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1.Roman conquest(55B.C.-410A.D.）罗马征服：In 55B.C.,British was invaded by Julius Caesar ,the Roman conqueror, who had then just occupied Gaul. British was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78A.D.with the Roman Conquest, the Roman mode of life came across to Britain also.The Roman occupation lasted for 400 years. And in 410A.D. All the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus end the Roman occupation in Britain.2.Beowulf:：Beowulf, the national epic of the English people,which is a long poem of 3182 lines. Beowulfis a folk legend brought to English by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. The most striking feature in its poetical form is alliteration.3.Norman Conquest（诺曼底征服)：The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings,William was crowned as King of English.Norman conquest mark the establishment of feudalism in English.4.The Roman：the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal English,the central character of romances was the knight,a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons.①Matter of Britain : adventures of king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.②Matter of France: Emperor charlemagne and his peers.③Matter of Rome: Alexande the great and so forth.5.The English Ballads(民谣诗歌)：the most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song,usually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects. They are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English Common people in feudal society.6.Chaucer:：Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry,was born about 1340,in London. He died in 1400 and was burred in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the "poet's corner".Chaucer's literary career:①(1359-1372)French period :The Romaunt of the Rose②(1372-1385)Italian period :Troilus and Criseyde(longest complet poem,greatest artitic achevement③(1386-1400)English period: The Canterbury Tales(masterpiece&one of the monumental)Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed complete of 5 accents in iambic meter to English poetry instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.Chaucer is the first great poet who write in English language.Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the morden English speech.7.The Renaissance：or the rebirth of letters.It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century&gradually spread all over Europe. Two features:①a thirsting curiosity for the classial literature.②the keen interests in the activities of humanity.8.Utopia：Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. The name of "Utopia" comes from 2Greek words meaning "no place", &was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Book one of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the among the labouring classes ,the greed&luxury among the rich ,and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers.Book two of Utopia is a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean,where property is hold in common and there is no peverty.9.More：More was one of the first to see relationship between wealth and poverty, and point out that the root of poverty is the private ownership of social wealth.More was one of such "giants"of the Renaissance,he was a far-sighted thinker who lived on the eve of the Bourgrois Revolution ,and he was one of the forerunner of modern socialist thought.10.Francis Bacon：①the founder of English materialist philosophy.②the founder of moern science in English.<Advancement of Learning>1605,<New Instrument>1620.③the first English essayist.11.Drama：①The Miracle Play: the Miracle were simple plays based on Bible stories, such as creation of the world.Noah and the flood,and the birth of christ.②The Morality Play: Amorality play presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages③The Interlude:A short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene(the play of the weather).④The classical Drama:Comedies and tragedies on classical models appeared in the middle of the 16th century.(Gammer Gurton's Needle1st &Gorboduo 1st tragedy).12.University Wits(大学才子)：They wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggle for a livehood through writing.They entered the drama circle between the year 1587and 1593.(John Lyly,Reele,Marlowe,Greene,Nash)13.Marlowe：the most gifted of the "university wits",Marlowe's best includes three of his 6plays. Tamburlaine(1592)and Doctor Faustus(1588)Marlowe's masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus(1)Marlowe was the greatest of pioneers of English drama.He reformed the English drama.(2)As one of the dramatist of English Renaissance,he produced 6plays in his short life time.(3)Marlowe perfected the language and blank verse and blank verse,the principal instrument of English drama.(4)His second achievement is his great creation of the Renaissance heroes such hero is always individualist and full of ambition,facing bravely challenge from good.(5)His workspaved the way for the plays of the greatest English Dramatist Shakespeare.14.Shakespeare:：the greatest poet/playwright in the world.William Shakespeare was born on April 23,1564,in stratford-on-Avon,a charming little town in Warwickshire. The scanty facts of Shakespeare's life come down to us from three source:church and Legal,folk traditions,and the comments of his contemporaries.Periods of Shakespeare's Dramatic Composition:(1)Early period(1590-1594):The first period of Shakespeare's dramatic composition is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing,during which he,as a newcomer to London,made experiments in a number of dramatic foems.History play:HenryI,II,III,RichardIII.Comedy（喜剧）: the Comedy of errors.The Two Genflemen of Verona.Love's Labour' Lost <The taming of the Shrew> Revenge tragedy:Titus AndronicusRomantic tragedy:Remeo and JulietNarrative poems:Venus and Adonis,The Rape of Lucrece(2)Mature period(1595-1600):The second period mainly a period of great comedy and mature historical plays.6 comedies: A midsummer Night's Dream The Merchant of Venice.The Merry wives of Windsor ,Much Ado about Nothing, As you Like It,Twelfth Night.5 historical plays:Richard II, Henry I,II,IV,V,King John1 Roman tragedy:Juliet CaesarSonnets:154首（3The third period(1601-1607):this period is mainly period of "greatest tragedies"and"dark comedies"5 Tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macheth,Timon of Athens3 comedies:Troilus and Cressida,All's well that Ends Well,Measure for Measure2 Roman tragedies:Antony and Cleopatra,Coriolanus.(4)the fourth period(1608-1612):this period is the period of Romantic Drama.4 romances or reconciliation plays:Pericles,Cymbeline,The Winter's Tale,Tempest.A historical play:Henry VIII2 sonnets:the sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines of iambic pantameter with a rigid rhyme scheme.Shakespeare's sonnets,number 1to 17 are variation on one theme.NO.18-126,NO.127-154uknown Dark Lady.(话剧特征)Features of Shakespeare's Drama:①Shakespeare is one of the founder of realism in world literature②Shakespeare's dramatic creation often used the method of adoption. He often borrowed his plots widely from Greek legends and Roman history ,from Italian stories and English chronicles,and from romances by his English contemporaries.③Shakespeare's long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.④Shakespeare was a great master of the English Language.He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer.He used about 16000words.⑤Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms:the song,the sonnets,the couplet,and the dramatic blank verse. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance,and one of the greatest writers the world over. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are two great treasuries of the English language.15.Terms of literature：①alliteration(头韵):In alliterative verse,certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.There are generally 4 accents in a line,three of which show alliteration.②Romance: which was narrative verse and prose to sing highly knightly adventures or the heroic deads,is a popular literary form in Middle Age.③Rhyme: as similarity of sound between words,especially words at the end of lines.16.Burns(简介)：the intimate poet of Scotland.one of the most celebrated poets in Scotland,one of the greatest song writer in the world.Occasional poems(即兴诗)：①Poems chielfly written in Scotland Dialect.②The Scots Musical Husecum苏格兰音乐论。

