初中英语从句的分类
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初中英语从句的分类
从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主要有三大从句,即:
1。 名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)
2。 定语从句
3。 状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
1)主语从句用作主语,如:
That the earth is round is true。 地球是圆的是真实的.
2)宾语从句用作宾语。如:
Do you know where he lives?
3)表语从句用作表语,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
4)同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:
The fact that the earth is round is true。 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
5)定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:
The student who answered the question was John。 回答问题的学生是John。
6)状语从句相当于一个副词,如:
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus。 天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him。 如果他明天来,你就可以看见他.(if 引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if +状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged。他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知),find(发现),see,hear,to be told(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all。 你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in
case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了.
(原因状语从句,常用 because, since, as, for fear (恐怕), seeing that (既然) ,now that
(=since), considering that (考虑到) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。(让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if,
even though; whether..。or.。.; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever。)
Where I live there are plenty of trees。 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where,
wherever 引导。)
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。)
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:
I am a teacher。 其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very much。 其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语。
初中英语定语从句
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。如:
The story which he told was very popular
You can't wake a person who is pretending to be asleep。
一:定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 二:关系代词的用法(在从句中作主语或是宾语)
1。 that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略.如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。如: The building
which stands near the train station is a supermarket。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful。 我们昨天晚上看(作宾语)
3。who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语,可以省略.在口语中,who也可以作宾语.如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?(作宾语)
4.whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语,如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down。 (做定语) 注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,且介词放在句末时,who, that, which作宾语时可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构.如:
This is the house in which we lived last year。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,有些介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。如: The city
that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that。如:
He was the first person that passed the exam。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that。如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
1.语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:
1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语.常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如: Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
The small children don’t know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?
2)连接词+名词+谓语.连接词在从句中作主语的定语.常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语.常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等.如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
2.连接词
1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:
I don’t know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿.