朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(美国历史)【圣才出品】

British CultureChapter 2 English history填空：1.The Crusades2.Columbus; Vasco da Gama3. the hundred years’ war4. Parliament; King Charles I5. Charles Darwin6. the Great slump7. the league of Nations ; the United Nations选择：1C 2D 3A 4C 5DChapter 4 British government system1.不用记2.On Her Majesty’s Service3.the Most Noble Order of the Garter4.head of the church of England5.acts of parliament; the prerogative of the crown; convention of the constitution;common law; parliamentary privilege6.5; 6357.the Crown; the House of Lords; the House of Commons8.parliament9.the final court of appeal in civil cases and criminal cases except criminal case inScotland10.to make laws; to control and criticize the executive government; to control theraising and the spending of money11.the Lord Chancellor12.her ministers13.the Parliament;is accountable or responsible to Parliament ; the House ofCommons; the people选择1B 2C 3A 4D 5C 6 AChapter 6 English Literature1.8th century; 6th2.their Viking raiders swept into Britain3.the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the Roman Invasion of Britain to the middle of the12th century4.Chaucer; Shakespeare; Milton5.Thomas More; Utopia6.Hamlet; King Lear; Othello; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As you like it;Twelfth Night; Richard II; Henry V; Julius Caesar7.the Essays8.paradise lost; Paradise regained; Samson Agonistes9.pilgrim’s progress10.Jonathan Swift11.London12.Robert Burns13.Robinson Crusoe14.William Wordsworth; Taylor Coleridge; Lord Byron; John Keats;Percy Bysshe Shelley15.Jane Austen; Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte16.Stevenson; Lewis Carroll; Thackeray; David Copperfield; Pickwick papers;George Eliot; Oscar Wilde; the return of the Native; Tess of the D’Urbervilles17.James Joyce; Ulysses18.George Bernard Shaw选择1D 2A 3C 4A 5A 6D 8A 9D 10DChapter 7 Religion and Beliefs1.Roman Catholic Church; Protestant Church2.the Old Testament; the New Testament3.The Queen; the Archbishop of Canterbury 坎特伯雷大主教4.God; Jesus; Holy Spirit5.Presbyterian6.The Pope7.the Methodist; the Congregation Church; the Baptist Church; the Quakers; theChristian ScientistsChapter 8 character and manner1.impolite/ill-bred2.modesty; conceit3. a sense of humor4.sportsmanshipChapter 9 Education1.5; 152.Christmas; Easter; summer3.selective; comprehensive4.Eton; Harrow; Rugby5.Being free6.Oxford; Cambridge7.St. Andrews; Glasgow8.open university9.Leads; Lancaster10.exclusiveness选择1A 2C 3D 4DAmerican CultureChapter 2 American History1.The Vikings; Christopher Columbus2.Jamestown in Virginia3.pilgrims; Roger Williams; William Penn4.1775; 17835. a second continental congress6.July 4th7.the Federalists; the Republicans; strong, efficient central authority; individualliberties8.Thomas Jefferson9.John Marshall10.Uncle Tom’s Cabin11.it put an end to slavery and decided that American was not a collection ofsemi-independent states, but a single individual nation12. being able to pay high wages and earn enormous money13. the New York Stock Exchange14. laissez-fair; government should interfere with business as little as possible;government action选择1B 2A 3D 4A 5B 6 C 7D 8A 9A 10BChapter 3 The Forms of Government1.Federalism; the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and the ruleof law2.foreign affairs and with matters of general concern to all the states includingcommerce between the states.3.Democrats ; Republicans4.executive branch; legislative branch; judicial branch5.Ford; Nelson Rockefeller; the president Nixon resigned6.the vice-president7.4; 4; John Kennedy8.two terms9.435; 2; 100; 610.both houses; the senate; two-thirds majority11.confederation12.192013.The supreme court14.life; president; the senate;15.FBI选择：1A 2 C 3D 4C 5B 6D 7C 8BChapter 4 American Literature1.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文; Fenimore Cooper费尼莫尔·库柏;2.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡; The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍府的倒塌3.Concord康科德; Ralph Waldo Emerson ; Henry David Thoreau 梭罗;Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔﹒霍桑4.Nature; The American Scholar; Self-reliance5.Walden 瓦尔登湖6.Scarlet Letter 红字7.Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔8. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; Life on the Mississippi; The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn （汤姆·索亚的历险；在密西西比河上；哈克贝利·弗恩历险记）9.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞10.The Great Gatsby; which is about Gatsby, a man at the end of his youth, is strivingto recapture a beautiful dream he once believed in. He sees the dream turn into a nightmare. （了不起的盖茨比）11.Jonh Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯12.the Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动; Light in August Light in August; Absalom,Absalom 押沙龙,押沙龙13.The Sun Also Rise太阳照常升起; A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器; For Whom theBell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣14.John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克; Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·艾里森15.Eugene O’Neill尤金奥尼尔; Long Day’s Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢选择：1C 2A 3D 4B 5D 6A 7C 8C 9A 10D 11B 12C为帮助大家记忆这些作家作品，将其姓名和作品的汉译提供给大家Chapter 7 American Education1.122.age3.kindergarten classes for five-year-olds4.grammar school or elementary school5.the nation’s population explosion ; a trend toward democratizing highereducation6.The7.FootballChapter 8 American Family Life1.rural, small town living; big city life2.each resident owns his own apartment3.youth; a feeling of being respected, wanted and needed.。

