专业英语 (考试版)
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山东省2024年4月高等教化自学考试专业英语试题(课程代码:00196 考试时间:150分钟)留意事项:答案必需写在答题卡规定的区域内,未按要求作答的答案无效。
Please write all the answers on the Answer Sheet.(请把全部答案写在答题卡上)I、Choose the best answer for each blank(10points)在每个小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将答题卡的相应代码涂黑。
错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。
(很大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)1. We are interested in _____ you have told us.A. all whatB. allC. whichD. that2. I wish I ______to the movies with him last Sunday.A. did goB. wentC. have gone D .had gone3. Had the doctor been available,the child______.A. could not dieB. would not have diedC. would not dieD. could not have died4. Peter didn’t like his new partner, and ______.A.neither did IB. Ididn’t alsoC.I don’t tooD. Neither I did5. A power failure completely ______the cake he was baking.A. damageB. weakenC. spoiledD. injured6. We all like the teacher because of his nice ______of humor.A skill B. feelings C. principal D. sense7Mr.Smith is ______a very old man but in fact he is only fifty.A. apparentlyB. evidentlyC. obviouslyD. clearly 8.This machine works very well so long as no one ______with it.A. opposesB. interruptsC. bothersD. interferes9.London is one of the important_ _____centers of the world.A. principalB. go afterC. go withD. go without10. The young girl wanted a hat to ______her dress.A. go overB. go afterC. go withD. go withoutII、Reading Comprehension(30 points)阅读下列短文,在每个问题后所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并将答题卡的相应代码涂黑。
一、选择题1.What is the process of converting a high-level programming language into machine languagecalled?A.Debuggingpilation(正确答案)C.ExecutionD.Interpretation2.Which of the following is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around data,and the operations performed on that data?A.Object-oriented programming(正确答案)B.Procedural programmingC.Functional programmingD.Event-driven programming3.In computer networks, what does the term "protocol" refer to?A. A set of rules governing the exchange of information between devices(正确答案)B.The physical connection between devicesC.The speed of data transmissionD.The type of data being transmitted4.What is the term used to describe the process of dividing a complex problem into smaller, moremanageable parts?A.Modularization(正确答案)B.OptimizationC.EncapsulationD.Polymorphism5.In computer security, what is the term for unauthorized access to or modification of data?A.EncryptionB.DecryptionC.Hacking(正确答案)D.Firewall6.Which of the following is a type of software that allows two or more computers tocommunicate and share resources?A.Operating systemB.Database management systemwork operating system(正确答案)D.Word processing software7.What is the term used to describe the process of identifying and correcting errors in computerprograms?A.Debugging(正确答案)B.TestingC.Codingpilation8.In computer graphics, what is the term for the number of distinct pixels that can be displayedon a screen?A.Resolution(正确答案)B.Color depthC.Refresh rateD.Aspect ratio。
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案(图片大小可任意调节)第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects2.“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings3.Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural poli cies.A.undergoesB.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes4.Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjective5.Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual6.______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization7.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set8.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.e into sighte to termse into playe to power9.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes10.Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______.A.creationB.borrowingC.semantic changeD. lexical change11.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPTA.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East12.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A. concentratedB.confusedC.confirmedD.convinced13.What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation14.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg15.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in16.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust17.Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reason18.The differences between synonyms exist in the following areas EXCEPT ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application19.Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules20.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell2.Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.3.One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.B.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation4.Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkC.The poorD.Finals5.