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英国文学——精选推荐

英国文学——精选推荐

英国⽂学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。

在这个过程中，⽂学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、⽂化的⼒量对⽂学发⽣着影响，⽂学内部遵循⾃⾝规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、⽂艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。

下⾯对英国⽂学的发展过程作⼀概述。

⼀、中世纪⽂学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的⽂学同其他国家最初的⽂学⼀样，不是书⾯的，⽽是⼝头的。

故事与传说⼝头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加⼯、扩展，最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个⽇⽿曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰⼀带地区迁⼊不列颠。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语⽂学作品中，最重要的⼀部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。

《贝奥武甫》讲述主⼈公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与⽕龙搏⽃的故事，具有神话传奇⾊彩。

这部作品取材于⽇⽿曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈⼊侵传⼊今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗⼈写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教⽂化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。

因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的⽣活风貌，呈现出新旧⽣活⽅式的混合，兼有⽒族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了⾮基督教⽇⽿曼⽂化和基督教⽂化两种不同的传统。

公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底⼈在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。

诺曼底⼈占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国⽂化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语⾔。

这⼀时期风⾏⼀时的⽂学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最⼴的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑⼠的故事。

《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑⼠为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之⼀。

传奇⽂学专门描写⾼贵的骑⼠所经历的冒险⽣活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段⼀种社会理想的体现。

英国文学简史分类

英国文学简史分类

英国文学简史分类一、古英国文学古英国文学是指公元5世纪至公元11世纪之间的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品主要以英国盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的口头传承方式流传下来。

最早的古英国文学作品是口头传承的史诗，如《贝奥武夫》和《西德里克史诗》。

这些作品描绘了英雄壮举和神话传说，展现了古英国人的价值观和文化背景。

二、中世纪文学中世纪文学是指公元11世纪至15世纪之间的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品受到基督教和法国文学的影响，主题涉及爱情、骑士精神和宗教信仰等。

最著名的中世纪文学作品是《亚瑟王传奇》，它描绘了亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事，体现了骑士精神和中世纪的价值观。

此外，还有一些宗教戏剧，如《诗篇》和《谢弗尔诗篇》等，用于教育和传播基督教信仰。

三、文艺复兴文学文艺复兴文学是指16世纪至17世纪初期的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，主题多样化，包括诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

著名的文艺复兴文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，以及约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》等。

这些作品在文学史上具有重要地位，对后世的文学创作产生了深远影响。

四、启蒙时代文学启蒙时代文学是指18世纪的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品反映了对理性、科学和人权的追求。

著名的启蒙时代作家包括约翰·洛克、伊莱扎·海伍德和亚当·斯密等。

他们的作品涉及政治、哲学和经济等领域，对当时社会产生了重要影响。

其中，洛克的《人类理解论》被认为是启蒙运动的经典之作。

五、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是指19世纪初期的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品强调个人情感、自然景观和想象力。

