The Combination of Forecasts

Package‘dccmidas’October13,2022Type PackageTitle DCC Models with GARCH-MIDAS Specifications in the UnivariateStepVersion0.1.0Description Estimates a variety of Dynamic Conditional Correlation(DCC)models.More in de-tail,the'dccmidas'package allows the estimation of the cor-rected DCC(cDCC)of Aielli(2013)<doi:10.1080/07350015.2013.771027>,the DCC-MIDAS of Colacito et al.(2011)<doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.02.013>,the Asymmet-ric DCC of Cappiello et al.<doi:10.1093/jjfinec/nbl005>,and the Dynamic Equicorrela-tion(DECO)of Engle and Kelly(2012)<doi:10.1080/07350015.2011.652048>.'dccmidas'of-fers the possibility of including standard GARCH<doi:10.1016/0304-4076(86)90063-1>,GARCH-MIDAS<doi:10.1162/REST_a_00300>and Double Asymmetric GARCH-MIDAS<doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.07.025>models in the univariate estimation.Fi-nally,the package calculates also the var-cov matrix under two non-parametric models:the Mov-ing Covariance and the RiskMetrics specifications.License GPL-3LinkingTo Rcpp,RcppArmadilloEncoding UTF-8LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.1.1RdMacros RdpackDepends R(>=4.0.0)Imports Rcpp(>=1.0.5),maxLik(>=1.3-8),rumidas(>=0.1.1),rugarch(>=1.4-4),roll(>=1.1.4),xts(>=0.12.0),tseries(>=0.10.47),Rdpack(>=1.0.0),lubridate(>=1.7.9),zoo(>=1.8.8),stats(>=4.0.2),utils(>=4.0.2)Suggests knitr,rmarkdownNeedsCompilation yesAuthor Vincenzo Candila[aut,cre]Maintainer Vincenzo Candila<****************************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2021-03-1510:00:07UTC12cov_eval R topics documented:cov_eval (2)dcc_fit (3)Det (7)ftse100 (7)indpro (8)Inv (9)nasdaq (9)plot_dccmidas (10)sp500 (11)Index13 cov_eval Var-cov matrix evaluationDescriptionEvaluates the estimated var-cov matrix H_t with respect to a covariance proxy,under different robust loss functions(Laurent et al.2013).The losses considered are also used in Amendola et al.(2020).Usagecov_eval(H_t,cov_proxy=NULL,r_t=NULL,loss="FROB")ArgumentsH_t Estimated covariance matrix,formatted as arraycov_proxy optional Covariance matrix,formatted as arrayr_t optional List of daily returns used to calculate H_t.If parameter’cov_proxy’is not provided,then r_t must be included.In this case,a(noise)proxy will beautomatically usedloss Robust loss function to use.Valid choices are:"FROB"for Frobenius(by de-fault),"SFROB"for Squared Frobenius,"EUCL"for Euclidean,"QLIKE"forQLIKE and"RMSE"for Root Mean Squared ErrorsValueThe value of the loss for each tReferencesAmendola A,Braione M,Candila V,Storti G(2020).“A Model Confidence Set approach to the combination of multivariate volatility forecasts.”International Journal of Forecasting,36(3),873-891.doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2019.10.001.Laurent S,Rombouts JV,Violante F(2013).“On loss functions and ranking forecasting perfor-mances of multivariate volatility models.”Journal of Econometrics,173(1),1–10.doi:10.1016/ j.jeconom.2012.08.004.Examplesrequire(xts)#open to close daily log-returnsr_t_s<-log(sp500[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(sp500[ 2010/2019 ][,1])r_t_n<-log(nasdaq[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(nasdaq[ 2010/2019 ][,1])r_t_f<-log(ftse100[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(ftse100[ 2010/2019 ][,1])db_m<-merge.xts(r_t_s,r_t_n,r_t_f)db_m<-db_m[complete.cases(db_m),]colnames(db_m)<-c("S&P500","NASDAQ","FTSE100")#list of returnsr_t<-list(db_m[,1],db_m[,2],db_m[,3])#estimationK_c<-144N_c<-36cdcc_est<-dcc_fit(r_t,univ_model="sGARCH",distribution="norm",corr_model="DCCMIDAS",N_c=N_c,K_c=K_c)cov_eval(cdcc_est$H_t,r_t=r_t)[(K_c+1):dim(cdcc_est$H_t)[3]]dcc_fit DCCfit(first and second steps)DescriptionObtains the estimation of a variety of DCC models,using as univariate models both GARCH and GARCH-MIDAS specifications.Usagedcc_fit(r_t,univ_model="sGARCH",distribution="norm",MV=NULL,K=NULL,corr_model="cDCC",lag_fun="Beta",N_c=NULL,K_c=NULL)Argumentsr_t List of daily returns on which estimate a DCC model.Each daily return must bean’xts’object.Note that the sample period of the returns should be the same.Otherwise,a merge is performeduniv_model Specification of the univariate model.Valid choices are:some of the specifica-tions used in the rugarch(ugarchspec)and rumidas(ugmfit)packages.Morein detail,the models coming from rugarch are:model Valid models(currentlyimplemented)are’sGARCH’,’eGARCH’,’gjrGARCH’,’iGARCH’,and’cs-GARCH’.The models implemented from rumidas are:’GM_skew’,’GM_noskew’,’DAGM_skew’,and’DAGM_noskew’distribution optional Distribution chosen for the univariate estimation.Valid choices are:"norm"(by default)and"std",respectively,for the Normal and Student’s t dis-tributionsMV optional MIDAS variable to include in the univariate estimation,if the modelspecificied is a GARCH-MIDAS(GM,Engle et al.(2013))or a Double Asym-metric GM(DAGM,Engle et al.(2013)).In the case of MIDAS-based models,please provide a list of the MIDAS variables obtained from the mv_into_matfunction.If the same MV variable is used,then provide always a list,with thesame(transformed)variable repeatedK optional The number of lagged realization of MV variable to use,if’univ_model’has a MIDAS termcorr_model Correlation model used.Valid choices are:"cDCC"(the corrected DCC ofAielli(2013)),"aDCC"(the asymmetric DCC model of Cappiello et al.(2006)),"DECO"(Dynamic equicorrelation of Engle and Kelly(2012)),and"DCCMI-DAS"(the DCC-MIDAS of Colacito et al.(2011)).By detault,it is"cDCC"lag_fun g function to use.Valid choices are"Beta"(by default)and"Al-mon",for the Beta and Exponential Almon lag functions,respectively,if’univ_model’has a MIDAS term and/or if’corr_model’is"DCCMIDAS"N_c optional Number of(lagged)realizations to use for the standarized residualsforming the long-run correlation,if’corr_model’is"DCCMIDAS"K_c optional Number of(lagged)realizations to use for the long-run correlation,if’corr_model’is"DCCMIDAS"DetailsFunction dcc_fit implements the two-steps estimation of the DCC models.In thefirst step,a variety of univariate models are considered.These models can be selected using for the pa-rameter’univ_model’one of the following choices:’sGARCH’(standard GARCH of Bollerslev (1986)),’eGARCH’of Nelson(1991),’gjrGARCH’of Glosten et al.(1993),’iGARCH’(Integrated GARCH of Engle and Bollerslev(1986)),’csGARCH’(the Component GARCH of Engle and Lee (1999)),’GM_noskew’and’GM_skew’(the GARCH-MIDAS model of Engle et al.(2013),respec-tively,without and with the asymmetric term in the short-run component),and’DAGM_noskew’and’DAGM_skew’(the Double Asymmetric GARCH-MIDAS model of Amendola et al.(2019), respectively,without and with the asymmetric term in the short-run component).Valuedcc_fit returns an object of class’dccmidas’.The function summary.dccmidas can be used to print a summary of the results.Moreover,an object of class’dccmidas’is a list containing the following components:•assets:Names of the assets considered.•model:Univariate model used in thefirst step.•est_univ_model:List of matrixes of estimated coefficients of the univariate model,with the QML(Bollerslev and Wooldridge1992)standard errors.•corr_coef_mat:Matrix of estimated coefficients of the correlation model,with the QML stan-dard errors.•mult_model:Correlation model used in the second step.•obs:The number of daily observations used for the estimation.•period:The period of the estimation.•H_t:Conditional covariance matrix,reported as an array.•R_t:Conditional correlation matrix,reported as an array.•R_t_bar:Conditional long-run correlation matrix,reported as an array,if the correlation ma-trix includes a MIDAS specification.•est_time:Time of estimation.•Days:Days of the sample period.•llk:The value of the log-likelihood(for the second step)at the maximum.ReferencesAielli GP(2013).“Dynamic conditional correlation:on properties and estimation.”Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,31(3),282–299.doi:10.1080/07350015.2013.771027.Amendola A,Candila V,Gallo GM(2019).“On the asymmetric impact of macro–variables on volatility.”Economic Modelling,76,135–152.doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.07.025.Bollerslev T(1986).“Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity.”Journal of Econo-metrics,31(3),307–327.doi:10.1016/03044076(86)900631.Bollerslev T,Wooldridge JM(1992).“Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation and inference in dy-namic models with time-varying covariances.”Econometric Reviews,11,143–172.doi:10.1080/ 07474939208800229.Cappiello L,Engle RF,Sheppard K(2006).“Asymmetric dynamics in the correlations of global equity and bond returns.”Journal of Financial Econometrics,4(4),537–572.doi:10.1093/jjfinec/ nbl005.Colacito R,Engle RF,Ghysels E(2011).“A component model for dynamic correlations.”Journalof Econometrics,164(1),45–59.doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.02.013.Engle R,Kelly B(2012).“Dynamic equicorrelation.”Journal of Business&Economic Statis-tics,30(2),212–228.doi:10.1080/07350015.2011.652048.Engle RF,Bollerslev T(1986).“Modelling the persistence of conditional variances.”Econometric Reviews,5(1),1–50.doi:10.1080/07474938608800095.Engle RF,Ghysels E,Sohn B(2013).“Stock market volatility and macroeconomic fundamen-tals.”Review of Economics and Statistics,95(3),776–797.doi:10.1162/REST_a_00300.Engle RF,Lee GJ(1999).“A Long-run and Short-run Component Model of Stock Return V olatil-ity.”In Engle RF,White H(eds.),Cointegration,Causality,and Forecasting:A Festschrift in Honor of Clive W.J.Granger,475–497.Oxford University Press,Oxford.Glosten LR,Jagannathan R,Runkle DE(1993).“On the relation between the expected value and the volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks.”The Journal of Finance,48(5),1779–1801.doi:10.1111/j.15406261.1993.tb05128.x.Nelson DB(1991).“Conditional heteroskedasticity in asset returns:A new approach.”Econo-metrica,59,347–370.doi:10.2307/2938260.Examplesrequire(xts)#open to close daily log-returnsr_t_s<-log(sp500[ 2005/2008 ][,3])-log(sp500[ 2005/2008 ][,1])r_t_n<-log(nasdaq[ 2005/2008 ][,3])-log(nasdaq[ 2005/2008 ][,1])r_t_f<-log(ftse100[ 2005/2008 ][,3])-log(ftse100[ 2005/2008 ][,1])db_m<-merge.xts(r_t_s,r_t_n,r_t_f)db_m<-db_m[complete.cases(db_m),]colnames(db_m)<-c("S&P500","NASDAQ","FTSE100")#list of returnsr_t<-list(db_m[,1],db_m[,2],db_m[,3])#MV transformation(same MV for all the stocks)require(rumidas)mv_m<-mv_into_mat(r_t[[1]],diff(indpro),K=12,"monthly")#list of MVMV<-list(mv_m,mv_m,mv_m)#estimationK_c<-144N_c<-36dccmidas_est<-dcc_fit(r_t,univ_model="GM_noskew",distribution="norm",MV=MV,K=12,corr_model="DCCMIDAS",N_c=N_c,K_c=K_c)dccmidas_estsummary.dccmidas(dccmidas_est)Det7 Det Matrix determinantDescriptionCalculates the determinant of a numeric matrix.UsageDet(x)Argumentsx a numeric matrixValueThe determinant of x.Examplesx<-matrix(sample(1:25,25,replace=TRUE),ncol=5)Det(x)ftse100FTSE100dataDescriptionDaily data on FTSE100collected from the realized library of the Oxford-Man Institute(Heber et al.2009).Usagedata(ftse100)FormatAn object of class"xts".Detailsftse100includes the open price(open_price),the realized variance(rv5),and the close price(close_price).The realized variance has been calculated using intradaily intervals offive minutes(Andersen and Bollerslev1998).8indproSourceRealized library of the Oxford-Man InstituteReferencesAndersen TG,Bollerslev T(1998).“Answering the Skeptics:Yes,Standard V olatility Models do Provide Accurate Forecasts.”International Economic Review,39,885–905.doi:10.2307/2527343.Heber G,Lunde A,Shephard N,Sheppard K(2009).“OMI’s realised library,version0.1.”Oxford–Man Institute,University of Oxford.Exampleshead(ftse100)summary(ftse100)indpro Monthly U.S.Industrial ProductionDescriptionMonthly data on the U.S.Industrial Production index(IP,index2012=100,seasonally adjusted) collected from the Federal Reserve Economic Data(FRED)archive.The IP has been used as MIDAS term in different contributions(see,for instance,Engle et al.(2013),Conrad and Loch (2015),and Amendola et al.(2017)).Usagedata(indpro)FormatAn object of class"xts".SourceArchive of the Federal Reserve Economic Data(FRED)ReferencesAmendola A,Candila V,Scognamillo A(2017).“On the influence of US monetary policy on crude oil price volatility.”Empirical Economics,52(1),155–178.doi:10.1007/s0018101610695.Conrad C,Loch K(2015).“Anticipating Long-Term Stock Market V olatility.”Journal of Applied Econometrics,30(7),1090–1114.doi:10.1002/jae.2404.Engle RF,Ghysels E,Sohn B(2013).“Stock market volatility and macroeconomic fundamentals.”Review of Economics and Statistics,95(3),776–797.doi:10.1162/REST_a_00300.Inv9Exampleshead(indpro)summary(indpro)plot(indpro)Inv Inverse of a matrixDescriptionCalculates the inverse of a numeric matrixUsageInv(x)Argumentsx a numeric matrixValueThe inverse of x.Examplesx<-matrix(sample(1:25,25,replace=TRUE),ncol=5)Inv(x)nasdaq NASDAQ dataDescriptionDaily data on NASDAQ collected from the realized library of the Oxford-Man Institute(Heber et al.2009).Usagedata(nasdaq)FormatAn object of class"xts".10plot_dccmidas Detailsnasdaq includes the open price(open_price),the realized variance(rv5),and the close price(close_price).The realized variance has been calculated using intradaily intervals offive minutes(Andersen and Bollerslev1998).SourceRealized library of the Oxford-Man InstituteReferencesAndersen TG,Bollerslev T(1998).“Answering the Skeptics:Yes,Standard V olatility Models do Provide Accurate Forecasts.”International Economic Review,39,885–905.doi:10.2307/2527343.Heber G,Lunde A,Shephard N,Sheppard K(2009).“OMI’s realised library,version0.1.”Oxford–Man Institute,University of Oxford.Exampleshead(nasdaq)summary(nasdaq)plot_dccmidas Plot method for’dccmidas’classDescriptionPlots of the conditional volatilities on the main diagonal and of the conditional correlations on the extra-diagonal elements.Usageplot_dccmidas(x,K_c=NULL,vol_col="black",long_run_col="red",cex_axis=0.75,LWD=2,asset_sub=NULL)sp50011Argumentsx An object of class’dccmidas’,that is the result of a call to dcc_fit.K_c optional Number of(lagged)realizations to use for the long-run correlation,,if ’corr_model’is"DCCMIDAS"vol_col optional Color of the volatility and correlation plots."black"by defaultlong_run_col optional Color of the long-run correlation plots,if present."red"by default cex_axis optional Size of the x-axis.Default to0.75LWD optional Width of the plotted lines.Default to2asset_sub optional Numeric vector of selected assets to consider for the plot.NULL by defaultValueNo return value,called for side effectsExamplesrequire(xts)#open to close daily log-returnsr_t_s<-log(sp500[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(sp500[ 2010/2019 ][,1])r_t_n<-log(nasdaq[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(nasdaq[ 2010/2019 ][,1])r_t_f<-log(ftse100[ 2010/2019 ][,3])-log(ftse100[ 2010/2019 ][,1])db_m<-merge.xts(r_t_s,r_t_n,r_t_f)db_m<-db_m[complete.cases(db_m),]colnames(db_m)<-c("S&P500","NASDAQ","FTSE100")#list of returnsr_t<-list(db_m[,1],db_m[,2],db_m[,3])#estimationK_c<-144N_c<-36cdcc_est<-dcc_fit(r_t,univ_model="sGARCH",distribution="norm",corr_model="DCCMIDAS",N_c=N_c,K_c=K_c)plot_dccmidas(cdcc_est,K_c=144)sp500S&P500dataDescriptionDaily data on S&P500collected from the realized library of the Oxford-Man Institute(Heber et al.2009).Usagedata(sp500)12sp500FormatAn object of class"xts".Detailssp500includes the open price(open_price),the realized variance(rv5),and the close price(close_price).The realized variance has been calculated using intradaily intervals offive minutes(Andersen and Bollerslev1998).SourceRealized library of the Oxford-Man InstituteReferencesAndersen TG,Bollerslev T(1998).“Answering the Skeptics:Yes,Standard V olatility Models do Provide Accurate Forecasts.”International Economic Review,39,885–905.doi:10.2307/2527343.Heber G,Lunde A,Shephard N,Sheppard K(2009).“OMI’s realised library,version0.1.”Oxford–Man Institute,University of Oxford.Exampleshead(sp500)summary(sp500)Index∗datasetsftse100,7indpro,8nasdaq,9sp500,11cov_eval,2dcc_fit,3,11Det,7ftse100,7indpro,8Inv,9mv_into_mat,4nasdaq,9plot_dccmidas,10sp500,11summary.dccmidas,5ugarchspec,4ugmfit,413。