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habitA.ofB.forC.toD.from6.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.7.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on8.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept9.Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why11.Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over12.There is an ambiguity in the sentence “ He is a hard businessman ” due to ______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy13.A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s14.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of15.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when16.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little18.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong19.Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary?A.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Social, economic and political changesC.The invasion of foreign countries.D.The influence of other cultures and languages.20.How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.4第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案: B本题解析:affect 多作为动词来用,表示影响。
专业英语B1【考试试卷答案】《专业英语》试卷B适用专业:考试日期:考试时间:120分钟考试形式:闭卷试卷总分:100分一、填空(18分)1.The four strokes of a four-stroke engine are: 、、、。
2.The lubrication system has fours functions, they are: 、、、。
3. TDC is the abbreviation(缩写) for ,ABS is the abbreviation for。
4.An valve which allows the fresh charge of fuel/air into the combustion chamber。
5.An valve which allows the spent gases to escape to the atmosphere via the exhaust system。
6.Generally, an engine consists of two mechanisms and five systems. They are 、、、、、and the lubrication system。
二、英译汉(共82分)The automobiles now running on streets are so various in style and design that you can hardly imagine what the automobiles looked like one hundred years ago. With the development of auto industry, automobiles have been changed greatly and remodeled from time to time. But, however different the auto models, automobiles are basically the same in structure. In other words, any automobile is composed of four sections such as engine, chassis, body and electrical system..The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读(一)考试真题及答案一、Careful Reading(40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.1、Passage1Questions I to 5 are based on the following passage.Hummingbirds included the smallest birds in the world, but they belong to one of the largest group of birds, the Trochilidae family. These birds are found in deserts, mountains, and plains, but most live in tropical rain forests. Their name refers to the humming sound made by their tiny, beating wings; each species creates a different humming sound, depending on the speed of its wing beats.There are 328 hummingbird species. The smallest is the bee hummingbird from Cuba, and the largest is the giant hummingbird from South America. Hummingbird bills(喙)come in different sizes and shapes, too. The long bill is adapted to collect nectar(花蜜)from flowers. The bill protects the long, split tongue and allows each hummingbird species to feed from specific types of flowers. Hummingbirdsare called nectarivores(食蜜类),because about 90 percent of their diet is the nectar from flowers. They also snack on insects. A hummingbird hunts insects by flying and diving to snap them up out of the air.If a hummingbird sees a bird that it do esn’t want in its territory, it gives a high-pitched warning and starts doing dive attacks. Other hummers and even birds of different species often join in to dive-bomb the unwelcome bird until it leaves. The hummingbird is fearless, as it can overcome everything unless taken by surprise.When it comes to flying, nobody does it better. Like a helicopter, a hummingbird can go up, down, sideways, backward, and even upside down! Most of its wings are made of hand bones instead of arm bones like other birds’wing s. When hovering, the wings turn in opposite directions and then reverse themselves in a figure-eight movement. Hummingbirds also have muscles that power both the up and down stroke instead of just the down stroke, as in other birds. Then can beat their wings from 20 to 200 times per second. Hummingbirds are such good fliers that most of them never walk.As tough as they are, hummingbirds still face a few clever natural enemies. Hummers have been caught by dragonflies, trapped in spider webs, and snatched by frogs. Other birds occasionally eat hummingbirds.where do most hummingbirds live?A.In plainsB.In desertsC.In mountainsD.In tropical rain forests2、Where does the name 查看答案【二、Speed Reading】1~5DDBAA6~10CBAC。