第3章美国的起始Ⅰ. Multiple choices.1. Which of the following is not characteristic of the US Constitution?（北二外2005研）A. It is the oldest written constitution in the world.B. It is the main expression of the American ideal.C. It is short and explicit in meaning.D. It has successfully translated the American ideal into practice.【答案】C【解析】美国宪法诞生于1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，是世界最古老的成文宪法。

它是美国的最高法律和根本大法，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础，用法律的形式表达了美国理想，使之能够成为现实。

选项C与事实不符，为正确答案。

2. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?（北二外2008研）A. VirginiaB. Rhode IslandC. New YorkD. Maryland【答案】B【解析】Constitutional Convention制宪会议。

罗得岛州没有派代表出席费城全国制宪会议。

3. Who has extolled the virtues of farmers?（北二外2008研）A. Thomas JeffersonB. Eli WhitneyC. Adam SmithD. Alexander Hamilton【答案】A【解析】托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson），美国第三任总统，独立宣言的主要起草人之一。

第11章新闻媒体、广播及电视11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Daily Papers1. The Times (circulation approximately 34万)2. The Guardian (circulation approximately 35万)3. Daily Telegraph (circulation approximately 140万)4. Daily Express (circulation approximately 330万)5. Dally Mail (circulation approximately 150万)6. Daily Mirror (circulation approximately 440万)7. Sun (circulation approximately 250万)Ⅱ. Sunday Papers1. The People and Sunday Mirror2. The Sunday Express3. Sunday Times and ObserverⅢ. Evening and Provincial PapersⅣ. Periodicals1. The Economist2. The New StatesmanⅤ. Radio and Television1. BBC2. T elevisionⅠ. Daily Papers（日报）1. The Times (circulation approximately 34万) 泰晤士报（发行量约为34万）This is the most famous of all British newspapers, and has always been the paper of the ‘Establishment’. It was the last of the papers to put news, instead of advertisements, on its front page.这是最著名的英国报纸，并且一直是保守党的报纸。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册（美国）-第7~11章【圣才出品】第7章美国文学7.1 复习笔记I. American literature—the story of a questII. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperIII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIV. Power of imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleV. New visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassVI. Reform and liberation1. Frederick Douglass2. Harriet Beecher StoweVII. Regionalism1. William Dean Howells2. Mark Twain3. Emily DickinsonVIII. A new wave1. The realism2. The naturalism3. Important writersIX. Rebellious spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists an d the “Lost Generation”1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. Eliot3. The “Lost Generation”4. William FaulknerXI. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poets3. Zora Neale HurstonXII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIII. Depression,1. John Steinbeck2. Richard WrightXI V. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XV. New American voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. American literature—the story of a quest（美国文学——关于探索的故事）From the beginning of American history to the present day, American literature, in one sense, is the continuous narrative of American people’s “pursuit of happiness”从美国历史最初到今天，从某种意义上来说，美国文学是对美国人民寻求幸福的过程的叙述。

第1部分英国文化第1章谁是英国人1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Who Are the British?1. The Scots2. The Irish3. The EnglishⅠ. Who Are the British? (谁是英国人？)1. The Scots(苏格兰人)(1) Origin: Celts.(2) Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.(3) Language①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;②English;Character: a. said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; b. in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.(1) 起源：凯尔特人。