著名的浪漫主义作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和乔治·戈登·拜伦等。

他们的作品描绘了自然的壮丽和人类的内心世界，对后世文学产生了深远影响。

其中，华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的代表作品。

英国文学各个时期的特点

英国文学各个时期的特点

英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20世纪文学7个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。

古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及5世纪入侵的盎格鲁初都没有留下书面文学。

6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。

9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。

中古英语文学11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。

14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。

此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。

英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。

15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。

文艺复兴时期文学16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。

学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。

英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。

西德尼(1554～1586)的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。

在剧本中运用重韵体诗的文体，促使诗歌和戏剧两方面都达到空前的成就。

英国文学

英国文学

English Literature 英国文学主要分类一、The Old English Literature中古英国文学二、The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（伊丽莎白时代，14-16世纪）三、The 17 century English Literature17世纪英国文学四、The18 century English Literature18世纪英国文学（启蒙时期）五、Literature of Romantic Age浪漫主义时期文学六、Literature in Victoria Period维多利亚时期文学七、Literature in Modern Period现在时期英国文学The main content to know•Background knowledge (from history,culture atmosphere) •Important Literary Terms•Important Writers and Literary WorksThe Old English Literature（一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Old English literature（which lasted from 499 to 1066）isexclusively a verse（诗篇）literature in oral form.There were two groups of English poetry in this period-the first was the pagan（异教的）poetry represented by Beowulf，the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.In the 8th century,Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.The most famous prose writers of that period were Venerable bede and Alfred the Great.After the Norman Conques,three languages existed in England,which were French spoken by the Normans,English spoken by the lower class and Latin spoken by the scholars and clergymen. The prevailing from of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance prospered for 300 years(1200-1500)from which we see an epitome（缩影）of the Middle Ages.In the 15th century,English ballads became very popular and the only important writer was Thomas Malory.（二）Important Literary TermsOld English（古英语）：language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.Romance(中世纪的传奇故事）：The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（三）Important Writers and Literary Works1.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》）Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important spe-cimen of Anglo-Saxon literture.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.2.Religious Poets(宗教诗人）Caedmon(卡德蒙，610-680)Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England.He is known as the father of English song, Caedmon’s Hymn (《卡德蒙的赞美诗》）is a praise poem in honor of god.Cynewulf(基涅武甫，公元九世纪）Cynewulf lived in the 9th century. He produced four poems, of which The Christ(《基督》）is the most characteristic. Throughout the poem, a deep love for Christ and reverence for Virgin Mary(圣母利亚）are expressed.3.Prose Writers（散文作家）Venerable Bede(可敬的比德，672-735)Bede,also referred to as Saint Bede(圣比德）or the Venerable Bede,is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastica History of the English People(《英吉利人教会史》）,gained him the title “The Father of English History”(英国史学之父）Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝，849-899）Alfred is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet “the Great”(唯一一个被授予“大帝”名号额英格兰国王）.He was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself “King of the Anglo-saxons”(将自己命名为“盎格鲁-撒克逊之王”的西撒克逊国王）.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》）is a collection of annals(年鉴）in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. original manusript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,duing the reign of Alfred the Great.4.The Romance(传奇）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》）It is a romance of 2,530 lines derived from Celtic legend(凯尔特骑士）.Sir Cawain, nephew of King Arthur, accepted the challenge of the Green Knight in the Green Chapel（绿教堂）. At last, he got a girdle （腰带）as a gift from the Knight and his story became widely known.5.Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代）The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”.Chaucer and Langland(朗格兰，1332-1400，英国诗人），were the most important writers of age.Ceoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟，1343-1400）Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”（英国诗歌之父），but also as “the father of English fiction (英国小说之父）.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》），is one of the most famous works in all literatures.Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language; his poetry is full vigor and swiftness.Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》The House of Fame《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》6. The 15th Century Ballads(民歌，歌谣）Thomas Malory(托马斯·马洛礼，1405-1471）Tomas Malory wrote an important work called Le Morte d’Arthur（《亚瑟王之死》）.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table（圆桌骑士）.The book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.The Renaissance Period伊丽莎白时代，14—16世纪一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Renaissance（文艺复兴）was a European phenomenon, which originated in Italy. The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the Church.In Elizabethan（伊丽莎白）period, English literature developed with great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry（抒情诗）,remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling.In that period, writing peotry became a fashion and England became “a nest of singing birds”. In tha same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists（散文家）in English literature.（二）Important Literary Terms1）Renaissance：In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism（人文主义）became the keynote of English Renaissance. English Renaissance is divied into three periods:①the 1st period from 1516 to 1578 is called the beginning of the Renaissance.②The 2nd period from1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period.③The 3rd period from 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue（尾声）of the Renaissance.2) Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）Spenser invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.（每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。