《机电专业英语》考试题一.翻译词汇mechatronic 机电一体化(技术)sensor传感器actuator执行元件,执行结构Feedback反馈deviation偏差hydraulic液压的machine tool机床geometric modeling 几何建模job-lot amount单批量maintenance维护pallet随行夹具robot机器人drill钻床,钻头Lathe车床mill 铣床shaper牛头刨床planer龙门刨床grinder磨床tap攻丝pulley滑轮shaft轴bore 镗削screw螺杆tolerance公差torque转矩nut螺母spring弹簧key键bearing轴承coupling联结器clutch离合器diode二极管transistor三极管transistors 晶体管integrated circuit 集成电路chip 芯片capacitor 电容器resistor 电阻digital 数字(式)的lever杠杆Servomechanism伺服机构closed-loop闭环actuator 传动装置following device随动装置troubleshoot故障排除二.汉译英1.机电一体化技术,电子学,机械学,智能数控,机器人学,信息技术,科学术语。
Mechatronics , electronics, mechanics, intelligent control, robotics.information technology , scientific term .2.机电一体化技术广泛用于汽车工业、机械工业以及国防工业。
Mechatronics has been applying widely to auto industry, mechanical industry and national defense industry.3.大多数的机加工主要是由五种基本的机床来完成。
2023年自考专业(英语)《高级英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】Though she _____ and pleaded, he refused to go to the dance.A.coaxedB.admonished2.【单选题】His _____ and unwillingness to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the teamA.arroganceB.advantage3.【单选题】You can sterilize a needle by holding it in a ___________.A.flameB.fireC.blazeD.conflagration4.【单选题】We cannot _____ the country ’ s telecommunications to unqualified people。
A. trustB.entrust5.【单选题】Her mind had been __________ into such a condition as she could not very likely have imagined possible a few months since.A. taughtB.instructedC.schooledcated6.【单选题】The poor girl had much too high _______ of her own charms to suspect that the Count could be unfaithful to themA.an opinionB.a viewC.a sentimentD.an idea7.【单选题】We must try to create a more caring, more _____ society.A. compassionatepetitive8.【单选题】Then we shall go to the _____ _______ Duke Street, where we shall_______ Mohun;A.theater; in; meetB.theatre; on; meetC.theatre ; in; meet withD.theater9.【单选题】Rawdon Crawley had already fought three bloody duels, in which he gave ample ________ of his contempt for death.A.evidencesB.testimoniesC.attestationsD.proofs10.【单选题】It has all the _____ of a good detective story.A. ingredientsB.elementsponentsD.constituents11.【单选题】Which of the following sentences is the most proper?______A.The poor old fellow died lonely last night.B.The poor old fellow perished lonely last night.C.The poor old fellow kicked the bucket lonely last night.D.The poor old fellow departed lonely last night.12.【单选题】This _____ factor means that there is often a connection in appearance and temperament between parents and children.A.historicalB.hereditary13.【单选题】Compared with the _____ period last year, average temperatures have been low.A.correspondingB.related14.【单选题】He betrayed no _______ of discontent, except such as may follow evening?s drinking.A.emblemB.symbolC.signD.mark15.【单选题】In our culture, we are accustomed to sophisticated prescription drugs containing a _____ of chemical ingredientsA.plentyB.variety16.【单选题】Mrs. Jones had a _____ husband, who would do anything for her.A.faithfulB.steadfastC.staunchD.loyal17.【单选题】These days people are becoming more and more _____ about the food they eat.A.sophisticatedB.selective18.【单选题】The colloquial or spoken language is the language for the use of the ________.A.ignorantB.illiterateC.uneducatedD.unlearned19.【单选题】The slight change of weather can ______ her delicate healthA.influenceB.affectC.swayD.impact20.【单选题】The little hands of the child closed round the soldier?s finger ______ the mother looked up in his face with maternal pleasure.A.×B. ,C.andD.but第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】Imagine how many times restaurants and merchants had to change their posted prices during the _____ 1970s, when prices almost doubled.A.inflationaryB.extraordinary2.【单选题】Jack managed to get 147 tapes and 100 books plus lots of magazines through customs in a(n> _____ wayA.incredulousB.miraculous3.【单选题】After some very trifling stupid ______, she ventured to ask whether it was true that he was going away.A.speechB.conversationC.discourseD.talk4.【单选题】____ water is their energy source, ____ tropical cyclones are seasonal.A.Warm; ×B.Warm; thereforeC.When warm; ×D.Because warm; ×5.【单选题】Most storms occur between August and October, and early September is the riskiest period for ______ storms.A.chiefB.mainC.majorD.dominant6.【单选题】He would rather die than live in __________.A.ungracefulnessB.discreditC.dishonorD.shame7.【单选题】He had rebelled against his father wickedly, but he had died without even so much as confessing he was ______.A.wrongB.incorrectC.mistakenD.erroneous8.【单选题】I do not mean to insult the reader by pretending that I killed, for instance,a regiment of cavalry or swallowed a battery of guns, —such _______ tales would disgrace both the hearer and the teller.A.ridiculousB.ludicrousughableD.absurd9.【单选题】It was _____ and she did not know enough to analyze each problemproperly.A.encouragingB.exhausting10.【单选题】My aunt, whose absence was _____ for three weeks, was heartily welcome to remain away, for we were much merrier and more comfortable without her.A. lengthyB.longC.prolongedD.protracted11.【单选题】Those who knew her ladyship are ________ that she was a person quite capable of performing this feat, had she not wisely kept out of the way.A.cognizantB.consciousC.awareD.sensible12.【单选题】The thief made a ____ at the old lady?s purse.A. takeB.snatchC.graspD.seize13.【单选题】The following is a specimen of Black English. “ We?s safe, Huck, we?s safe! Jump up and crack yo ? heels, dat?s de good ole Cairo at las?, I jis knows it! ” This variety of English is characterized by the following except its ______.A.vocabularyB.spellingC.grammarD.pronunciation14.【单选题】In the last twenty years, breakthroughs in technology have _____ advanced the way we communicate, bringing us computers, cell phones and the Internet.A.profoundlyB.deeply15.【单选题】The following is a quarrel between a couple. “ The house is filthy with you, ” she cried. “ Then get out on it — it?s mine. Get out on it! ” he shouted. “ It?s me as brings th? money, not thee. ” The husband speaks a dialect, which can be seen from the following words except ________.A.onB.asC.meD.thee16.【单选题】Although each TV series will be rated on the basis of its usual content, the ratings can _____ from week to weekA.flowB.fluctuate17.【单选题】“Human capital”is used primarily to ______ human beings whose only purpose is to generate wealth for the upper class elite.A.pictureB.describeC.portrayD.depict18.【单选题】In “they?re all more ridiculous than a slapstick comedy” we find the use of a _________.A.simileB.metaphorC.ironyD.pun19.【单选题】“ You ask me for Julia, and you do not possess even an anna! (Here the old ”— rogue ______ broadly, as if he had made a capital pun.)A.grinnedB.smiledC.beamedughed20.【单选题】The poor lady ?s pang must have been increased when she thought of her rival, ______ was a favorite of the whole Court, ______ she was neglected.A. she; thereB.who; whereC.her rival; at the CourtD.the latter; but第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案:A2.正确答案:A3.正确答案:A4.正确答案:B5.正确答案:C6.正确答案:A7.正确答案:A8.正确答案:D9.正确答案:D10.正确答案:A11.正确答案:C12.正确答案:B13.正确答案:A14.正确答案:C15.正确答案:B16.正确答案:B17.正确答案:B18.正确答案:C19.正确答案:B20.正确答案:C第2卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案:A2.正确答案:B3.正确答案:D4.正确答案:D5.正确答案:C6.正确答案:C7.正确答案:A8.正确答案:D9.正确答案:B10.正确答案:D11.正确答案:C12.正确答案:B13.正确答案:A14.正确答案:A15.正确答案:C16.正确答案:B17.正确答案:B18.正确答案:A19.正确答案:A20.正确答案:B。
全国高校英语专业考试(tem)4级全国高校英语专业考试(TEM) 4级全国高校英语专业考试(TEM)是中国教育部主办的一项考试,旨在评估考生在英语运用能力方面的水平。
TEM分为四个级别,即TEM1级到TEM4级。
本文将重点讨论TEM4级考试的相关内容和备考建议。
一、TEM4级考试简介TEM4级考试是针对英语专业学生的考试,并且在全国范围内举行。
此项考试旨在评估考生在听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面的英语能力。
TEM4级考试的通过标准较高,需要考生具备较强的英语交流和应用能力。
二、TEM4级考试内容与要求1. 听力理解:考生需要听取一段短对话或者长对话,并回答相关问题。
此部分主要考察考生对于英语口语的理解能力以及对话内容的把握程度。
2. 阅读理解:考生需要阅读若干篇英文文章,并回答相关问题。
此部分主要测试考生对文章的理解能力和分析能力。
3. 写作:考生需要根据指定的题目,撰写一篇短文。
此部分主要考察考生的英语写作能力和逻辑思维能力。
4. 翻译:考生需要完成一段汉译英的翻译任务或者一段英译汉的翻译任务。
此部分主要考察考生对于语言转换的准确性和流畅度。
三、TEM4级备考建议1. 提前规划备考时间:TEM4级考试的难度较高,需要足够长的备考时间。
提前规划备考时间,合理安排学习进度,确保足够的复习时间。
2. 加强听力训练:听力是TEM4级考试的重要组成部分。
多听听力材料,提高对英语口语的理解能力。
可以通过听听力对话、新闻报道等方式进行训练。
3. 多做阅读练习:阅读理解是TEM4级考试的重要环节。
多读英文文章,提升对文章的理解能力和阅读速度。
可以选择阅读英文新闻、专业书籍等。
4. 练习写作与翻译:写作和翻译是TEM4级考试的考查重点。
多写英语文章,锻炼英语写作能力和逻辑思维能力。
同时,多进行翻译练习,提高语言转换的准确性和流畅度。
5. 制定复习计划:制定合理的复习计划,将各个科目的复习内容进行分类整理,并按照时间节点进行学习。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读(一)考试真题及答案一、Careful Reading(40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.1、Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The old fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is, perhaps, a pity, because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when the shopkeeper knew all his regular customers personally. He could, for instance, remember which brand of tea Mrs. Smith usually bought or what sort of washing powder Mrs. Jones preferred. Not only was the shop a center of buying and selling, but a social meeting place.A prosperous general store might have employed four or five assistants, and so there were very few problems in management as far as the staff was concerned. But now that the supermarket has replaced the general store, the job of the manager has changed completely. The moderm supermarket manager has to cope with a staff of as many as a hundred, apart fromall the other everyday problems of running a large business.Every morning the manager must, like the commander of an army division, carry out an inspection of his store to make sure that everything is ready for the business of the day. He must see that everything is running smoothly. He will have to give advice and make decisions as problems arise; and he must know how to get his huge staff to work efficiently with their respective responsibilities. No matter what he has to do throughout the day, however, the supermarket manager must be ready for any emergency that may arise. They say in the trade that you are not really an experienced supermarket manager until you have dealt with a flood, a fire, a birth and a death in your store.The main purpose of the passage is to show ______.A.how the