谁能做一个天气预报的英语作文The weather forecast is an essential tool for people's daily lives.天气预报是人们日常生活中必不可少的工具。

Not only does it help us plan our outdoor activities, but it also assists us in making decisions regarding what to wear and how to prepare for the day ahead.它不仅帮助我们规划户外活动，还帮助我们决定该穿什么，以及如何为即将到来的一天做好准备。

Furthermore, it allows us to anticipate weather-related events and take necessary precautions to ensure our safety.Furthermore, it allows us to anticipate weather-related events and take necessary precautions to ensure our safety.Being able to accurately predict the weather is a vital aspect of meteorology.准确预测天气是气象学的一个重要方面。

Meteorologists use a combination of data from satellites, radar, and ground-based weather stations to create forecasts.气象学家利用卫星、雷达和地面天气站的数据来制作预报。

They analyze atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind patterns, to make educated guesses about future weather patterns.他们分析大气条件，如温度、湿度、气压和风向，来对未来的天气模式做出合理的猜测。

英文论文的结论部分写作要点（结论、致谢）8.1 如何写结论学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。

结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性，它反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。

如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结，那么Conclusion 则可以比较简短。

从某种意义上说，Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。

8.1.1 结论部分的内容与结构布局一般来说，结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。

(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。

(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。

(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。

(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。

(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。

在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。

第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。

例Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio's oak-hickory (橡树与山核桃科树木) forests. 2Clearly, sporadic insect outbreaks, pathogens (病菌), and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands (树林). 3Some stands exhibited mortality as high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline, but these generally had a clear pathogenic explanation. 6Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.分析：例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。

基于风力发电的风功率预测综述随着风力发电的快速发展，风电的穿透功率不断增加，随之带来的系统安全性和电能质量问题也日益凸显。

可靠的风功率预测可以有效地提高电力系统的运行稳定性，改善电能质量。

本文综述了当前各种风功率预测的方法包括物理方法、统计方法、学习方法等以及他们各自的适用场合，并展望了未来风功率预测的发展方向。

标签：风功率预测；预测方法；发展方向前言由于风能是清洁、安全的可再生能源，风力发电在全世界已经进入大规模发展阶段。

但由于风电的间歇性和随机性等缺点，随着风电装机容量的逐年增加，风电场穿透功率不断加大，无疑会对电力系统的电能质量造成一定的影响，尤其是大规模风电入网对系统的电能质量，诸如线路的潮流、无功补偿电压和频率带来很多不利影响[1]，并且影响系统旋转备用容量的大小，从而限制了风电的进一步发展。