(2) 苏格兰人自豪的是，英国从来没有征服过他们。

(3) 语言①盖尔语，苏格兰的古老的凯尔特语言：在高地和西部群岛地区扔能听到人们讲这些语言，这些地区的人们的名字以M，MAC，MC开头，盖尔语的意思是“儿子”。

②英语；特点：a．据说他们严肃认真、谨慎、节俭；b．事实上他们很热情、慷慨、友善。

2. The Irish(爱尔兰人)(1) Origin: Scots and English Protestants.(2) Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.(3) Language①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;②English: second.(4) Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.(1) 起源：苏格兰和英国新教徒。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册（英国）-第1~5章【圣才出品】上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介(1)1.1 复习笔记I. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。

朱永涛《英美⽂化基础教程》课后习题详解（美国⽂化美国⼈的特点）【圣才出品】第6章美国⼈的特点I.Explain the following in English:1.The pioneering spirit【答案】(1)In the mid-nineteenth century,it was this pioneering spirit that led American settlers to travel westward by the thousands in search of land and gold.(2)It is still an important part of the American character.(3)Today,Northerners and Midwesterners are attracted to the West because of good business opportunities and a mild climate.2.The residential shifting in America【答案】(1)In America,the desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation.(2)About40million Americans change residences every year.The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime,compared to five moves for the average Japanese.(3)Some people believe that the highly mobile American society leaves individuals with feelings of root-lessens,isolation,indifference to community welfare,and shallow personal relationships.They want the Americans to rediscover the natural human community.3.American democracy【答案】(1)The creation of American democracy is one of the greatest experiments of all times started by American founding fathers.(2)Under American democracy,’the citizens of the United States,through their elected representatives,establish the nation’s laws and determine its policies.(3)In the author’s opinion,American democracy means majority rule,but it also means protection of minority rights which are outlined in the first ten amendments to the Constitution,known as the Bill of Rights.(4)In the United States,democracy is not only a form of government;it is also a way of life.4.Equality in American society【答案】It does not mean that all human beings are equal in ability or ambition.It means,instead,that all people should be treated equally before the law and given equal privileges and opportunities,insofar as government can control these.In practice,this ideal often does not work perfectly.There have always been those who would deny the rights of others for their own self-interest.There are times when the American people need to be reminded that any denial of basic rights is a weakening of the total system.However,equal treatment and equal opportunity for all are ideals toward which American society is moving ever closer.5.Horatio Alger myth【答案】(1)Horatio Alger was a nineteenth-century American novelist who wrote stories about poor boys who became successful through hard work.(2)These popular“rags-to-riches”stories exemplified the American Dream.(3)The myth inspired a lot of Americans to work hard for success.6.The American Dream【答案】(1)It is the belief that any individual,no matter how poor,can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.(2)The American Dream symbolized the American belief in equality of opportunity.(3)It attracted a lot of people in the other parts of the world to immigrate to America and inspired them to rise on the social and economic scales.7.Social Mobility【答案】Social mobility-movement from class to class-has always been characteristic of the United States.However,although sociologists talk of the country’s class structure,most Americans do not think in these terms.They do not see themselves as struggling to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class. Instead they think in terms of higher income to pay for a bigger house,a trip to Europe,summer camp for their children,or more retirement insurance.8.Ralf Nader【答案】(1)In1965,he published a shocking book telling the American public that their automobiles were unnecessarily dangerous.(2)As a result of his efforts,the huge automobile industry was forced to produce a safer product.(3)His success in dealing with the auto industry inspired others to campaign for better products and triggered the consumer protection revolution in the US.9.Materialistic outlook of Americans【答案】Because of their tremendous expenditures for goods and services, Americans are often accused of being materialistic,of valuing above all else money and the comforts and pleasures that money buys.10.Idealistic outlook【答案】They ask much more of life than just day-to-day enjoyment and financial security.They ask that life be meaningful.In choosing careers,Americans consider the significance of their work just as important as the income the job will bring. Also,most Americans are still under the influence of the Protestant ethic,which considers a life of pleasure sinful and hard work ennobling.Americans place great value upon useful activity.In fact,many cannot enjoy their expanding number of leisure hours unless most of their“free”time is spent doing something constructive—such as working on the lawn or cleaning out the garage.II.Fill in the blanks:1.The New Englander is often described as_____and_____;the Southerner as_____ and_____;the westerneras_____and_____.【答案】stern,self-reliant;gracious,leisurely;casual,friendly【解析】新英格兰⼈通常被看作是严肃、⾃⽴的；南部各州的⼈是亲切悠闲的；西部的⼈则很随意并且友好。

朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解（1-11章）【圣才出品】第2部分美国文化第1章从大西洋到太平洋I.Explain the following in English:1.New England【答案】(1)New England refers to the north-eastern six states:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Connecticut,Massachusetts and Rhode Island,an area running from the Canadian shore to New York.(2)This area resembles old England in many ways.(3)Some of the earliest settlement in American history was in this area.(4)In general,this part of the country is small-scale,long-established and urban.2.The Mid-Atlantic area【答案】Pennsylvania is the main part of the mid-Atlantic area,which includes New Jersey and Maryland,bounded at the south by the Potomac River.This is the clearest dividing-line in the United States,because across the river is the south.3.The South【答案】(1)It refers to the area across the Potomac River and southwards down the Atlantic coast.(2)This was slave-owning area before the Civil War and mainly produced tobacco and cotton.(3)Economically these states are notoriously backward,but more recently there has been an industrial development,helped by federal plans and hydro-electric power.4.Washington,D.C.【答案】Washington,D.C.,formally the District of Columbia and commonly re ferred to as Washington,“the District”,or simply D.C.,is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July16,1790,approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country’s East Coast.As permitted by the U.S.Constitution,the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S.state.5.New York City【答案】(1)It is the commercial capital of the United States.(2)It is at the southernmost tip of the New York State.(3)It is composed of five boroughs:Manhattan,Brooklyn,the Bronx,Richmond and Queen’s,with Manhattan Island as its center.(4)It is well-known for such places as Wall Street,the Empire State Building, Harlem and Central Park.6.The Middle West【答案】(1)It describes the north-eastern part of the central plain,or the north-eastern quarter of the United States except for the states close to the Atlantic.(2)In terms of political geography,it refers to these states:Illinois,Michigan, Indiana,Wisconsin and Ohio and so on.(3)First developed for farming,these states include huge,sparsely-populated open spaces.(4)Chicago and Detroit are two of the big industrial cities in this area.7.The Great Plain states【答案】The plains run from the Gulf of Mexico in the south up to the Canadian border and beyond-an endless open space comparable with Siberia.Few places in the world can comparewith these great plains for uniformity and monotony,and they are only part of a continuous system which goes northwards to the barren lands of the Arctic.8.The western states【答案】It consists of11states:Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,New Mexico,Idaho, Utah,Nevada,Arizona in8states plus the3states of Pacific coast:Washington, Oregon,and California.II.Fill in the blanks:1.The Republic of the United States consists of_____states with_____states at the time of independence,_____continental states which have been added since independence,_____and_____which were granted statehood in1959.【答案】fifty,thirteen,thirty-five,Alaska,Hawaii【解析】美国目前有50个州。

第5章宗教5.1 复习笔记Religion1. Religious freedom in America2. Religion and Education3. Protestantism in America4. The Protestant Episcopal Church in America5. The Baptists in America6. The Methodists in America7. Catholics in the U S8. Jewish AmericanReligion(宗教)1. Religious freedom in America(美国的宗教自由)(1) America is remarkable now, as in the past, for its attachment to the principle of freedom of belief or disbelief.(2) As the early Americans had escaped from religious persecution in their home land, they were determined to build a society without religious oppression.(3) The Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution guaranteed the freedomof belief and disbelief.(4) Great care has been taken to ensure that non-believers are not made subject to religious laws desired by those who are religious. One example of this was the Sunday mails law of 1810.(1) 与过去一样，美国仍以其宗教信仰自由而著称。

第二部分美国文化第1章从大西洋到太平洋I. Multiple Choices.1. Niagara Falls is located in the state of _____.（北二外2008研）A. North CarolinaB. VirginiaC. New YorkD. South Carolina【答案】C【解析】尼亚加拉瀑布位于加拿大安大略省和美国纽约州的交界处。

2. The high, sharp and rugged Rocky Mountains to the east of the Pacific Ocean arecalled _____.A. the “Father of Mountains”B. the “backbone of the continent”C. the “Barn of America”D. the “King of Mountains”【答案】B【解析】落基山被称为北美大陆的脊梁。

3. Which of the following descriptions of the Mississippi River is NOT true? （首都师范大学2008研）A. It flows into the Great Lakes and St Lawrence.B. It is the biggest river system in the US.C. It flows down to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico.D. Ohio and Missouri Rivers are branches of the Mississippi River.【答案】A【解析】密西西比河位于北美洲中南部，北起五大湖附近，注入墨西哥湾；是美国最长的河流，与其支流密苏里河构成世界最大的河流系统之一；俄亥俄河是密西西比河水量最大的支流；选项A与事实不符，为正确答案。

第7章宗教与信仰7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Christianity1. T eaching2. The BibleⅡ. The Christian Church in Britain1. The Church of England2. Other Church in EnglandⅢ. The Decline of ReligionⅣ. SuperstitionⅠ. Christianity(基督教)1. T eaching(教义)Christ’s teaching was based on love: love of God, and love of our neighbor, i.e. of all our fellow-men regardless of race. Love, humility, repentance and prayer lead to everlasting happiness in Heaven.基督教的教义以爱为基础：爱上帝，爱我们的邻居，爱所有种族的人。

爱，谦逊，忏悔和祈祷会让人死后升入天堂享受永远的幸福。

2. The Bible(圣经)The Bible, which is the holy book of Christianity, consists of two ‘testaments’. The Old Testament, The New Testament.圣经是基督教的圣书，由两个部分组成。

旧约和新约。

Ⅱ. The Christian Church in Britain(英国教会)1. The Church of England(英国教会)The Church of England, or Anglican Church, is one of the many ‘Protestant’ sects which broke away from the more ancient and more orthodox Roman Catholic Church several centuries ago.英国圣公会教堂是在数世纪前脱离更古老、更正统的天主教的新教中一个分支。

美国第3章美国的起始3.1 复习笔记I. What is an American?1. A new race2. Current situationII. Two immigration movements1. From Asia2. From Europe and AfricaIII. The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe (Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries)1. The growth of capitalism2. The Renaissance3. The Religious ReformationIV. The colonial Patterns1. The settlement in Virginia2. Puritanism3. Catholic Maryland4. Quaker PennsylvaniaV. The American Revolution (The War of Independence)1. The causes2. The eve3. The process4. The major leaders (The Founding Fathers)5. The significanceI. What is an American? （美国民族性）1. A new race（新的民族）(1)In 1782, the French farmer J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, who settled in Pennsylvania, first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants, and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones. Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。

朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解（英国文化英国历史）【圣才出品】第2章英国历史I.Explain each of the following in English.1.King Harold【答案】The Saxon king who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066,when the French-speaking Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England from France.2.Alfred the Great【答案】He was a fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes.3.King Arthur【答案】(1)He was the king of England in the sixth century.(2)Little was known about him,except that he was associated with Corn-wall and is the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of the Round Table.4.The Magna Carta【答案】(1)The Magna Carta(or Great Charter)was a document signed in1215by King John under compulsion by the powerful barons.(2)The purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights of the barons.(3)The Magna Carta is now in the British Museum,London.5.The Wars of the Roses【答案】(1)It is the name given to the struggle(1455—1485)for the throne of England between two branches of the English royal family.(2)The houses of Lancaster whose badge was a red rose,and York whose badge was a white rose.(3)The wars weakened both the nobility and the monarch.6.Henry VIII【答案】Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor.Besides his six marriages,Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.Henry’s struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority,the Dissolution of the Monasteries,and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.7.Elizabeth I【答案】Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.She gave her name to an age,the Elizabeth age,which remains in English minds as an age of glory.Most people associate it with two things.One is the literature,for this was the age when English literature blossomed.The other is adventure on the sea.For the first time English ships began to explore the world and trade with distant countries.8.Divine Right【答案】The doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God9.Charles Darwin【答案】(1)The famous Britain scientist who wrote the important book“The Origin of Species”.(2)His theory of evolution caused reaction of the Victorians against the book, and furious debates were held in private and in public.(3)Darwin’s theory contributed to the decay of Victorianism.10.Victorianism【答案】Victorianism is the name given to the attitudes,art,and culture of the later two-thirds of the19th century.This usage is strong within social history and the study of literature,less so in philosophy.Many disciplines do not use the term,but instead prefer Victorian Era,or simply“Late19th century”.Victoriani sm as a word is often specifically directed at Victorian morality.II.Fill in the blanks.1._____were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to seize Palestine from the Muslims.【答案】The Crusades【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：欧洲各地的军队试图从穆斯林手中夺取巴勒斯坦的一系列战争被称作十字军东征。

第1部分英国文化第1章谁是英国人I.Explain each of the following in English1.The Scottish Highlanders【答案】The Scottish Highlander consider himself the’true’Scot and he wears his national dress,the kilt,with pride.They are a proud,independent and hardy people who mainly live by farming sheep in the mountain areas.2.The British Isles【答案】The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain,Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles.There are two sovereign states located on the islands:the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.The National Eisteddfod【答案】The National Eisteddfod takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the Eisteddfod is a competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh;the winner is crowned Bard,considered the supreme honor in Wales.4.Bard【答案】In medieval Gaelic and British culture,a bard was a professional poet, employed by a patron,such as a monarch or nobleman,to commemorate the patron’s ancestors and to praise the patron’s own activities.5.Northern Ireland(Ulster)【答案】In1922,Ireland was partitioned.The26countries of southern Ireland became the Irish Free State,later re-named the Republic of Eire.The six countries of Ulster,in the north,remained part of the United Kingdom with their own parliament, Stormont,responsible for internal affairs.6.Oliver Cromwell【答案】He was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,Scotland and Ireland.7.William III【答案】William III was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth.From1672he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland,Utrecht,Gelderland,and Over Ijssel of the Dutch Republic.From1689he reigned as William III over England and Ireland;it is a coincidence that his regna number(III)was the same for both Orange and England.As King of Scotland,he is known as William II.He is informally known by sections of the population inNorthern Ireland and Scotland as“King Billy”.In what became known as the “Glorious Revolution”,on5November1688William invaded England in an action that ultimately deposed King James II&VII and won him the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland.In the British Isles,William ruled jointly with his wife,Mary II, until her death on28December1694.The period of their joint reign is often referred to as“William and Mary”.8.The Orange Day celebrations【答案】(1)Celebrations held by Protestants on12August each year in Northern Ireland to commemorate the battle of the Royne in1690when the Protestant King William III(William of Orange)crushed a Catholic rebellion in Londonderry.(2)The celebrations were always aggressively provocative and fightings often broke out between Protestant marchers and Catholic bystanders.9.The Provisional IRA【答案】(1)IRA,the Irish Republican Army,is a nationalist organization dedicated to the unification of Ireland.(2)It was organized in1919.(3)In1969it split into an“official”majority,which disclaimed violence,and a terrorist”provisional”wing,whose attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland, random bombings,and others acts of terror in England kept tensions high.10.The Peace People【答案】(1)In the summer of1976Betty Williams,a Protestant house-wife,was so horrified at the killing of two children by a running IRA car that she decided to organize the women of Ulster,both Protestant and Catholic,into a pressure group.(2)It is a pressure group working for peace and reconciliation in Ireland. Williams and her catholic partner,Corrigan,soon gathered thousands of followers despite threats and intimidation from both sides.(3)They continued to pursue their aims and at the end of1976the two leaders were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.11.William the Conqueror【答案】In AD1066William of Normandy(William the conqueror)landed with a large armed force on the south coast and won a great victory over the Saxons.He and his French-speaking followers set up a strong central government which brought a new unified discipline and control to the country.II.Fill in the blanks.1.The full name of the United Kingdom is_____.【答案】the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

第4章美国的政治制度Ⅰ. Multiple choices.1. Who influenced the Founding Fathers by his theory of division of powers?（北二外2005研）A. John LockeB. MontesquieuC. Benjamin FranklinD. George Washington【答案】B【解析】孟德斯鸠（Montesquieu），18世纪法国思想家、法学家，他提出的三权分立思想对美国宪法制定者产生了深刻影响。

本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin），18世纪美国科学家、政治家。

约翰·洛克（John Locke），英国哲学家，他对宪政民主思想的阐述对美国的开国元勋有很大影响。

乔治·华盛顿（George Washington），美国首任总统，被尊为“美国国父”。

2. Which of the following was NOT one of the authors of the Constitution?（首都师范大学2008研）A. Thomas JeffersonB. George WashingtonC. Benjamin FranklinD. James Madison【答案】A【解析】托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson）起草了美国《独立宣言》。