supermarket replaces the old general storeB.how the old fashioned general store is fast disappearingC.how supermarket managers deal with problems every morningD.how the role of the shop manager undergoes an overall change2、 It is a pity that there are fewer old general stores now because _______.A.there is less trading businessB.there used to be more social activities in the old daysC.supermarket managers have more problemsD.there is less personal contact between manager and customer3、Who are Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Jones mentioned in the first paragraph?A.People representing any of the regular customers of the old general store.B.Shop assistants.C.Friends of the s hop manager’s.D.Two regular customers of the store.4、 How has the job of the store manager changed?A.He doesn’t sell tea or washing powder any more.B.He has a much larger staff to take care of, to say nothing of all the other daily problems of running the store.C.He must try hard to remember the names of the regular customers.D.He has to give advice and make decisions every day.5、The author compared the supermarket manager to ______.A.a military leaderB.a school inspectorC.a traffic supervisorD.an orchestra conductor6、Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.By the Treaty of Parisof 1763, which ended the war withthe French and the Indians, England gained possession of Canada and all the territory east of the Mississippi River. French influence on this continent thus came to an end; England now controlled most of North America. But the war had been long and expensive. England had many debts. George III, king of England, after consulting with his advisers, decided that the American colonists should help pay some of the expenses of this war. A standing English army of 10,000 men had been left in the colonies for protection against the Indians. The English government also felt that the colonists should share in the expenses of maintaining this army. The result was a Series of measures, the Grenville Program, passed by Parliament and designed to raise money in the colonies. Some of these measures were accepted by the colonists, but one in particular, the Stamp Act, was met with great protest. The Stamp Actrequired that stamps, ranging in price from a few cents to almost a dollar, be placed on all newspapers, advertisements, bills of sale, wills, legal papers, etc. TheStamp Actwas one of the causes of the American Revolution. It affected everyone, rich and poor alike. Some businessmen felt that the act would surely ruin their businesses.Of all the voices raised in protest to the Stamp Act, none had greater effect than that of a young lawyerfrom Virginia-Patrick Henry. Henry had only recently been elected to the Virginia Assembly. Yet when the Stamp Actcame up for discussion, he opposed it almost single-handedly. He also expressed, for the first time, certain ideas that were held by many Americans of the time but that never before had been stated so openly. 查看答案【二、Speed Reading】1~5BBBDB6~10CBDB。
FREEWAY TRAFFIC FLOW MODELING BASED ON RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK AND WAVELET TRANSFORM6 ConclusionsThe highly nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of the macroscopic traffic flow require a modeling approach, which can deal with the complex nonlinear relationships among the speed, flow and density. At the same time, effective measures have to be taken to eliminate traffic noise and disturbance. In this paper, a method of wavelet denoising and traffic flow modeling by an Elman recurrent neural network is presented. Simulation results show that the wavelet transform can effectively eliminate the noise signal, and that the Elman network can accurately describe the real behavior of freeway traffic flow. This method is of great importance to realize on-line modeling and control of freeway traffic flow.Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID Controller for Freeway Ramp MeteringAbstract:Aiming at the nonlinear and time-varying characteristics of freeway traffic system, a fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller is designed and applied to freeway ramp metering in this paper. A traffic flow model to describe the freeway flow process is firstly built. Based on the model and in conjunction with nonlinear feedback theory, a fuzzy-PID ramp controller is then designed. The ramp metering rate is determined by the PID controller whose parameters are tuned by fuzzy logic according to the density tracking error and error variation. Gauss and triangle curves are used for the membership functions of the fuzzy variables. The rule base including 49 fuzzy rules isalso established. Finally, the control system is simulated in MATLAB software. The results show that this controller designed has fast response, good dynamic and steady-state performance. It can achieve a desired traffic