有效的风功率预测方法可以方便调度进行合理的用电安排，提高系统运行的可靠性，一定程度上可以改善风电并网后的系统运行。

1风电场功率预测分类按照不同的分类标准，风电场功率预测方法分类方式不同。

1.1按预测时间尺度分类风电场功率的预测，按时间分为长期预测、中期预测、短期预测和特短期预测。

（1）长期预测：以“年”为单位，主要应用于风电场设计的可行性研究，可预测风电场建成之后每年的发电量。

这种方法主要是根据气象站提前20年或30年的长期观测资料和风电场测风塔至少一年的测风数据，经过统计分析，再结合风机的功率曲线来预测风电场每年的发电量。

（2）中期预测：以“天”为预测单位。

中期预测主要是提前一周对每天得功率进行预测，主要用于安排检修。

一般是利用数值天气预报系统的数据进行预测。

主要用于安排检修或调试。

（3）短期预测：以“小时”为预测单位。

一般是提前1-48小时对功率进行预测，目的是便于电网合理调度，保证供电质量。

一般是基于数值天气预报模型和历史数据进行预测。

1.2按预测模型对象分类按照预测对象的不同，一般可以分為基于风速的预测和基于功率的预测。

SAP中英文对照Words Chinese Remark (foreign) exchange gain 汇兑收益 SAP (foreign) exchange loss 汇兑损失SAP (investment) support allocation list 投资分配表SAP (investment) support allocation year 投资分配年度 SAP13 period accounting 13会计期 4-4-5 period accounting 4-4-5 期间会计 Aabap/4 cluster database abap/4 簇式数据库 SAPSAP abap/4 code abap/4 代码SAP abap/4 data type abap/4 数据类型abap/4 development workbench abap/4 开发工作台 SAPSAP abap/4 dictionary abap/4 词典abap/4 dictionary information system abap/4 词典信息系统 SAPSAP abap/4 key word abap/4 关键词SAP abap/4 module pool abap/4 模块存储SAP abap/4 native sql abap/4 内含式 sqlSAP abap/4 open sql abap/4 开放式 sqlSAP abap/4 parameter abap/4 参数SAP abap/4 program abap/4 程序 abap/4 query abap/4 查询SAPSAP abap/4 report abap/4 报告SAP abap/4 repository abap/4 资源库abap/4 repository information system abap/4 资源库信息系统 SAPSAP abap/4 select option abap/4 选择项SAP abap/4 variable abap/4 变量SAPabc analysis ABC分析abc usage summary (inv220) ABC用途汇总abc usage summary report ABC用途汇总报表abnormal (value,data) 异常（值，数据）abnormal end 非正常结束SAP abnormal termination 非正常终止SAP abort 异常退出absolute total commitments 绝对贷款承诺总额 SAP absolute value 绝对值 absorb 吸收 absorb forecast 吸收法预测 absorption 吸收作用 absorption of forecasts 预测的吸收法SAP acc. to 依照 accelerated cost recovery system 加速成本回收系统accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accept 验收，接收acceptance dates 验收日期 acceptance test 认可性测试 SAP SAP access 存取access authorization 访问授权SAP access character 存取字符SAP access depth 访问深度SAP access directions 存取范围 access number 存取编号 SAP access path 访问路径 SAP access protection 访问保护 SAP access rate 访问速率 SAP access routine 存取例程 SAP access sequence 访问顺序 SAP access sequences 存取顺序 SAPSAP access to 访问 accessible 可用存取的SAP accompanying sheet 附表accord 约定according to product 根据产品而定account 科目account allocation 科目归集SAP account assignment 科目设置SAP account assignment category 科目设置类型 SAP account assignment element 科目确定元素SAP account assignment elements 科目确定元素SAP account assignment group 科目设置组 SAP account balance 科目余额 SAP account balance inquiry 科目余额查询 account balance interest calculation 帐户余额计息 SAP account category 帐户类别SAPaccount category reference 帐户类别参考SAP account changes 帐户更改SAP account code structure 科目代码结构account codes 科目代码account comparison 帐户比较SAP account control indicator 科目管理标记 SAP account data 科目数据 account definition 科目定义 account definition inquiry 科目定义查询 account definition listing 科目定义显示 account definitionmaintenance 科目定义维护 account definition program (gld103) 科目定义程序 account description 科目描述 account details 帐户明细SAP account determination 科目确定SAP account determination key 科目确定码SAP account determination procedure 科目确定过程 SAP account determination type 科目确定类型 SAPSAP account group 帐户组account group info 科目组信息SAP account groups and number ranges 科目组及号码范围SAP account hierarchy 科目结构 account holder 银行户主 SAP account inquiry (acr300) 科目查询account life 科目有效期SAP account lookup 科目查找 account lookup display(screen gld381-01) 科目查找显示 account lookup program (gld381) 科目查找程序 account maintenance 帐户维护SAP account management 帐户管理SAP account master load program (gld080) 科目主程序装入程序account no. 科目号account number 科目号account number segment 科目号分隔 account number sequence 科目号顺序SAP account payable 应付帐account reading 科目输入account receivable 应收帐SAPSAP account reconciliation 对帐 account record type 科目记录类型 account relationship 科目间关系 account security level 科目保密级别account statement 帐面清单SAP account statement entry 对帐单分录SAP account summarization 科目汇总account symbol 帐户符号 SAP account total 科目总计 account type 帐户种类 SAP account type life 帐户种类有效期 SAP accounting 会计，记帐方法 accounting and production control purposes 会计与生产控制目的 accounting area 会计主体 SAP accounting bases 会计基础accounting document 会计凭证 SAP accounting period 会计期段accounting period group of controls 会计期段控制组 accounting period inquiry 会计期段查询accounting projection 会计预测accounting purposes 会计用途accounting transaction 会计业务SAP accounting year inquiry 会计年查询SAP accounts payable 应付帐 accounts payable applications control program 应付帐应用控制程序accounts payable bank reconciliation file 应付帐银行调节文件 accounts payable code 应付帐代码 accounts payable file (aph) 应付帐文件 accounts payable g/l distribution file 应付帐总帐分摊文件accounts payable g/l distribution file (apg) 应付帐总帐分摊文件 accounts payable guide 应付帐款指南accounts payable liability 应付帐负债accounts payable line file (apl) 应付帐明细文件 accounts payable payment file (amh) 应付帐付款文件 accounts payable payment line file (amt) 应付帐付款明细文件accounts payable product 应付帐产品accounts payable reconciliation 应付帐调节 accounts payable reconciliation file (abr) 应付帐调节文件accounts payable report 应付帐报告accounts payable statement 应付帐报表 accounts payable tax amount paid file (atp) 应付帐已付税款金额文件 accounts payable tax history file (atx) 应付帐税款历史文件 accounts payable transactions 应付帐事务 accounts payable/maintenance 应付帐/维护 accounts payablt interface 应付帐接口 accounts radio button 科目单选钮SAP accounts receivable 应收帐 accounts receivable aging by salesperson 依销售员列应收帐帐龄 accounts receivable balance 应收帐余额 accounts receivable cash and memo posting 应收帐现金与摘要过帐accounts receivable document 应收帐文档accounts receivable file 应收帐文件 accounts receivable period colse 应收帐期间结算accounts receivable processing 应收帐处理accounts receivable product 应收帐产品accounts receivable run instructions 应收帐运行指令 accounts receivable statement 应收帐目表accounts receivable trial balance 应收帐试算表accounts statement 帐目报表 accredited standards committee x12 x12信贷标准委员会 SAPSAP accrual 应计 accrual account 应计帐目 accrual amount 应计金额 accrual and deferral 待摊和预提 SAP accrual and reversal 应计与回转accrual billing document 应计开票单据SAP accrual date 应计日期 accrual interval 应计间隔 SAP accrual period 应计期间SAP accrual profit center 应计利润中心accrual profit certer/account code combination 应计利润中心/科目代码组accrual reversal 应计回转accrual reversal date 应计回转日期accrual reversal flag value 应计回转标志值accrual/deferral document 待摊/预提凭证 SAP accrual/deferral posting 待摊/预提记帐SAP accruals account 应计项目科目SAP accruals and deferrals account 待摊/预提科目 SAP accrue 应计SAP accrue (interest) 生息accrued expense and deferred income 预提费用和递延收益SAP accrued income 应计收益SAP accrued item 应计项目 SAP accrued liability account 应计负债科目accrued liability account amount 应计负债科目金额accrued liability account code 应计负债科目代码 accrued liability account total 应计负债科目总计 acct groups/numbers 科目组/科目号码 SAP accumulate 累计 accumulate year-to-date checkbox 年累计检查框accumulated balance audit trail 累计余额审计线索SAP accumulated depreciation 累计折旧SAP accumulated depreciation account 累计折旧科目SAP accumulated depreciation ackowledgement 累计折旧确认 accumulated reserve 累计储备accumulated yearly payments 年付款总额SAP accumulation of accounts 科目累计 accumulation of totals 总额累计 accurate and timely inventory balance 精确及时库存余额 acdess achilles' heel 关键弱点acknowledgement advice 收函建议SAP acknowledgement request 收函请求 SAP ackowledge (to) 确认 ackowledgement notice 确认注释 acquisition and production costs 购置和生产成本 SAP acquisition list 购置清单 SAPSAP acquisition tax 购置税acquisition tax cred acquisition tax credSAPSAP acquisition tax deb. acquisition tax deb. acquisition year 购置年份 SAP across the board 全面的 action 作用 action bar 作用action bucket 活动栏目 action chart 活动图 action code 活动代码action codes 活动代码action column 作用列次action diagramming 作用图 action index 动作索引 SAP action message 作用信息 action procedure 行为过程 SAP action statement 作用语句 SAPSAP activate 激活activate a field 激活一字段SAP activate accesses 激活接近 SAP activate all 激活全部 SAP activate period 有效期间SAP activation administrator 活动管理器SAP activation flag 活动标志 SAP activation type 活动类型 SAP active 有效，现用active component 有效组件 active control indicator 活动的控制指示器SAP active date 用作日期active file 有效的文件active ingredient 有效（现用）成份 active item journal entry 有效项目凭证输入 active material allocations 有效材料分配 active operation 现用工序 active potency component 有效能力组件 active product 有效产品 active quote 现用报价 active version 活动版本 SAP active window 活动窗口 SAPSAP activities 作业SAP activity 作业activity category 作业类型SAP activity element 作业元素 SAP activity elements 作业元素 SAP activity flag 活动标志 activity input 作业量输入 SAP activity manufacturing 活动制造 activity output 作业量输出 SAP activity price 作业工资 SAP activity price computation 作业工资计算 SAP activity reason 活动原因SAP activity recording 作业记录SAP activity type 作业类型SAP activity/operation number 作业/操作记录 SAP actual 实际的actual conversion factor 实际的转换系数actual cost 实际成本actual cost data 实际成本数据 actual cost roll-up 数据成本累加（滚动） actual cost system 数据成本系统 actual cost total 实际成本总计 actual cost variance data 实际成本差异数据 actual costs 实际成本SAP actual count data 数据盘点数据actual date of the transaction 数据事务发生的日期 actual dates 实际日期 SAP actual discount 数据折扣actual document 实际文件SAP actual download 数据下载actual facility/item costs 数据场所/项目成本actual input 实际输入 actual invoice entry (acp500) 实际发票输入actual item cost 实际项目成本 actual labor costs 实际人工成本actual manufacturing activities 实际生产活动 actual output 实际输出 actual output hours 实际输出小时数 actual parameter 实际参数 SAP actual percentage discount 实际百分比折扣 actual price 实际价格actual price total 实际价格总计actual production/purchasing decisions 实际生产/采购决策actual releas/due date 实际发放/到期日 actual route 实际途径 SAP actual run rate 实际产出率actual shop floor cost 实际车间成本actual statistic radio button 实际统计单选钮actual tax rate 实际税率actual to buget values 实际与预算值之比actual value 实际值actuals 实际值SAP adapt 适配add-on 添加add into inventory 增入库存add maintenance mode 增加维护模式 add mode 增加模式 add pushbutton 增加按钮addendum 附录 additional account assignment 补充科目设置 SAP additional data 其它数据 SAP additional description text 附加说明文字 additional fields 附加字段 SAP additional information 附加信息 SAP additional line items lookup 附加行项查找 additional note text line 附加注释文本行SAP additional tax 附加税 additional time 附加时间 SAPSAP additional value (cap) 附加值(CAP) additional value days 附加值天数 SAP additive constant 添加常量 addr. recursiveness 地址递归 SAPSAP address 定址 address administration 地址管理 SAPSAP address block 地址块 address data 地址数据 SAP address for reverse routing 反转路由地址 SAP address line 地址行SAP address list 地址表 address space 地址空间 SAP address specifics 地址明细 addressing mode 寻址方式 SAP adjust 缩放比例SAP adjust downward 向下调整adjust during batch balancing flag 批量平衡作业调整标志adjust inventoty (to) 调整库存（到）adjust to 调整至 adjust tolerance days 调整允差天数 adjust upward 向上调整 adjusted standard cost estimate 调整的标准成本估算 SAP adjusting agent 调整因素 adjusting entry 调整输入 adjustment 调整量 adjustment field 调整字段 adjustment to net income for the period 年度盈余修正SAP adjustment to net income for the period/retained earni未分配利润SAP adjustment to retained earnings 未分配利润调整 SAP adjustment to stock 库存调整SAP administration block 管理块 administrative data 管理数据 SAP administrative time 管理时间SAP adopt 采纳advance 先进advance correction 高级纠错SAPSAP advance payment 预付款 advanced process industries 高等流程工业 advanced process industries instructions 高等流程工业运行指令 advanced process industries main menu 高等流程工业主菜单advanced process industries product 高等流程工业产品advanced program to program communication 程序通讯的高级程序 SAP advanced training 高级培训 advanced training class 高级培训课程adverse 反向的，相反的advertising campaign 广告运动SAP advertising material 广告材料 SAPSAP adw position adw 位置affect 影响affect inventory or sales 对库存或销售的影响 affect p.o. quantity in inspection 影响在检采购定单量 affect receipts 影响接收 affect resupply order 影响补库定单 affecting net income 影响净收益的 SAP affiliate 协作 age 帐龄 age (v.) receivables 应收帐帐龄 age (verb) 帐龄 age of an invoice 发票帐龄aged payables 应付款帐帐龄aged payables report (acp210) 应付款帐帐龄分析表aged trial balance 试算表帐龄aggrebate inventory values 总体库存值 aggregating relationship type 集合关系类型 SAP aggressive forcast 进取性预测 aging 帐龄aging days 帐龄天数aging period 帐龄期间aging report by company (acr410) 按公司帐龄分析表 aging report by salesperson (acr430) 按销售员帐龄分析表 aging report payables (acp210) 应付帐帐龄分析表agreement 协议agreement number 协议编号SAP agreement type 协议类型 SAP aisle 工段 alert monitor 警告监控器SAP alert type 警告类型 SAP algebraic relationship 代数关系SAP alignment key 对准码all companies to be consolidated 所有合并的公司 SAPall sales areas 所有销售部门SAP allocatable 可分配的关系allocatable warehouse 可分配的仓库 allocate 分配SAP allocate material component 物料组件分配 SAP allocate production resource/tool 生产资源/工具分配SAP allocate to invoices 按发票分配 allocated and on-order quantities 已分配的及已定货量allocated customer order line 已分配的客户定单行allocation 分配allocation (of articles) 分配（物品的）allocation (of costs) 分配（成本的） allocation adjustment program 分配调整程序 allocation base 分摊基值 SAP allocation concept 分摊原则SAP allocation data 分配数据 allocation date 分配日期 allocation detail 分配明细allocation detail report 分配明细报表allocation flag 分配标志 allocation from inventory 由库存分配SAP allocation group 分摊组allocation indicator 分配标记SAP allocation logic 分配逻辑allocation overrides 分配量置换allocation program 分配程序 allocations of inventory 库存分配SAP allow 允许 allow post flag 允许过帐标志 allowance 津贴allowance wage 允许工资SAP allowed values 允许值 allowed volume 允许体积 SAPallowed weight 允许重量 SAP alpha-sequenced 按字母顺序的alpha customer look-up (acr310) 客户名单查询 alpha look-up key 按字母顺序查找键alpha look-up name 按字母顺序查找名alpha order 字母顺序 alpha search 按字母顺序检索 alpha search key 按字母顺序检索键 alphabetic sequence 按字母顺序 alphanumeric 字母数字的 alphanumeric code 字母数字代码 alphanumeric extreme 字母数字极限 alphanumeric field 字母数字字段 SAP alphanumeric or numeric extreme 字母数字或数字极限alter 改变，修改alternate item 替代项目alternate item description 替代项目描述alternate item list 替代项目清单alternate item maintence 替代项目维护alternate item number 替代项目号 alternate item print 替代项目打印 alternate item screen 替代项目屏幕 alternate operation 替换工序 alternate vendor 替换供应商 alternate vendor number 替换供应商号SAP alternative 替代alternative sequences 替代顺序SAP alternative units of measure 替代计量单位 SAP alternative chart of accounts 备选会计科目表 SAP alternative determination 替代确定SAP alternative minumum tax 代用最低税 alternative mode 替换模式 SAP alternative payer 替代付款人 SAP alternative sequence 替代顺序 SAP alternative straight method 代用直接方式 alternative to item 项目代用物 SAP alternative unit (of measure) 代用计量单位SAP alternative unit of measure 代用计量单位 SAP alternatives 替代SAP amend 修改 amendable fields 可修改的字段 amendment 修改 amortization of intangible assets 无形资产摊销 SAP SAP amount 金额 amount available 可用额 amount break 金额极限amount due 到期金额amount entered 输入金额amounton hand 现有金额amount ordered 已定货金额amount outstanding 逾期金额 amount override 逾期金额 amount paid 已付金额amount projections 金额预测amount refunded 退款金额SAP amount remaining 余额 amount selected 选择的金额 amount summary 金额汇总SAP amount to 合计amount to cost 成本金额amount tolerance filter 金额允差范围amount type 金额类型amount variance 金额差异 amount weighted by index 指数加权金额SAP amountliability 负债金额amounts per period 每个期段金额analysis of discount taken 已获折扣的分析 analysis of potential 潜力分析SAP analysis of the competition 竞争分析SAP analysis period 分析期间SAP analysis report 分析报表analysis requirements 分析需求 analysis work 分析工作analyst buget data upload 分析预算数据上载SAPand operation and 运算 annonce 宣布 annoncement 宣布，布告，告示annoncement date 发布日期annual amount 每年金额annual fee 年度费用annual inventory quantity 年库存量annual report 年度报告 SAP annual rule 年度规则 SAP annual sales 年销售额 SAP annual sales (batch input) 年销售额(批输入) SAP annual tax return 年度纳税申报SAP annualize 年度化ansi asc x12 ansi asc x12SAP anticipate 预计anticipated discount 预计折扣any range(s) of companies 任何公司范围 api item master API 项目主文件 api maintenance program API 维护程序 append 附加SAP append structure append 结构 appending 附加 appendix 附录 application-wide 应用范围 application-wide default 应用范围缺省值SAP application 应用 application area list 应用区域列表 SAP application area symbol 应用区域符号 SAP application areas 应用区域 SAP application backlog 应用延迟 application code 应用代码application control 应用控制 application control file 应用控制文件application control listing 应用控制清单application control maintenance 应用控制维护 application control parameter 应用控制参数 application control program 应用控制程序 application data 应用数据 SAP application date 应用日期 application development 应用开发application development backlog 应用开发延迟application document 应用文件SAP application files 应用文件application filter 应用程序过滤器SAP application icon 应用图标SAPSAP application id 应用id application identification code 应用标志码 SAP application interfaces 应用接口SAP application layer 应用层 application level 应用级别 SAP application logic 应用逻辑SAP application menu 应用菜单SAP application of overhead 一般费用分摊 SAP application program 应用程序SAP application program interface 应用程序接口SAP application reference 应用参考 SAP application server 应用服务器SAP application set 应用集application software 应用软件SAP application specification cloningapplication test 应用测试 SAP application toolbar 应用工具条SAPSAP applications 应用applications programmer 应用程序员SAP apply 应用，施加，申请，提供 apply a credit memo 采用待项冲帐 apply a debit memo 采用借项冲帐 apply againstapply costs 申请费用 SAPSAP apportionment number 分摊数appropriate 适当的appropriate command key 适当命令键appropriate processing option 适当处理选择 appropriation of net income 净利润分配 SAPSAP approximate calculation 估算 architecture 结构SAP archive 归档 archive (verb) 归档 archive document id 档案文件id SAP archive header 档案表头 SAPSAP archive id 档案id archive lable 归档标号 archive, optical 光学档案 SAPSAP archivelog mode archivelog 模式archives (noun) 档案archiving date 存档日期SAP archiving time 存档时间SAP archiving, asynchronous 异步存档 SAP archiving, online 联机存档SAP archiving, synchronous 同步存档 SAP area menu 区菜单SAP area of responsibility 责任范围 SAP area of validity 有效范围 SAP argument 指定查询项 argument/filter screen 指定查询项/过滤屏幕 argument/filter selection screen 指定查询项/过滤选择屏幕 arithmetic operation 算术操作 SAP arithmetic register 算术寄存器 SAPSAP arithmetic unit 运算器array 数组，行列array offset 数组偏置arrearage 欠款，拖欠arrival sequence 到达顺序 arrival time 到达时间 SAP arrow key 箭头键SAP arrow keys 箭头键as appropriate 按适当的SAPas is analysis 分析as/400 AS/400 as/400 server AS/400 服务器as/400 server files AS/400服务器文件as/400 system interface instalation procedure AS/400系统接口安装程序as/net AS/400 网络软件as/set AS/400 CASE 软件 ascending numeric sequence 升序SAP ascending order 升序ascoli piceno SAP assemble, compile 汇编，编译SAP assemble-to-order 订单装配SAP assemble-to-order company 按定单组装的公司assemble-to-order item 按定单组装的项目 assemble 装配 assembled collection 装配采集 assembler global 全局汇编器 SAPSAP assemblies 装配SAP assembly 装配 assembly item 装配件 assembly line 装配线SAP assembly list 汇编表assembly number 装配件号assembly order 装配顺序assembly overview 装配一览表SAP assembly parts list 装配零件清单assembly scrap 装配废品SAP assess 估价assessed value 估计价值SAP assessment 估价assessment cost element 分摊成本要素SAP asset 资产asset account 资产科目SAP asset accounting 资产会计SAP asset acquisition 资产购置SAP asset capacity usage 资产利用率SAP asset catalog 资产目录 SAP asset class 资产分类 SAPasset class catalog 资产分类目录 SAP asset cost basis 资产成本基准 asset data from previous years 上年结转资产数 SAP asset fiscal year change 会计年度资产变化 SAP asset goods receipt 固定资产接收 SAP asset group 资产组别 SAP asset history 资产的历史数据 SAP asset history sheet 资产一览表 SAP asset item 资产项目SAP asset life 资产寿命 asset line item 资产行项目 SAP asset list 资产项目清单SAP asset management 资产管理SAP asset master maintenance 资产主文件维护 asset purchase order 资产订购单 SAP asset retirement 资产报废 asset transfer 资产转移 SAP asset type 资产种类 SAP asset under construction 在建资产 SAP asset value date 资产起用日SAP asset view 资产总览SAP asset year-end closing 资产年终结算SAP assets & liabilities 资产与负债assets directory 资产目录 SAP assign 分配、赋值 SAPSAP assign a value 赋值SAP assign values 赋值SAP assigned 分配的SAP assigning 分配 assigning new key 指定新键 SAPSAP assignment 分配assignment control 归类控制SAP assignment rule 分配规则 SAPSAP assignment table 分配表 assignment transaction 分配事务 SAP associate 相关 associated 相关的 associated commission code 相关佣金代码association assigned code 关联指定代码SAP assum 假设 assumption 假设 asterisk 星号 asterisk border 星号边线 asynchronous transmission 异步传送 SAPat a later time 在后来的时间 at billing time 在开发票时 at data entry time 在数据输入时 at final assembly order release time 在总装定单发放时 at invoice time 在发票输入时 at order entry time 在定单输入时 at run-time 在运行时间 SAPat shop order release time 在车间定单发放时 at standard 在标准at this stage 在此阶段at two levels 在2层（级）atp accumulated 可供销售量累计 atp inquiry program 可供销售量查询程序 atp inquiry screen 可供销售量查询屏幕 atp quantity 可签合同量 SAP attach 附加 attach manager 附加管理器 SAP attach to (to) 附加至 attach to attention key 附加至 Attn 键 attached mode 附加模式attached mode radio button 附加模式单选钮attaching to host dialog box 附加到主机对话框 attention key Attn 键 attribute 属性attribute feature 属性特征SAP audit 查账，审计audit adjustment 查账调整 audit listing 查账清单 audit log 查账日志audit menu 查账菜单 audit period 查账期间 audit report 查账报表 audit report of postings 审计过帐报表 audit trail 查帐索引 SAP audit trail report 查账线索报表 auditing purposes 审计目的 auditor 审计员augment 增加augmentation 增加量，增加author 作者authority for exemption 减免的原因 SAPSAP authorization 授权 authorization administrator 授权管理者 SAP authorization body 授权人authorization check 授权检查SAP authorization class 授权等级 SAP authorization code 授权代码SAP authorization component 授权组成SAP authorization concept 授权原则 SAP authorization date 授权日期 authorization field 授权字段 SAPSAP authorization group 授权组 authorization information 授权信息 SAP authorization name 授权名称 authorization number 授权号 authorization object 授权对象 SAP authorization path 授权委托途径 SAP authorization profile 授权描述文件 SAP authorization trace 授权追踪 SAP authorize 授权 authorize detail report 授权明细报表 authorized to perform (function) 授权执行功能 authorized to run (procedure) 授权运行程序 auto-distribution account 自动分摊科目 auto post 自动过帐 automatic account determination 科目自动确定 SAP automatic container need calcuations 自动容器需求计算 automatic cost estimate 自动成本估算 SAP automatic credit check 自动信用检查automatic data transfer 自动数据传输SAP automatic distribution 自动分摊automatic general ledger distribution of payables 自动总帐应收帐款分摊automatic lot allocation 自动批分配 automatic p.o. number generation 自动产生邮编码 automatic posting 自动过帐 automatic posting from billing 从票据处理自动过帐 automatic pricing 自动定价 automatic reorder point planning 自动的再订货点计划 SAP automatic retrieval 自动检索 automatic reversal 自动回转 automatic time-stamping 自动计时 automatic under run planning adjustments 自动低于运行计划调整automaticlly posted 自动过完帐automobile component supplier industry 汽车部件供应行业 SAP auxiliary account 辅加科目auxiliary file 辅助文件SAP auxiliary function 辅助函数SAP auxiliary program 辅助程序 SAPSAP availability 可用量availability check 可用量核查SAP availability control 可支配资金控制 SAP availability dates 可用日期available-to-promise calculation 可供销售量计算available-to-promise inquiry 可供销售量查询 available 有效 available amount 可支配金额 SAP available capacity 可用能力 SAP available choice 有效选择SAP available date 有效日期available performance measures 可用绩效评估 available to promise (atp) 可供销售货量SAP average 求平均average /hour 平均/小时 average costs 平均成本 average daily requirement 平均日需求量average efficiency 平均效率average hourly basis 平均小时基准average invoice days 平均发票天数average invoice size 平均发票数量 average payment days 平均支付天数average quantity 平均量average rate 平均汇率SAP average rate type 平均汇率类型average sales 平均小时量avil閟seaport SAP awaiting lab check 待实验室检查 Bb/b discount (bill back) 信誉折扣 b/n B/N back-end allocation 期后分摊back-end allocation file 期后分摊文件back-end allocation identifer 期后分摊标识 back-end allocation listing 期后分摊清单 back-end allocation maintenance 期后分摊维护 back-end allocation maintenance program (gldlll) 期后分摊维护程序back-end allocation master file 期后分摊主文件back-end allocation processing 期后分摊处理 back-end allocation processing program (gld530) 期后分摊处理程序 back-order code 逾期定单代码 back-up (to) 备份（到） back-up copy 备份拷贝 back order 逾期定单SAP back up 备份backdated tax calculation 税收追索SAP backflush 倒冲SAP backflush (as verb) 反冲 backflush transaction 反冲事务backflushing 反冲backflushing capability 反冲能力background job 后台作业SAP background processing 后台处理SAP background processing system 后台处理系统 SAP backlog 未交付订单SAP backlog calculation 未交订货－计算SAP backlog is dispatched 未交付订单被处理SAP backlon 储备（积累）backlon amount 储备金额 backlon problem （储备）积压问题 backorder 拖欠订单 SAP backorder flag 逾期定单标志 backorder handling 拖欠订单处理 SAP backorder processing 拖欠订单处理 SAP backorder status 逾期定单状态backordering 逾期定单backorders 拖欠订单SAP backup 备份SAP backup copy 备份backup diskette 磁盘备份backup simulation (for630) 模拟备份backward consumption 倒序消耗SAP backward scheduling 倒序排产计划SAP backward/forward lot tracing screen 倒排/顺排backward-schedule 倒排计划backward lot trace 倒推批跟踪 backward trace 倒推跟踪 backwards lot traceability 倒排批跟踪能力bacs (cash) 现金bad debts 坏帐bad raw material 坏原材料 badge 标记 badge card readers 标记阅读器badge no 标记号balance audit trail 余额审计线索SAP balance carried forward 余额结转 SAP balance check 余额稽查 SAP balance confirmation 余额确认 SAP balance inquiry 结帐询问SAP balance notification 结帐通知 SAP balance request 结算请求SAP balance sheet 资产负债表 SAP balance sheet account 资产负债表科目SAP balance sheet adjustment 资产负债表调整SAP balance sheet change 资产负债表变动 SAP balance sheet for tax purposes 资产负债表 - 税务目的 SAP balance sheet item 资产负债表的项目 SAP balance sheet value 资产负债表总计 SAP SAP balance statement 余额表 balance/net indicator 余额/净指标balance-forward 移下页结转余额balance (inventory) 余额balance (verb) 平衡 balance account 科目余额 balance books 分类帐余额簿 balance inventory 库存余额 balance out 失去平衡 balance quantity 余额数量 balance sheet exchange rate 资产负债表兑换率balance sheet rate 资产负债表比率 balance sheet rate type 资产负债表比率类型balance to zero 余额为零balance trial 余额跟踪balanced by 平衡按 balanced set of books 平衡帐簿集 ban bank account 银行往来帐 bank account code 银行往来帐代码bank account master maintenance (acp140) 银行往来帐主文件维护bank account number 银行往来帐号bank bill 银行票据SAP bank branch 分行 bank branch maintenance 银行分行维护bank buying rate 银行买入价SAP bank charge and interest expense account 银行手续费与利率费用科目 bank charge expense 银行手续费用 bank charge expense accont 银行手续费用科目 bank charge issued 银行手续费发出 bank charges 银行手续费 SAP bank charges and/or stamp taxes 银行手续费与/或印花税bank code 银行代码bank code/branch 银行代码/分行 bank collection procedure 银行托收法 SAP bank data... 银行数据... SAP bank details 银行帐户 SAP bank direct debiting procedure 银行直接借记法 SAP bank expense 银行费用 bank information to other program 到其他程序的银行信息bank key 银行关键字SAP bank master (acp140) 银行主文件bank master data 银行主记录 SAP bank master listing 银行主文件清单 bank master maintenance 银行主文件维护 bank number 银行代号 SAP bank reconciliation file 银行调节文件 bank selling rate 银行卖出价SAP bank statement 银行对帐单，银行月结单bank statement posting (acp710) 银行对帐单过帐bank statement posting program (acp710) 银行对帐单程序 bank transfer 银行转帐bar-coder pick list 条形码领料单 bar chart 条线图 bar chart screen 条线图屏幕SAPbar code 条形码bar graph 条线图bar graph summaries 条线图汇总bar segment 模条图分割 barcoder 条形码阅读器 base unit of measure 基本计量单位 SAP base (for) 基于base amount 基本金额 SAP base amount selected 已选择的基本金额 base condition 基本条件 SAP base condition type 基本条件种类 SAP base currency 基础值(额) SAP base currency amount 基本货币金额base currency code 基本货币码base currency epuivalent balance 基本货币等价的平衡 base currency screen 基本货币屏幕 base discount 基本折扣 base for tax/si contributions 税基(社会保险) SAP base insurable value 保险基值 SAP base object costing 基本对象的成本核算SAP base object group 基本对象组SAP base object item 基本对象项 SAP base object master data 基本对象主记录 SAP base object name 基本对象名 SAP base object text 基本对象说明 SAP base or transaction currency value 基本或转换币值 base order amount 基本订单金额 base p/c 基本P/C base planning object 基本计划对象 SAP base price/item alone method 基本价格/项目单独方法 base quantity 基本数量 SAP base rate 基本率 base software package 基本软件包SAP base table 基本表base unit of measure 基本计量单位 SAPSAP base value 基值baseline 基本行baseline application template 基本行应用格式baseline date 基准日期SAP baseline date for payment 支付期限基准日期SAP basic arithmetic operations 基本算术运算SAP basic code 基础代码basic component 基本组件basic concept 基本概念SAP basic conversation 基本对话SAP basic data 基本数据SAP basic data/values 基础数据/值 basic dates 基本日期 SAP basic finish date 基本完成日期 SAP basic formula 基本公式 SAP basic function 基本功能 basic information 基本信息 basic inventory data 基本库存数据 basic item information 基本项目信息 basic key figure 基本指标SAP basic list 基本列表 SAP basic path 基本路径 SAPSAP basic set 基本组 basic start date 基本开始日期 SAPSAP basic value 基本值 basic_formula 基本配方SAP basis layer 基础层 basis system 基础系统 SAPSAP batch 批 batch (n.) 批 batch (to) 分批 batch allocation 批分批batch allocation program (sfc730) 批分批程序batch balancing 批余额 batch balancing allocation (sfc720) 批余额分批batch balancing applications 批余额应用 batch balancing u/m 批余额计量单位batch balancing unit of measure 批余额计量单位batch bill of material 批物料单batch copy 批拷贝batch data transfer 批式数据传输 SAP batch detail 批明细 batch editing 批编辑 batch file 批文件。

奎屯天气预报英文作文The city of Kuytun, located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, is known for its unique and often unpredictable weather patterns. As a regional hub situated in the heart of Central Asia, Kuytun's climate is heavily influenced by its geographic position, surrounded by vast desert landscapes and towering mountain ranges. Understanding the intricacies of Kuytun's weather forecasting is not only essential for the local population but also crucial for visitors and businesses alike, as it can greatly impact daily life, transportation, and economic activities.Kuytun's weather is characterized by its extreme temperature variations, with scorching summers and bitterly cold winters. During the summer months, the city can experience temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, accompanied by intense sunlight and low humidity. This harsh environment poses challenges for residents, as they must adapt their daily routines and take precautions to protect themselves from the sweltering heat. Staying hydrated, seeking shade, and limiting outdoor activities during the hottest hours of the day are essential strategies for coping with the summer climate.In contrast, the winter season in Kuytun is marked by frigid temperatures, often dipping below -20 degrees Celsius. The combination of bitter cold and strong winds creates a wind chill factor that can make the air feel even colder. Snowfall is common during the winter months, and the accumulation of snow can lead to disruptions in transportation and infrastructure. Residents must be prepared to face the harsh winter conditions, equipping themselves with warm clothing, ensuring their homes are well-insulated, and being cautious when venturing outdoors.The unpredictability of Kuytun's weather is further exacerbated by the region's susceptibility to sudden changes in atmospheric conditions. Rapid shifts in temperature, humidity, and wind patterns can occur, leading to the formation of severe weather events such as sandstorms and dust storms. These natural phenomena can have a significant impact on daily life, causing reduced visibility, respiratory issues, and potential damage to property and infrastructure.Accurate weather forecasting is, therefore, crucial for the people of Kuytun. Local meteorological agencies employ a variety of tools and techniques to monitor the region's weather patterns, including satellite imagery, weather balloons, and advanced computer models. By analyzing data from these sources, meteorologists are able to provide timely and reliable weather forecasts, enabling residents andvisitors to plan their activities accordingly.One of the key challenges in weather forecasting for Kuytun is the region's complex topography. The city is situated in a basin surrounded by mountain ranges, which can create localized weather patterns that are difficult to predict. Additionally, the influence of the nearby Taklamakan Desert can lead to the formation of unpredictable weather systems, such as sudden dust storms.To address these challenges, meteorologists in Kuytun rely on a combination of traditional weather observation methods and cutting-edge technologies. Ground-based weather stations located throughout the region provide real-time data on temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, while advanced computer models are used to simulate and forecast weather patterns. Regular updates and alerts are then disseminated to the public through various channels, including local media, mobile applications, and dedicated weather websites.The importance of accurate weather forecasting in Kuytun cannot be overstated. Farmers and agricultural businesses rely on weather information to plan their planting and harvesting schedules, while transportation companies use weather data to optimize their logistics and ensure the safety of their operations. The tourism industry also heavily depends on weather forecasts, as visitors oftenplan their activities and travel arrangements based on the expected weather conditions.Moreover, the local government and emergency services in Kuytun utilize weather forecasting to prepare for and respond to severe weather events. By anticipating the potential impact of storms, sandstorms, or extreme temperatures, authorities can implement appropriate measures to protect the community, such as issuing warnings, mobilizing emergency resources, and coordinating evacuation efforts if necessary.In conclusion, the weather in Kuytun is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that requires a comprehensive understanding and effective forecasting capabilities. The city's residents, businesses, and visitors rely on the expertise of local meteorologists to navigate the challenges posed by the region's extreme weather conditions. By continuously improving weather monitoring and forecasting techniques, the people of Kuytun can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing climatic conditions, ensuring the safety and prosperity of their community.。

基于回归分析与三次指数平滑的组合预测李山山【摘要】组合预测是把几种单一的预测方法进行组合后得到更好的预测结果的方法.文章根据国家财政用于科学研究支出的统计数据,运用回归预测与三次指数平滑预测,而后求出组合预测的权重,最后得出更优的预测结果.%Combination forecasting is a method to get a better prediction by combining several prediction results.The expenditure for the scientific research is predicted through two methods,and a better result is obtained by combining the two results.【期刊名称】《太原师范学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(011)001【总页数】3页(P75-77)【关键词】回归分析;三次指数平滑;权重计算;组合预测【作者】李山山【作者单位】中山大学数学与计算科学学院,广州510275【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F812.4组合预测的方法是由Bates.J.M和Granger.C.W.J.于1969年首次提出的实用预测方法［1］，它能够提高模型的预测精度和预测能力.它对同一对象采取不同的单预测模型，然后基于某一个预测误差标准最小化来求得组合权重系数，最后得出这几种预测模型的组合预测.组合预测方法［2，3］充分利用了预测模型的信息，能够达到提高预测精度的效果.而且能增强预测的稳定性，有较高的适应能力.基于这些优点，组合预测在被提出之后就引起国内学者的广泛关注［4－6］.回归分析预测也是统计分析方法中一种应用最广泛的一种预测方法［7］.指数平滑法是时间序列分析中的一种应用比较广泛的预测方法［8－10］.本文就是基于这两种预测，应用组合预测的方法，求出使得平均相对误差最小的权重值，得出好的预测结果.回归分析方法是多元统计分析的各种方法中应用最广泛的一种，它是处理多个变量间相互依赖关系的一种统计方法.假设因变量Y 与x1，x2，…，x m 线性相关.收集到的n组数据（y t，x t1，xt2，…，x tm）满足以下回归模型：指数平滑法是生产预测中常见的一种方法.它是移动平均预测方法加以发展的一种特殊加权移动平均预测法，它是时间序列预测中的一种重要的方法.它是通过计算指数平滑值，配合一定的时间序列预测模型对现象的未来进行预测.其原理是任一期的指数平滑值都是本期实际观察值与前一期指数平滑值的加权平均.根据平滑次数不同，指数平滑法分为：一次指数平滑法，二次指数平滑法，三次指数平滑法等. 基于前面介绍的两种单预测方案，运用组合预测的方法来对1991－2006年国家财政对于科学研究的支出进一步预测.其中回归预测的拟合函数是y＝6.763 1t2－38.930 8t＋241.334 1运用组合预测的方法求权重ω＝（0.8，0.2），使得平均百分比误差达到最小，δi 指相对误差.图1表示组合预测的值，表2给出了三种预测方法的平均百分比误差：本文基于回归分析预测与三次指数平滑预测方法将我国财政对于科学研究的支出值做了预测，并且对预测值做了组合，得到比较好的预测结果.由于科研对我国经济的发展有着重要的作用，所以对科研经费支出的合理预测也是很重要的.本文只是对两种方法做了组合，还可以考虑其他一些方法如神经网络预测和灰色预测等.【相关文献】［1］Bates J M，Granger C W bination of forecasts［J］.Operations Research，1969，20（4）：451-468［2］黄岩，张国春，王其藩，等.一种新的计算组合预测权重的方法［J］.管理工程学报，2001，15（2）：44-46［3］安德洪，韩文秀，岳毅宏.组合预测法的改进及其在负荷预测中的应用［J］.系统工程与电子技术，2004，26（6）：842-844［4］王福林，张晋国.变权组合预测模型中最优权系数问题的估计［J］.系统工程理论与实践，1996，16（10）：49-52［5］丰小月.组合预测方法的研究［D］.长春：吉林大学，2005［6］谢纽，何跃，徐玖.组合预测模型在工业经济预测中的应用［J］.金融经济，2007，14：61-62［7］峁诗松，程依明，濮晓龙.概率论与数理统计教程［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2004 ［8］吴新生，张晓芳.指数平滑法在连锁超市销售额预测中的应用［J］.商丘师范学院学报，2007，6：46-48［9］张蔚虹，刘立.指数平滑法在销售预算中的应用［J］.中国管理信息化，2008，1：84-86 ［10］王长江.指数平滑法中平滑系数的选择研究［J］.中北大学学报（自然科学版），2006，6：558-561。

ECMWF集合预报在一次台风远距离极端降水分析中的应用娄小芬,王丽颖,罗玲,傅良,钱浩(浙江省气象台，杭州310007)摘要：采用ECMWF interim 再分析资料、ECMWF 集合预报资料、自动站降水资料，运用“集合异常预报法”和“EFI (Ex-treme Forecast Index)阈值法”对浙江东部一次台风远距离极端降水的成因和可预报性进行探讨，结果表明：(1)台风倒槽长期存在，在北侧冷空气入侵作用下在浙江沿海地区引起锋生，并在倒槽顶端诱生低压环流，是造成浙江东北部大暴雨的主要原因。

(2)36h 时效的集合预报显示，大气可降水量、850hPa 南风分量、925hPa 水汽通量和200hPa 辐散都超过气候平均值3～4个标准差，且超过3个标准差的概率也达到了70%～90%，表明浙江沿海有优越的动力和充沛的水汽条件，异常强烈的天气信号，预示发生极端降水为高概率事件。

(3)随着预报时效的延长，各物理量异常概率会明显减小，因此在判断极端天气发生可能性时应降低预警的概率阈值。

(4)不同时效降水的EFI 对95％和99％百分位事件的预报效果均很好，可以比确定性预报提前3～4d 提供极端降水信号。

EFI 指数所反映的极端降水信息较确定性模式更加可靠且稳定，在决策服务中具有更高的参考价值。

(5)“集合异常预报法”可以获得与极端天气相关的形势场和物理量的异常概率，而EFI 在长时效的预报更具优势，两者结合、优势互补，可以为预报员提供更全面的极端天气信号。

