又共同构成了一个协调一致的网络体系,影响我们的言语和思维。

诗歌中隐喻映射不是随意产生的,而是根植于我们的身体经验。

因而,一个隐喻映射一旦建立起来、为大多数语言使用者所接受,就会反过来将自身的结构强加于真实生活之上,从而以各种各样的方式被实现。

2 概念隐喻与Dickinson的诗歌Lakoff & Johnson提出的概念隐喻理论CMT (conceptual metaphor)认为:隐喻是从一个比较熟悉、易于理解的源域向一个不太熟悉、较难理解的目标域映射,源域的特征、关系及图式结构映射到目标域上。

其心理基础不是两域之间的相似性,而是抽象的意象图式。

理想化认知模式在源域与目标域之间的有关特征传递过程中起到了十分重要的作用。

由于国内很多学者都对此进行了详实的描述,这里不再赘述。

但需要指出的是:一般来讲,固着度高的隐喻,像前面我们提到的方向隐喻、容器隐喻、实体隐喻等比较适合用该理论来解释。

从认知的角度看中心词分析法和层次分析法——兼评框架核心分析法秦存钢【摘要】中心词分析法与层次分析法的认知基础不同:中心词分析法把修饰语与中心词的关系看作恒星与太阳的关系,层次分析法的行为原型是切葱,二者不可能天衣无缝地结合为一种新的析句法.框架核心分析法虽然想把二者结合起来,力图形成一种既讲核心、框架又讲层次、位次的语法分析法,但分析的结果与中心词分析法非常相似,看不出层次.【期刊名称】《泰山学院学报》【年(卷),期】2018(040)005【总页数】8页(P75-82)【关键词】中心词;层次;分析法;框架;核心;认知;两结合【作者】秦存钢【作者单位】泰山学院文学与传媒学院,山东泰安271000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H109.4一《中国语文》从1981年第2期至1982年第3期，就现代汉语析句方法问题展开了讨论。

讨论的内容是，传统语法的析句方法——中心词分析法(又叫“句子成分分析法”)和结构主义的析句方法——层次分析法哪种分析方法更科学。

这次讨论中已经发表和一些因当时篇幅所限未能刊出的来稿，集结为《汉语析句方法讨论集》，1984年由上海教育出版社出版。

讨论的结果是高校的以黄廖本为代表几种的《现代汉语》教材在修订时都采用了层次分析法或“句子成分分析法和层次分析法相结合”的方法。

中学教学语法系统也抛弃了《暂拟汉语教学语法系统》，制定了《中学教学语法系统提要(试用)》。

上世纪80年代以来，中心词分析法受到大部分语法研究者的批评，而层次分析法受到越来越多的人的追捧。

但如果我们从认知语言学的角度来重新审视这两种语法分析方法，层次分析法不一定比中心词分析法更高明。

张敏对认知语言学下的定义是：“认知语言学是一个以我们对世界的经验以及我们感知这个世界并将其概念化的方法、策略作为基础和依据进行语言研究的语言学学派。

”[1](P1)旧知是新知的基础，所有的理论和方法创新都离不开我们对社会和自然界已有事物和关系的感知，人类往往通过隐喻来认识、解释新遇到的现象。

Unit 1Knowing me,knowing you单元核心考点解析&随堂专练Section B【词汇解析】accident n.事故,意外【课文原句】Sadness wants to do her duty but by accident causes the loss of Riley’s happy core memories with Joy.悲伤想承担自己的责任,可是无意间造成了莱利核心快乐记忆的丢失。

【词汇精讲】句中accident 是名词,意为“事故,意外事件,偶然因素”。

by accident 意为“偶然,意外地”,在句中作状语。

I found it by accident.我是无意中找到它的。

She was involved in a serious car accident last week.她上个星期卷入了一场严重的车祸。

【词汇拓展】accidental adj.意外的;偶然的;附属的without accident 平安无事地It is no accident that... ……绝非偶然【易混辨析】accident n.事故,意外事件。

traffic accident 交通事故。

incident 一般指小事件、小事故。

event 一般指大的事件、活动或大型运动项目。

I am sure he ignored you by accident and not by design.我想他没理你是无意而不是有意。

That night passed without accident.一夜平安无事。

It is no accident that men fill most of the top jobs.大多数高级职位由男性承担绝非偶然。

adjust v.调整,调节;适应,(使)习惯【课文原句】When Riley moves to a new city, she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings.当莱利搬到新的城市的时候,她很难使自己适应新的环境。