density along the mainline of a freeway, and can make vehicles travel more efficiently and safely. This approach is quite effective to freeway ramp metering.2. Freeway Traffic Flow ModelConsider a multiple lane (λ) freeway section with a single entry ramp, as shown in figure 1. Assume that at time slice k, vehicles flow into a given section at a rate of qu(k) vehicles per hour per lane from its upper boundary and r(k) vehicles per hour from the entry ramp. They discharge at a rate of q(k) vehicles per hour per lane at its lower boundary. By the conservation principle, the number of vehicles in this freeway segment at time k+1, N(k+1) would be )]()()([)()1(k r k q k q t k N k N u +-∆+=+λλ (1) Δxq u ρ v qrFigure 1 A freeway section )]()()([)()1(k r k q k q t k N k N u +-∆+=+λλ (1)Define traffic density as )(/)()(x k N k ∆=λρ, where x ∆is length of the road segment. Equation (1) can now be written in terms of density]/)()()([)/()()1(λρρk r k q k q x t k k u +-∆∆+=+(2)Empirical evidence suggests that a relationship between flow and traffic density exists. This relationship, denoted as )(ρf q =is generally referred to as the fundamental diagram of traffic flow. Many forms of fundamental diagrams have been proposed, all of which share some common features:(1) flow is zero when density is zero; (2) there is a maximum density (often referred to as jam density) that corresponds to bumper-to-bumper traffic (at which flow is also zero); and (3) there exists a traffic density at which flow is maximal (often referred to as critical density).When traffic density is below critical density, flow increases with density; and when traffic density is above critical density, flow decreases with density.Equation (2) and the fundamental diagram constitute a discrete form of the well known traffic flow model called LWR model [4]. The LWR model provides a simple and tractable framework for traffic simulation and control studies. It gives good qualitative results in describing such traffic phenomena as shock waves at traffic bottlenecks, progression of a traffic hump, and starting and stopping traffic at intersections. The LWR model is used in this paper as the system model for developing traffic-responsive ramp controller.Substitute )(ρf q =into (2), and define x t ∆∆=/α, we obtain equation (3).λααραρρ/)()()]([)()1(x r k q k f k k u ++-=+(3)With initial condition 0)0(ρρ=, equation (3) gives a complete description of thefreeway flow process.The optimization procedures with genetic algorithm are as follows.(1) D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m i zed p a r a m e t e rs a n d e n c o d ed m o d e. The parameters needed to be optimized are proportional coefficient Kp and integral coefficient Ki, and the encoded mode is real number code.(2)Generation of initial population randomlyThe initial population is the gene codes of PI parameters.(3) Evaluation of fitness functionFitness function is the linker between the problem and the genetic algorithm. Each chromosome will be translated into the PI parameters to control the objective. The performance of each candidate PI control is evaluated through the value of its fitness. A performance index is a quantitative measure of system performance. For freeway ramp metering, a good PI control should minimize the error between the desired traffic density and the actual traffic density to zero quickly, so a performance index is defined as ∑∑==-==n k nk d k k k e J 1122)]()([)(ρρ(8) where e(k) is the density tracking error. The bigger the sums of square-error of a PI control, the smaller the fitness function. Therefore, the fitness function is assigned, J f /1=to each candidate PI control.(4) Selection operatorBesides the roulette-wheel selection, we adopt a special selection operator, elitism operator [8], which sidesteps selection, crossover, and mutation and simply places the fittest PI control from the previous generation into the next generation without modification. Elitism operator can ensure that the best PI control don ’t have the probability of missing.(5) Crossover operatorCrossover operator produces new individuals in combining the information contained in two parents. This is done by combining the values of two parents. A method called discrete recombination is used to produce the values of offspring according to the following equations.21'1)1(V V V ββ-+=(9)21'2)1(V V V ββ+-=(10)where 1V and 2V are parents,'1V and '2V are offspring,]1,0[∈βuniform at random.(6) Mutation operatorMutation operator is the second factor to increase population diversity. Mutation of real variables means that randomly created values are added to the variables with a low probability. Here, the probability of mutation is dynamically changed according to the fitness value. The bigger the fitness value, the smaller the probability of mutation .Repeat step (3) to step (6) until the optimization criteria are met.。