关键词：台风；极端降水；集合预报；标准化异常概率中图法分类号：P459.9文献标志码：ADOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2021.06.007娄小芬,王丽颖,罗玲,等.2021.ECMWF 集合预报在一次台风远距离极端降水分析中的应用[J].暴雨灾害,40(6):626-636LOU Xiaofen,WANG Liyin,LUO Ling,et al.2021.Application of ECMWF ensemble prediction system on an extreme heavy rainfall cause by a remote tropical cyclone [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,40(6):626-636Application of ECMWF ensemble prediction system on an extremeheavy rainfall cause by a remote tropical cycloneLOU Xiaofen,WANG Liyin,LUO Ling,FU Liang,QIAN Hao(Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory,Hangzhou 310017)Abstract:In this study,the mechanism and predictability of a remote typhoon heavy rainfall in eastern Zhejiang Province are investigated by ensemble anomaly forecasting,with ECMWF reanalysis data,ECMWF ensemble prediction data,and automatic weather station precipitation data.Results show that:(1)Under the intrusion of cold air from the north side of the typhoon inverse which existed for a long time,it caused frontal formation in the coastal area of Zhejiang,and induced a low pressure circulation at the top of the inverse trough,was the main reason for the heavy rainfall in the northeast of Zhejiang.(2)The ensemble forecast with 36-hour prediction valid shows that precipitable water va ⁃por,south wind component on 850hPa ,water vapor flux on 925hPa and divergence of 200hPa all exceed 3～4standard deviations of cli ⁃mate average,and the probability of standard deviation exceeding 3reaches 70%～90%.These factors indicate that great dynamic condition and abundant water vapor exist along the coast of Zhejiang.Strong anomalous signals predict high probability of an extreme heavy rainfall event.(3)With the extension of the forecast lead time,the anomalous probability of each physical quantity is significantly reduced.There ⁃fore,the threshold of anomalous probability should be reduced for the early warning of extreme weather.(4)The EFI s (Extreme Forecast In ⁃dex)with different forecast lead time have good prediction results for 95%and 99%percentile precipitation events,and it can provide ex ⁃treme precipitation signals 3～4days earlier than deterministic forecasts.The information for extreme rainfall events provided by ensemble prediction EFI index is more reliable and stable than deterministic forecast,and has higher reference value in decision-making services.(5)Ensemble anomaly forecasting method quantitatively measures the abnormal probability of synoptic scale pattern and physical quantities.收稿日期：2020-03-29；定稿日期：2020-08-28资助项目：中国气象局关键技术发展专项(YBGJXM(2018)1B-06)；浙江省基础公益研究计划(LGF20D050002)；中国气象局预报员专项(CMAYBY2020-050)；浙江省气象科技计划重点项目(2020ZD01)第一作者：娄小芬，主要从事天气预报和集合预报应用技术研究。