乔治·华盛顿（George Washington）为制宪会议主席。

本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin），政治家，参加起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法。

詹姆士·麦迪逊（James Madison），美国第四任总统，是制宪会议的著名人物。

3. How many seats does the Senate of the Congress of the Unites States have?（首都师范大学2009研）A. 100B. 345B. 435D. 534【答案】A【解析】国会是美国立法机构，由众议院和参议院组成；其中众议院共有435个席位，参议院共有100个席位。

第8章美国人的家庭生活8.1 复习笔记American Family Life1. Mobile Homes2. Child-centered Culture3. The Working Mother4. Generation Gap5. The Nuclear FamilyAmerican Family Life(美国家庭生活)1. Mobile Homes(移动房屋)(1) Mobile homes are living quarters built with wheels. They can be moved.(2) But generally they are brought to a site that is intended to be more or less permanent.(3) Because they cost much less than conventional homes, mobile homes are especially popular among young couples and elderly retired couples.(4) More than seven million Americans live in mobile homes.(1) 移动房屋是带有轮子的住宅。

他们是可以移动的。

(2) 基本上它们都会被带往一个打算长居的地方。

(3) 因为他们的成本比传统的房子少，移动房屋在年轻夫妇和老年退休夫妇之间尤其受欢迎。

(4) 超过七百万的美国人住在活动房屋里。

2. Child-centered Culture(以孩子为中心的文化)(1) Americans are so devoted and permissive toward their children that they create a child-centered culture.(2) The ambitions of parents are more often related to their children’s lives than to their own.(3) American parents try to give their youngsters many opportunities to develop skills and worthwhile interests.(4) During the summer, parents try to give their children other kinds of learning experiences through camping or travel.(1) 美国人十分爱护和放纵自己的孩子以至于他们创造了一个以儿童为中心的文化。

第10章种族和民族关系I.Explain the following in English1.The melting pot【答案】(1)This phrase comes from the play The Melting Pot.(2)It holds that America is the great Melting Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming.(3)The US is a heterogeneous society where diverse races and cultures are blended.2.WASP【答案】(1)It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant.(2)It is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power.3.Slavery in the U.S.【答案】(1)It started in mid-seventeenth century.(2)The demand for cheap labor led to a massive slave trade.(3)The myth of racial inferiority of blacks was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation.(4)The institution of slavery was finally ended by the Civil War,Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in1863,and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitutionin1865.4.Segregation laws【答案】(1)After the abolition of slavery wholesale discrimination was practiced against black Americans.(2)Many states passed segregation laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing,restaurants,and other public facilities.(3)Segregation laws continued to be enforced in Southern States until the 1950s.5.NAACP【答案】(1)It stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.(2)NAACP had moderate approach:they presented petitions,tried to negotiate improvements in the economic and social status of blacks,and used legal channels to challenge the validity of existing discriminatory statutes.6.Brown versus Board of Education【答案】(1)It was a significant decision made by the supreme Court in1954.(2)It was the beginning of removing segregation in America.(3)The court ruled that“separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”.(4)In1955the court ordered schools to be desegregated“with all deliberate speed”.(5)The doctrine that separate facilities are necessarily unequal was gradually extended by the court to a number of other public facilities,ranging from golf courses to beaches.7.Dr.Martin Luther King,Jr.【答案】(1)He was a black leader of the civil rights movement in the1950s and the 1960s.(2)In1968he was shot down by a white assassin.(3)The assassination touched off a coast-to-coast wave of the most violent protest and demonstrations against racial discrimination in the US.8.Institutionalized discrimination【答案】(1)There has been a major gain in eliminating legal barriers to black’s advancement,but institutionalized discrimination is still rife.(2)It kept blacks in lowest-paid jobs.(3)Housing in particular remains highly segregated.9.The black“underclass”【答案】(1)They live in the urban ghettos.(2)They consist of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people.(3)Many members are young and unskilled.(4)This“underclass”continues to persist and offers an explosive potential for the future.10.The reservation【答案】(1)It was established by the US government for the Indians after the Civil War,segregating the Indians from the national life.(2)In1871Congress decided that no Indian tribe would ever be recognized as an independent political entity again and made all Indians wards of the federal government,without any rights of citizenship.(3)Not until1924was the right of American citizenship extended to the original inhabitants of the land.11.“Red Power”【答案】(1)In the1960s a militant Indian social movement emerged.(2)Indians founded intertribal organizations and demanded“Red Power”.(3)The American Indian Movement attracted international publicity by “capturing”the South Dakota town of Wounded Knee,the scene of the historic defeat of the Plain tribes.12.Hispanics【答案】(1)It is a general name for Spanish-speaking population of the US.(2)The Hispanic population is a large,diverse and rapidly growing one.(3)It contains Chicanos,Puerto Ricans,Cubans and other people from various Spanish-speaking nations of Central and South America.(4)The Hispanic population is growing so rapidly because of three factors: relative youth;cultural reluctance to practise family planning;constant inflow of new immigrants mostly over the Mexican border.(5)The diverse groups within the Hispanic population share a common predicament as a primarily poor,Catholic,Spanish-speaking people in a predominantly affluent,Protestant,English-speaking country.(6)Most Hispanics have relatively low levels of education and income and they are an overwhelmingly urban population.13.Chicanos【答案】(1)They are Mexican Americans.(2)They have been regarded as aliens on American soil since the mid-19th century.(3)It is only in recent years that the Chicanos have come to be generally recognized as a genuinely American minority.(4)They are regarded as sojourners in the US who can“go back home”if they are not satisfied.(5)Urban Chicanos are concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods.(6)The Chicano population is a relatively poor one with relatively low educational achievement.(7)Chicano farm workers have experienced severe economic exploitation.(8)Chicano leaders are demanding entry into mainstream America without assimilation into the“Anglo”culture.14.“Americans on Parole”【答案】(1)Chicanos are regarded as aliens on American soil.(2)Unlike most other immigrant groups,Chicanos did not have to desert a homeland and cross an ocean in order to immigrate to the US.(3)Chicanos can and do travel easily and frequently between the US.and Mexico constantly renewing their personal and cultural ties with their country of origin.(4)They are regarded as sojourners in the US who can“go back home”if they are dissatisfied.15.The Chinese Exclusion Act of1882【答案】(1)The Act,which was enacted by Congress,responded to the anti-Chinese movement.(2)It severely restricted the number of Chinese entrants to the US.(3)From1902to1943the immigration of Chinese laborers was completely prohibited.II.Fill in the blanks。