英语作文5年级下册天气预报西安范文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My City's Weather ForecastHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm going to tell you all about the weather forecast for my city of Xi'an. Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province in northwest China. It has a really cool history as it was the imperial capital for 13 dynasties! But today I want to focus on something different - the weather here.Xi'an has a semi-arid continental climate. That means it's dry here with four distinct seasons - a cold winter, a hot summer, and shorter spring and fall seasons. The weather can change a lot from one season to the next. Let me give you all the details on what to expect!Winter (December to February)Winters in Xi'an are long and very cold. The average temperature is just above freezing at around 3°C (37°F). But it often gets much colder than that, sometimes dropping below-10°C (14°F)! Brrr, I have to bundle up in my warmest coat, hat, scarf and gloves.We don't get a crazy amount of snow, but we do see occasional snowfall and the ground is often covered in white for stretches. One winter when I was little, we had the biggest snowstorm I can remember. School was cancelled for three days because there was just too much snow!The winters are also incredibly dry, with very little precipitation. The lack of moisture in the air makes the cold feel even more biting and harsh on my skin. My lips always get really chapped if I don't put on lip balm.Spring (March to May)After those freezing winters, spring is such a welcomed relief. Temperatures rise quickly, with daily highs going from 10°C (50°F) in early March up to 25°C (77°F) by May. It's finally warm enough to go outside without my huge puffy coat!Spring is definitely the windiest season though. We get these strong dusty winds called loess that blow in from the Gobi Desert. The winds can make it hard to keep my hair and clothes clean. Sometimes dust storms even block out the sun!Despite the wind, spring is one of the rainier times of year. The precipitation helps plants and trees start blooming again after the dry winter. I love watching all the flowers come out and seeing the city turn green. Just watch out for spring allergies if you're sensitive!Summer (June to August)Get ready for scorching heat in the summer! Average highs in July and August are ar ound 34°C (93°F). And it's not just hot - it's extremely humid and muggy too. The combination of intense heat and moisture in the air can feel really stifling and gross.Summer is when we get most of our yearly rainfall too. Periods of heavy rain and thunderstorms come through every few weeks. I have to be very careful to not get caught out in sudden downpours! The rain does bring some relief from the heat though.My friends and I love going to the swimming pool or water parks when it's sizzling hot out. Slurping down ice cream and cold drinks is a must for beating the summer heat too. I just have to be inside by the air conditioning whenever possible!Fall (September to November)After summer's extremes, fall begins with warm and mild weather that's just about perfect in my opinion. Early September can still be a bit hot, with highs around 27°C (81°F). But temperatures gradually cool down to 13°C (55°F) by late November.The relative humidity drops as well, making the air feel really crisp, comfortable and easy to breathe. This drier air means we often get brilliant blue skies and sunny conditions. Fall is arguably the best season for being outside and going on fun trips.We do start to see more wind and dust again as winter approaches. But overall, fall is a relaxing transition period between the two extreme seasons. It's my favorite time to be outdoors playing sports without having to worry about killer heat or freezing cold!Forecasting the WeatherSo those are the four seasons we experience here in Xi'an. But how do meteorologists predict what the weather will be like each day? They use tons of science, data and technology!Weather forecasting starts by collecting observations from different sensors. Things like temperatures, humidity levels, windspeeds and directions, air pressure and precipitation amounts get recorded across the region.This data gets put into powerful computer models that analyze all the conditions. The models take into account factors like jet stream patterns, the flow of air masses, the Earth's rotation, heat transfer and more. They use crazy complicated physics and math to calculate future weather.Meteorologists then take the computer forecasts and combine them with other data sources like satellite images and weather maps. They look at the big picture to refine the forecasts before passing them along to be broadcast on TV, the internet and radio.Making accurate forecasts more than a week or so in advance is extremely difficult though. There are so many variables involved, even tiny differences in conditions can throw things off over time. That's why predictions for my city are most reliable for just the next 5-7 days.I find weather so fascinating because it impacts nearly everything we do. The forecast determines if I need to dress in layers, bring an umbrella, or wear a heavy winter coat for the day. My parents check it to see if it's safe for driving conditions too.Severe weather like thunderstorms, blizzards and dust storms can really disrupt people's lives and plans if they're not properly prepared. Having reliable meteorologists here in Xi'an helps us all stay safe and make good decisions based on upcoming conditions.Wild & Wacky WeatherThe hottest temperature ever recorded in Xi'an was a blazing 42.1°C (108°F) on July 15, 1966. I can't even imagine how unbearable that scorching heat must have felt! The record cold was set on January 14, 1969 when it dropped to a bone-chilling -20.3°C (-4°F). No thank you to being outside in that freezing air!Xi'an's greatest calendar day rainfall happened more recently on September 9, 1994. A mind-blowing 209.1 mm (8.2 inches) of rain poured down in just 24 hours! That's almost a foot of water falling from the sky. The city experienced terrible flooding from those rains.And in the winter of 2008, we had the biggest snowstorm on record with over 33 cm (13 inches) of snow accumulation across the city over several days. Everything was completely blanketed in white! Kids had huge snowball fights while most businesses and schools just closed down until it passed.Those are just a few examples of times when Xi'an saw wacky, record-breaking weather extremes. Crazy stuff like that doesn't happen often, but it shows how powerful nature can be. It's a good reminder to always be prepared and listen to meteorologist warnings when severe conditions arise.Well, I've told you all about our local weather patterns and forecasting now. I hope you found it interesting learning what to expect throughout the year in my city. If you ever visit Xi'an, be sure to pack with the forecast in mind so you stay nice and comfortable. Thanks for reading, goodbye!篇2My Day as a Weather Forecaster in Xi'anLast week, our teacher Mrs. Wang announced that we would have a special class project – each of us would become a weather forecaster for a day and present the weather forecast for Xi'an! I was so excited because I love learning about the weather and how it changes.To prepare, we learned all about different weather conditions like sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy, and foggy. We also studied how to read weather maps and symbols. Mrs. Wang taught us some useful vocabulary like temperature, humidity,precipitation, and air pressure. I practiced saying words like "partly cloudy" and "chance of showers" in front of a mirror.Finally, it was my turn to be the weather forecaster! I woke up extra early and looked outside. The sky was a pretty shade of pink and orange as the sun was rising. I checked the weather app on my mom's phone and saw that it was going to be a beautiful sunny day with a high of 25°C.At school, I got to go up on the small stage in our classroom and use a miniature map of Xi'an. I pointed to the different areas and gave my forecast enthusiastically:"Good morning, everyone! This is Lily with your weather report for Xi'an. We're in for a gorgeous sunny day across the entire region. Skies will be bright blue and clear with barely a cloud in sight!""Downtown Xi'an can expect highs around 25°C in the afternoon hours. It'll be perfect weather to visit the Terracotta Warriors or walk along the Ancient City Wall. Just be sure to wear sunscreen and drink plenty of water!""Heading west towards the Qinling Mountains, temperatures will be a few degrees cooler with highs of 22°C, but still sunny and beautiful for hiking or having a picnic outdoors.""Looking ahead to tomorrow, a weak frontal system will move in bringing some clouds and a 30% chance of scattered showers, mainly in the late afternoon and evening hours. But don't worry, the rain won't last long and sunny skies will return for the weekend!"I tried to sound professional and confident, just like the meteorologists I see on TV. When I finished, my whole class applauded! Even a few kids said my weather forecast was "so cool."Later, Mrs. Wang told me I did an excellent job explaining the weather clearly and using good vocabulary words. I felt so proud of myself for being a weather forecaster for a day. Maybe I'll pursue that as a career when I grow up - it would be amazing to study meteorology and forecast the weather on TV or the internet for the whole city of Xi'an!In the meantime, I'm really looking forward to the rest of my classmates' weather presentations over the next few weeks. It's such an engaging way for us to learn about different weather patterns and practice our English skills too. I can't wait to hear their creative forecasts!篇3Today's Weather Forecast for Xi'anHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm a 5th grader at Xincheng Elementary School in Xi'an. For our English class project this week, I've been asked to prepare a weather forecast for our city. I'm really excited to share the latest weather updates with all of you!Xi'an is a beautiful city located in northwest China, and it's the capital of Shaanxi Province. Our weather can be quite unpredictable, so it's always important to stay informed about the forecast. Let's dive right in!For today, Wednesday, we can expect mostly sunny skies throughout the day. The morning will start off a bit cool, with temperatures around 12°C (54°F). But don't worry, it will warm up quickly as the day progresses. By noon, we'll see temperatures rise to a pleasant 22°C (72°F). With plenty of sunshine and light winds, it's shaping up to be a gorgeous spring day in Xi'an!If you have any plans to visit the famous Terracotta Warriors or explore the ancient City Wall, today would be an ideal day for outdoor activities. Just remember to wear some sunscreen and stay hydrated, as the sun will be quite strong during the midday hours.Moving on to tomorrow, Thursday, we can anticipate a shift in the weather pattern. Clouds will start to build up in the morning, and we may even see some light showers in the afternoon. The high temperature for Thursday is expected to reach around 18°C (64°F), with a low of 10°C (50°F) overnight.Despite the chance of rain, don't let that discourage you from enjoying your day. Just pack an umbrella or a light jacket, and you'll be prepared for whatever Mother Nature has in store.Now, let's take a look at the weekend forecast. Saturday is shaping up to be mostly cloudy, with a high of 16°C (61°F) and a low of 8°C (46°F). There's also a possibility of some light rain or drizzle throughout the day, so outdoor plans might need to be adjusted accordingly.However, Sunday is looking much more promising, with sunny skies and temperatures reaching a comfortable 20°C (68°F). This would be an excellent opportunity to visit one ofXi'an's many parks or gardens, such as the beautiful Huaqing Hot Springs or the serene Qujiang Pool Park.As we look ahead to next week, the forecast remains relatively stable, with a mix of sunny and partly cloudy days. Temperatures are expected to range from highs around 22°C(72°F) to lows of 10°C (50°F). Overall, it seems like we'll be enjoying some pleasant spring weather in Xi'an.I hope this weather forecast has been helpful and informative for all of you. Remember, whether it's sunny or rainy, there's always something exciting to explore in Xi'an. Just dress appropriately, stay safe, and have fun!Thank you for joining me today, and I'll see you all again soon with more weather updates. Happy exploring, everyone!篇4Weather Forecast for Xi'anHi everyone! My name is Lucy and I'm going to tell you all about the weather forecast for Xi'an, the capital city of Shaanxi Province in northwest China. Xi'an is known as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China and is famous for its Terra Cotta Warriors and City Wall.Xi'an has a semi-arid continental climate which means it has four distinct seasons - spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winters are long, cold and dry while the summers are hot and relatively humid. Let me take you through each season and what kind of weather you can expect.Winter (December to February)Brrr, it gets freezing cold in Xi'an in the winter! The average low temperature is around -5°C (23°F) but it can drop way below that to -15°C (5°F) or even colder some days. One of the coldest days on record was January 22, 1966 when it hit -27.4°C (-17.3°F)! Can you imagine being outside in that kind of bone-chilling cold? I'd need to wear a huge puffy jacket, warm boots, a hat, scarf and mittens for sure.It hardly ever rains or snows much during Xi'an winters which can make the air dry and the sky look hazy from dust and pollution. However, when it does snow, it's just beautiful! The city gets covered in a blanket of fresh white powder. One of the biggest snowstorms happened on January 2, 2008 when over 33 cm (13 inches) of snow fell. Schools had to close for a whole week because it was too hard to travel anywhere.Spring (March to May)After those bitter cold winters, spring is a welcomed relief in Xi'an. Temperatures start warming up with highs around 12-22°C (54-72°F) which feels just perfect for being outdoors. The rainfall also increases, with April and May being the wettest months. This rain really helps green up all the plants and trees after the dryness of winter.One thing to watch out for in the spring are dust storms that can blow in from the Gobi Desert. When this happens, the sky turns an opaque orange color and visibility is reduced to just a few meters! Everything gets covered in a fine layer of sand and dust too. It's pretty wild if you've never experienced one before.Summer (June to August)Get ready for a hot and humid summer in Xi'an! Daily high temperatures often soar above 35°C (95°F) and can even hit a scorching 40°C (104°F) on some days. With all that humidity, it feels even more oppressive and sticky. The summer of 1966 was one of the hottest on record with temperatures over 40°C for 26 consecutive days - yikes!This combination of extreme heat and moisture means thunderstorms are very common in the summer months. They can roll in quickly with heavy downpours, thunder and lightning. The thunderstorms help provide some relief from the heat but can also cause flooding in some areas.Autumn (September to November)My favorite season in Xi'an is the autumn. After that intense summer heat and humidity, it's nice to have cooler, drier andmore comfortable weather again. High temperatures are usually around 15-25°C (59-77°F) with lots of sunny blue sky days.The autumn foliage is also stunning, with parks and gardens filled with brilliant reds, oranges and yellows. Make sure to check out places like the City Wall Park to see the fall colors at their peak in late October or early November. Overall, autumn is prime time to be outside enjoying Xi'an's nice weather before winter strikes again.Well, that's my full weather report on the four seasons inXi'an! As you can see, we get a wide variety of conditions from dry and frigid winters to sweltering hot and humid summers. No matter when you visit though, there is always something interesting to experience with Xi'an's unique weather patterns. I hope you found my forecast informative and insightful. Thanks for reading!篇5My Weather Forecast for Xi'anHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm going to give you the weather forecast for Xi'an this week. I love learning about the weather and I've been studying really hard to become a meteorologist when I grow up.On Monday, we'll have mostly sunny skies in Xi'an. Temperatures will start off cool in the morni ng around 12°C (54°F), but it will warm up nicely to about 24°C (75°F) in the afternoon with low humidity. It's going to be a beautiful spring day, perfect for playing outside at recess or going to the park after school!Tuesday will be another gorgeous day with abundant sunshine. Morning lows will be around 13°C (55°F) and afternoon highs will climb to a pleasant 26°C (79°F). Make sure to wear light clothing and don't forget your hat and sunscreen if you'll be outdoors for a while. The UV index will be high.We'll start to see some changes in the weather pattern on Wednesday. Clouds will increase through the day as a low pressure system approaches from the west. Despite the clouds, it will still be quite mild with highs near 23°C (73°F). However, winds will pick up from the southwest at 15-25 km/h with higher gusts possible.By Thursday, that low pressure system will be right over Xi'an, bringing us a good chance for rain showers throughout the day. Rainfall amounts of 5-10 mm are expected. It will be cooler too, with temperatures only reaching around 18°C (64°F) for highs.You'll definitely need to bring your rain jacket and umbrella to school on Thursday!The rain will continue into Friday as the low slowly pulls away. We can expect periods of showers mixed with some sun breaks. Rainfall totals around 3-8 mm are likely. It will be even cooler on Friday with highs only around 16°C (61°F). You might want to wear a warm sweater or light jacket when heading outside.Fortunately, we'll start to dry out and clear out for the weekend. Saturday will feature decreasing clouds and just a slight 20% chance for a stray shower early in the day. Highs will recover to around 20°C (68°F). Great weather for any outdoor activities you might have planned!We'll wrap up the weekend on Sunday with plenty of sunshine and pleasant temperatures. Look for morning lows around 10°C (50°F) followed by afternoon highs near 22°C (72°F). Overall, it should be a beautiful day to get outside and enjoy the fresh air and warm spring weather.That's a look at the upcoming week's forecast here in Xi'an. Of course, the weather can change, so make sure to check for any updates. I'll let the real meteorologists take it from here. Thanks for watching my first attempt at a TV weather forecast!I'm going to keep studying hard so I can give you even better forecasts in the future. Have a great week!篇6Weather Forecast for Xi'anHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm going to tell you all about the weather forecast for the city of Xi'an in China. Xi'an is a really cool place with a long history and some amazing sights like the Terracotta Warriors. But in this essay, I'm just going to focus on the weather.Xi'an has a semi-arid continental climate, which means it has four distinct seasons - spring, summer, fall, and winter. The weather can change a lot between the seasons, so it's really important for the meteorologists (that's the name for weather scientists) to give good forecasts. That way people know how to dress and what to expect.Spring in Xi'an starts in March and goes until May. During spring, the temperatures start warming up after the cold winter. The daily highs in March are usually around 13°C (55°F). By May, the highs climb to around 26°C (79°F). Sprin g brings quite a bit of rainfall, with April and May being the wettest months of the year. There can also be windy days during spring.Next comes summer, from June to August. Summers are hot and humid in Xi'an! Daily high temperatures in July and August average around 32-35°C (90-95°F). The humidity makes it feel even hotter and stickier. While there are some rainy days, summer is actually one of the drier seasons compared to spring. Sometimes the summer heat builds up and causes big thunderstorms.My favorite season is fall, from September to November. After the hot and humid summer, fall feels so nice and refreshing. The temperatures cool down, with highs around 22°C (72°F) in September dropping to 12°C (54°F) by November. The humidity also goes away, making it comfortable outside. Fall does bring some rain showers, but there are also plenty of sunny days with blue skies.Then winter arrives from December to February. Winters in Xi'an are dry and cold, but not extremely cold like some parts of China. Daily highs are around 5-7°C (41-45°F). At night, it can get below freezing. The city does get some snow dustings most winters, maybe a few bigger snows. But it doesn't stay on the ground very long.In addition to temperature and precipitation, the weather forecasters also look at things like wind, clouds, air quality, andsevere weather risks. Xi'an can get dust storms in the spring when it's windy. The summer thunderstorms sometimes bring hail or high winds. And in winter, fog or smog can obscure visibility some days.So how do meteorologists actually make these forecasts? They use lots of science and technology! There are weather satellites orbiting the Earth that take pictures of clouds and meteorological patterns. Weather balloons are launched that track temperatures, humidity, wind speeds and more as they rise through the atmosphere.Meteorologists plug all this data into really advanced computer models that analyze current conditions and make predictions for what will happen next. They look at things like air pressure systems, jet streams, and how different air masses will interact. Using these models along with their experience, they can forecast everything from daily temperatures to precipitation chances to severe storm risks several days in advance.In Xi'an, people really pay attention to weather forecasts. They help decide things like:What crops farmers should plant each yearWhen construction on buildings needs to be scheduledIf outdoor events or travels should be postponed due to rain or stormsWhat clothing people should wear for the day's weatherFire risk levels and if any burn bans need to be issuedWeather impacts so many parts of daily life! That's why having good meteorologists making reliable forecasts is really important.I hope you enjoyed learning about the weather and forecasting process for the city of Xi'an! Maybe some of you will grow up to be meteorologists yourselves one day. The science of understanding and predicting the weather is pretty fascinating stuff. Thanks for reading my essay!。