第5章工业、农业、商业5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Industry1. The Industrial Revolution2. Location3. Ownership4. Redistribution of IndustryⅡ. Agriculture1. Invisible Earnings2. The City of LondonⅠ. Industry(工业)The story of Britain’s development by the second half of the nineteenth century, into the first truly industrial nation is fascinating. It is linked, on the one hand, with the Industrial Revolution and, on the other hand, with the emergence of Britain as the world’s greatest political and economic influence.十九世纪下半叶英国发展成为第一个真正的工业国家的故事是迷人的。

一方面它与工业革命有关，另一方面，它又与英国在世界上具有最大的政治和经济影响有关。

1. The Industrial Revolution(工业革命)(1) DefinitionThe Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.(2) Effect of Industrial RevolutionBritish products flooded the world market. In this revolution, manual labor was replaced by machines. The British bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No other country was strong enough to match Britain in the nineteenth century.(1) 定义工业革命的时间为1750年到1850年，在这期间，农业，制造业，采矿，运输，技术的变化对当时的社会、经济和文化条件产生了深远的影响。

第12章英联邦12.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The CommonwealthⅡ. Mixed Territories: the Present SituationⅢ. Color Problems in BritainⅠ. The Commonwealth(英联邦)The Commonwealth of Nations’ contains three groups of territories as follows:(1) ‘White’ territories, whose inhabi tants are mainly of British descent, and who speak English as their mother tongue, viz. Canada (with Newfoundland), Australia and New Zealand.(2) ‘Non-white’ territories, where the British have never settled, except temporarily as traders and administrators, e.g. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West African countries and Malaya.(3) Mixed territories, whose inhabitants are partly British and partly non-British,e. g. the Central African and East African countries.英联邦领土包含如下三组：(1) 白人地区，其居民主要是英国血统，英语是他们的母语，这三个地区是加拿大（与纽芬兰），澳大利亚和新西兰。

(2) 非白人地区，除了将其用作短暂的交易员和管理员外，英国从来没有真正征服过这些地区，包括印度，巴基斯坦，斯里兰卡，马来亚和西非国家。